Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (original) (raw)

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the pathophysiology in insulin resistance associated with metabolic disorders and progression to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; FA, fatty acids; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; Ex-4, exendin-4; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma. aAbsolutely, bProbably, cPossibly.

Graphical abstract