RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST INFECTIVITY TO MOSQUITOES AND ASEXUAL PARASITE DENSITY IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (original) (raw)

• INTRODUCTION
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • Model for infectivity as a function of parasite density.
  • Data and model fitting.
  • Age-pattern of infectivity.
• RESULTS
  • Data description.
  • Model for infectivity.
  • Gametocyte densities.
  • Age pattern of infectivity.
• DISCUSSION

ProCite

RefWorks

Reference Manager

• 1
  Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a west African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 _:_208–236.
  • PubMed
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    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 2
  Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 _:_494–497.
  • PubMed
    Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 494–497.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 3
  Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113 _:_425–431.
  • PubMed
    Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113: 425–431.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 4
  Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177 _:_1358–1363.
  • PubMed
    Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177: 1358–1363.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 5
  Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 _:_160–165.
  • PubMed
    Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47: 160–165.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 6
  Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 _:_271–276.
  • PubMed
    Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44: 271–276.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 7
  Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 _:_781–789.
  • PubMed
    Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4: 781–789.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 8
  Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 _:_472–476.
  • PubMed
    Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 472–476.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 9
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  • Export Citation
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  Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 _:_366–371.
  • PubMed
    Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 366–371.
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  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 13
  Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 _(Suppl 2):_19–31.
  • PubMed
    Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2): 19–31.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
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  • PubMed
    Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2): 11–18.
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  Killeen GF, Ross A, Smith T, 2006. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 _(Suppl 2):_38–45.
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    Killeen GF, Ross A, Smith T, 2006. Infectiousness of malaria-endemic human populations to vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2): 38–45.
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  Charlwood JD, Smith T, Lyimo E, Kitua A, Masanja H, Booth M, Alonso PL, Tanner M, 1998. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 _:_243–251.
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• 39
  Lindsay SW, Snow R, Broomfield GL, Janneh MS, Wirtz RA, Greenwood BM, 1989. Impact of permethrin-treated bednets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 3 _:_263–271.
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• Abstract/Excerpt
• Author Notes

We describe a statistical model for the relationship between asexual parasite densities of Plasmodium falciparum and the infectivity of the host to mosquitoes. The model takes into account the delay between asexual parasitemia and infectivity resulting from the time course of gametocytemia. It also allows for the need for the blood meal to contain gametocytes of both sexes if infection is to take place. We show that by fitting this model to data from malariatherapy patients it can explain observed patterns of infectiousness of the human host and is consistent with distributions of gametocyte densities in malariatherapy patients. By integrating this model into an individual-based simulation of human populations exposed to endemic P. falciparum transmission, we are able to predict the contributions of different host age groups to the infectious reservoir. Comparison of model predictions with published estimates of this quantity confirms that infected adults hosts are likely to make a significant contribution to the reservoir of transmission, and points to the need for improved population-based estimates of this age-dependence in infectivity of humans in endemic areas.

Author Notes

Reprint requests: Amanda Ross, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.

Copyright:

Copyright 2006 The American Society of Tropical Medicine 2006

Received:

18 Sep 2005

|

Accepted:

05 Nov 2005

|

Published Online:

Aug 2006

• INTRODUCTION
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • Model for infectivity as a function of parasite density.
  • Data and model fitting.
  • Age-pattern of infectivity.
• RESULTS
  • Data description.
  • Model for infectivity.
  • Gametocyte densities.
  • Age pattern of infectivity.
• DISCUSSION

ProCite

RefWorks

Reference Manager

• 1
  Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a west African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48 _:_208–236.
  • PubMed
    Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a west African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48: 208–236.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 2
  Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 _:_494–497.
  • PubMed
    Haji H, Smith T, Meuwissen JT, Sauerwein R, Charlwood JD, 1996. Estimation of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in natural vector populations based on oocyst size. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 494–497.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 3
  Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113 _:_425–431.
  • PubMed
    Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH, 1996. Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113: 425–431.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 4
  Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177 _:_1358–1363.
  • PubMed
    Lensen A, Mulder L, Tchuinkam T, Willemsen L, Eling W, Sauerwein R, 1998. Mechanisms that reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in semiimmune and nonimmune persons. J Infect Dis 177: 1358–1363.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 5
  Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47 _:_160–165.
  • PubMed
    Draper CC, 1953. Observations on the infectiousness of gametocytes in hyperendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47: 160–165.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 6
  Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44 _:_271–276.
  • PubMed
    Tchuinkam T, Mulder B, Dechering K, Stoffels H, Verhave JP, Cot M, Carnevale P, Meuwissen JH, Robert V, 1993. Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop Med Parasitol 44: 271–276.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 7
  Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 _:_781–789.
  • PubMed
    Jeffery GM, Eyles DE, 1955. Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4: 781–789.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 8
  Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 _:_472–476.
  • PubMed
    Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein R, Greenwood BM, Targett G, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 472–476.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 9
  Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1957. The malarial infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae); a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6 _:_971–979.
  • PubMed
    Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1957. The malarial infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae); a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6: 971–979.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 10
  Macdonald G, Cuellar CB, Foll CV, 1968. The dynamics of malaria. Bull World Health Organ 38 _:_743–755.
  • PubMed
    Macdonald G, Cuellar CB, Foll CV, 1968. The dynamics of malaria. Bull World Health Organ 38: 743–755.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 11
  Dietz K, Molineaux L, Thomas A, 1974. A malaria model tested in the African savannah. Bull World Health Organ 50 _:_347–357.
  • PubMed
    Dietz K, Molineaux L, Thomas A, 1974. A malaria model tested in the African savannah. Bull World Health Organ 50: 347–357.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 12
  Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 _:_366–371.
  • PubMed
    Collins WE, Jeffery GM, 2003. A retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 366–371.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 13
  Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 _(Suppl 2):_19–31.
  • PubMed
    Maire N, Smith T, Ross A, Owusu-Agyei S, Dietz K, Molineaux L, 2006. A model for natural immunity to asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum in endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2): 19–31.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 14
  Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 _(Suppl 2):_11–18.
  • PubMed
    Smith T, Maire N, Dietz K, Killeen GF, Vounatsou P, Molineaux L, Tanner M, 2006. Relationships between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (Suppl 2): 11–18.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 15
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