Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (original) (raw)

Table 1. Baseline characteristics included randomized controlled trials

DM, diabetes mellitus; C/I, control/intervention group; BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCD, moderately-low-diet; CRD, calorie-restricted diet; HCD, high-carbohydrate diet; SD, standard diet; LFD, low fat diet; LCD, low-carbohydrate diet; NA, not available; VLCD, very-low-carbohydrate diet.

a

Number of patients with diabetes among total subjects.

Table 2. Summary of finding for effect of carbohydrate-restricted diet in patients with diabetes: mLCD

mLCD for type 2 diabetes mellitus; Patient or population: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; Intervention: mLCD.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence: High quality (Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect); Moderate quality (Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate); Low quality (Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate); Very low quality (We are very uncertain about the estimate).

mLCD, moderately-low-carbohydrate or low-carbohydrate diet; CI, confidence interval; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

a

The assumed effect is the mean change of outcomes compared to baseline in the control group. The corresponding effects are the mean change of outcomes compared to baseline in the intervention group and the mean difference (and its 95% CI) between control and intervention group.

Table 3. Summary of finding for effect of carbohydrate-restricted diet in patients with diabetes: VLCD

VLCD for type 2 diabetes mellitus; Patient or population: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; Intervention: VLCD.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence: High quality (Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect); Moderate quality (Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate); Low quality (Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate); Very low quality (We are very uncertain about the estimate).

VLCD, very-low-carbohydrate diet; CI, confidence interval; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

a

The assumed effect is the mean change of outcomes compared to baseline in the control group. The corresponding effects are the mean change of outcomes compared to baseline in the intervention group and the mean difference (and its 95% CI) between control and intervention group.

Table 4. Summary of total energy and macronutrient intake for each study period in the individual studies

mLCD, moderately-low-carbohydrate or low-carbohydrate diet; VLCD, very-low-carbohydrate diet.

a

Difference between the control group and the intervention group at the time point,

b

Each value had presented the changes from baseline, not the value at the time point.