Increasing Incidence of Human Melioidosis in Northeast Thailand (original) (raw)

Print ISSN:

0002-9637

Online ISSN:

1476-1645

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
  • Study site.
  • Identification of study population.
  • Data analyses.
• Results
  • Incidence of melioidosis.
  • Incidence of melioidosis by age, gender, and diabetes.
  • Deaths from melioidosis.
• Discussion

ProCite

RefWorks

Reference Manager

• 1. Cheng AC, Currie BJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
  • PubMed
    ChengACCurrieBJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Suputtamongkol Y, Hall AJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Rajchanuvong A, Smith MD, White NJ, 1994. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Ubon Ratchatani, northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 23: 1082–1090.
  • PubMed
    SuputtamongkolYHallAJDanceDAChaowagulWRajchanuvongASmithMDWhiteNJ, 1994. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Ubon Ratchatani, northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 23: 1082–1090.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Selvanayagam S, Snelling PL, Anstey NM, Mayo MJ, 2000. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 74: 121–127.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJFisherDAHowardDMBurrowJNSelvanayagamSSnellingPLAnsteyNMMayoMJ, 2000. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 74: 121–127.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Dance DA, Cheng AC, 2008. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S1–S4.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJDanceDAChengAC, 2008. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S1–S4.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Rolim DB, Vilar DC, Sousa AQ, Miralles IS, de Oliveira DC, Harnett G, O'Reilly L, Howard K, Sampson I, Inglis TJ, 2005. Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1458–1460.
  • PubMed
    RolimDBVilarDCSousaAQMirallesISde OliveiraDCHarnettGO'ReillyLHowardKSampsonIInglisTJ, 2005. Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1458–1460.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Jacups SP, Cheng AC, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Huffam SE, Krause VL, 2004. Melioidosis epidemiology and risk factors from a prospective whole-population study in northern Australia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1167–1174.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJJacupsSPChengACFisherDAAnsteyNMHuffamSEKrauseVL, 2004. Melioidosis epidemiology and risk factors from a prospective whole-population study in northern Australia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1167–1174.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Lo D, Selva-Nayagam S, Anstey NM, Huffam SE, Snelling PL, Marks PJ, Stephens DP, Lum GD, Jacups SP, Krause VL, 2000. Endemic melioidosis in tropical northern Australia: a 10-year prospective study and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31: 981–986.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJFisherDAHowardDMBurrowJNLoDSelva-NayagamSAnsteyNMHuffamSESnellingPLMarksPJStephensDPLumGDJacupsSPKrauseVL, 2000. Endemic melioidosis in tropical northern Australia: a 10-year prospective study and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31: 981–986.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Cheng AC, Stephens DP, Anstey NM, Currie BJ, 2004. Adjunctive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of septic shock due to melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 32–37.
  • PubMed
    ChengACStephensDPAnsteyNMCurrieBJ, 2004. Adjunctive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of septic shock due to melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 32–37.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Warner JM, Pelowa DB, Currie BJ, Hirst RG, 2007. Melioidosis in a rural community of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 809–813.
  • PubMed
    WarnerJMPelowaDBCurrieBJHirstRG, 2007. Melioidosis in a rural community of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 809–813.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chaowagul W, Simpson AJ, Suputtamongkol Y, Smith MD, Angus BJ, White NJ, 1999. A comparison of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline with doxycycline alone as maintenance therapy for melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 29: 375–380.
  • PubMed
    ChaowagulWSimpsonAJSuputtamongkolYSmithMDAngusBJWhiteNJ, 1999. A comparison of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline with doxycycline alone as maintenance therapy for melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 29: 375–380.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chaowagul W, Chierakul W, Simpson AJ, Short JM, Stepniewska K, Maharjan B, Rajchanuvong A, Busarawong D, Limmathurotsakul D, Cheng AC, Wuthiekanun V, Newton PN, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2005. Open-label randomized trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline for maintenance therapy of melioidosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 4020–4025.
  • PubMed
    ChaowagulWChierakulWSimpsonAJShortJMStepniewskaKMaharjanBRajchanuvongABusarawongDLimmathurotsakulDChengACWuthiekanunVNewtonPNWhiteNJDayNPPeacockSJ, 2005. Open-label randomized trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline for maintenance therapy of melioidosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 4020–4025.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Cheng AC, Limmathurotsakul D, Chierakul W, Getchalarat N, Wuthiekanun V, Stephens DP, Day NP, White NJ, Chaowagul W, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, 2007. A randomized controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of severe sepsis due to melioidosis in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 45: 308–314.
  • PubMed
    ChengACLimmathurotsakulDChierakulWGetchalaratNWuthiekanunVStephensDPDayNPWhiteNJChaowagulWCurrieBJPeacockSJ, 2007. A randomized controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of severe sepsis due to melioidosis in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 45: 308–314.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chierakul W, Anunnatsiri S, Short JM, Maharjan B, Mootsikapun P, Simpson AJ, Limmathurotsakul D, Cheng AC, Stepniewska K, Newton PN, Chaowagul W, White NJ, Peacock SJ, Day NP, Chetchotisakd P, 2005. Two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1105–1113.
  • PubMed
    ChierakulWAnunnatsiriSShortJMMaharjanBMootsikapunPSimpsonAJLimmathurotsakulDChengACStepniewskaKNewtonPNChaowagulWWhiteNJPeacockSJDayNPChetchotisakdP, 2005. Two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1105–1113.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Aekplakorn W, Abbott-Klafter J, Premgamone A, Dhanamun B, Chaikittiporn C, Chongsuvivatwong V, Suwanprapisa T, Chaipornsupaisan W, Tiptaradol S, Lim SS, 2007. Prevalence and management of diabetes and associated risk factors by regions of Thailand: Third National Health Examination Survey 2004. Diabetes Care 30: 2007–2012.
  • PubMed
    AekplakornWAbbott-KlafterJPremgamoneADhanamunBChaikittipornCChongsuvivatwongVSuwanprapisaTChaipornsupaisanWTiptaradolSLimSS, 2007. Prevalence and management of diabetes and associated risk factors by regions of Thailand: Third National Health Examination Survey 2004. Diabetes Care 30: 2007–2012.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Bureau of Policy and Strategy MoPH, 2009. Thailand Health Profile 2005–2007. Bangkok: The War Veterans Organization of Thailand Publishing, 161–172.
  • PubMed
    Bureau of Policy and Strategy MoPH, 2009. Thailand Health Profile 2005–2007. Bangkok: The War Veterans Organization of Thailand Publishing, 161–172.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N, 1989. Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime. Lancet 2: 697–701.
  • PubMed
    WhiteNJDanceDAChaowagulWWattanagoonYWuthiekanunVPitakwatcharaN, 1989. Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime. Lancet 2: 697–701.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Overtoom R, Khieu V, Hem S, Cavailler P, Te V, Chan S, Lau P, Guillard B, Vong S, 2008. A first report of pulmonary melioidosis in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S21–S25.
  • PubMed
    OvertoomRKhieuVHemSCavaillerPTeVChanSLauPGuillardBVongS, 2008. A first report of pulmonary melioidosis in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S21–S25.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Newton P, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 32: 653–654.
  • PubMed
    PhetsouvanhRPhongmanySNewtonPMayxayMRamsayAWuthiekanunVWhiteNJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 32: 653–654.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Wuthiekanun V, Pheaktra N, Putchhat H, Sin L, Sen B, Kumar V, Langla S, Peacock SJ, Day NP, 2008. Burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in children, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 301–303.
  • PubMed
    WuthiekanunVPheaktraNPutchhatHSinLSenBKumarVLanglaSPeacockSJDayNP, 2008. Burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in children, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 301–303.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation

,

Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin

,

,

,

,

,

,

, and

View More View Less

• Abstract/Excerpt
• Author Notes

Melioidosis is a serious community-acquired infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. A prospective cohort study identified 2,243 patients admitted to Sappasithiprasong Hospital in northeast Thailand with culture-confirmed melioidosis between 1997 and 2006. These data were used to calculate an average incidence rate for the province of 12.7 cases of melioidosis per 100,000 people per year. Incidence increased incrementally from 8.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.2–10.0) in 2000 to 21.3 (95% CI = 19.2–23.6) in 2006 (P < 0.001; χ2 test for trend). Male sex, age ≥ 45 years, and either known or undiagnosed diabetes were independent risk factors for melioidosis. The average mortality rate from melioidosis over the study period was 42.6%. The minimum estimated population mortality rate from melioidosis in 2006 was 8.63 per 100,000 people (95% CI = 7.33–10.11), the third most common cause of death from infectious diseases in northeast Thailand after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis.

Author Notes

*Address correspondence to Direk Limmathurotsakul, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. E-mail: direk@tropmedres.ac

Financial support: This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain.

Authors' addresses: Direk Limmathurotsakul, Gumphol Wongsuvan, and Nicholas P. J. Day, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: direk@tropmedres.ac, gumphol@tropmedres.ac, and nickd@tropmedres.ac. Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin, Department of Microbiology, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: sura_wng@kku.ac.th. Nittaya Teerawattanasook, Department of Microbiology, Sappasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Seksan Chaisuksant, Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Ploenchan Chetchotisakd, Department of Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: ploenchan@kku.ac.th. Wipada Chaowagul, Department of Medicine, Sappsithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, E-mail: vipada_1@yahoo.com. Sharon J. Peacock, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK, E-mail: sharon@tropmedres.ac.

Copyright:

©The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010

Received:

20 Jan 2010

|

Accepted:

24 Jan 2010

|

Published Online:

04 Jun 2010

Print ISSN:

0002-9637

Online ISSN:

1476-1645

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
  • Study site.
  • Identification of study population.
  • Data analyses.
• Results
  • Incidence of melioidosis.
  • Incidence of melioidosis by age, gender, and diabetes.
  • Deaths from melioidosis.
• Discussion

ProCite

RefWorks

Reference Manager

• 1. Cheng AC, Currie BJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
  • PubMed
    ChengACCurrieBJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Suputtamongkol Y, Hall AJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Rajchanuvong A, Smith MD, White NJ, 1994. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Ubon Ratchatani, northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 23: 1082–1090.
  • PubMed
    SuputtamongkolYHallAJDanceDAChaowagulWRajchanuvongASmithMDWhiteNJ, 1994. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Ubon Ratchatani, northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 23: 1082–1090.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Selvanayagam S, Snelling PL, Anstey NM, Mayo MJ, 2000. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 74: 121–127.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJFisherDAHowardDMBurrowJNSelvanayagamSSnellingPLAnsteyNMMayoMJ, 2000. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 74: 121–127.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Dance DA, Cheng AC, 2008. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S1–S4.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJDanceDAChengAC, 2008. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S1–S4.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Rolim DB, Vilar DC, Sousa AQ, Miralles IS, de Oliveira DC, Harnett G, O'Reilly L, Howard K, Sampson I, Inglis TJ, 2005. Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1458–1460.
  • PubMed
    RolimDBVilarDCSousaAQMirallesISde OliveiraDCHarnettGO'ReillyLHowardKSampsonIInglisTJ, 2005. Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1458–1460.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Jacups SP, Cheng AC, Fisher DA, Anstey NM, Huffam SE, Krause VL, 2004. Melioidosis epidemiology and risk factors from a prospective whole-population study in northern Australia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1167–1174.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJJacupsSPChengACFisherDAAnsteyNMHuffamSEKrauseVL, 2004. Melioidosis epidemiology and risk factors from a prospective whole-population study in northern Australia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1167–1174.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Lo D, Selva-Nayagam S, Anstey NM, Huffam SE, Snelling PL, Marks PJ, Stephens DP, Lum GD, Jacups SP, Krause VL, 2000. Endemic melioidosis in tropical northern Australia: a 10-year prospective study and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31: 981–986.
  • PubMed
    CurrieBJFisherDAHowardDMBurrowJNLoDSelva-NayagamSAnsteyNMHuffamSESnellingPLMarksPJStephensDPLumGDJacupsSPKrauseVL, 2000. Endemic melioidosis in tropical northern Australia: a 10-year prospective study and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 31: 981–986.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Cheng AC, Stephens DP, Anstey NM, Currie BJ, 2004. Adjunctive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of septic shock due to melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 32–37.
  • PubMed
    ChengACStephensDPAnsteyNMCurrieBJ, 2004. Adjunctive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of septic shock due to melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 32–37.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Warner JM, Pelowa DB, Currie BJ, Hirst RG, 2007. Melioidosis in a rural community of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 809–813.
  • PubMed
    WarnerJMPelowaDBCurrieBJHirstRG, 2007. Melioidosis in a rural community of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 809–813.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chaowagul W, Simpson AJ, Suputtamongkol Y, Smith MD, Angus BJ, White NJ, 1999. A comparison of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline with doxycycline alone as maintenance therapy for melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 29: 375–380.
  • PubMed
    ChaowagulWSimpsonAJSuputtamongkolYSmithMDAngusBJWhiteNJ, 1999. A comparison of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline with doxycycline alone as maintenance therapy for melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 29: 375–380.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chaowagul W, Chierakul W, Simpson AJ, Short JM, Stepniewska K, Maharjan B, Rajchanuvong A, Busarawong D, Limmathurotsakul D, Cheng AC, Wuthiekanun V, Newton PN, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ, 2005. Open-label randomized trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline for maintenance therapy of melioidosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 4020–4025.
  • PubMed
    ChaowagulWChierakulWSimpsonAJShortJMStepniewskaKMaharjanBRajchanuvongABusarawongDLimmathurotsakulDChengACWuthiekanunVNewtonPNWhiteNJDayNPPeacockSJ, 2005. Open-label randomized trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline for maintenance therapy of melioidosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 4020–4025.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Cheng AC, Limmathurotsakul D, Chierakul W, Getchalarat N, Wuthiekanun V, Stephens DP, Day NP, White NJ, Chaowagul W, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, 2007. A randomized controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of severe sepsis due to melioidosis in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 45: 308–314.
  • PubMed
    ChengACLimmathurotsakulDChierakulWGetchalaratNWuthiekanunVStephensDPDayNPWhiteNJChaowagulWCurrieBJPeacockSJ, 2007. A randomized controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of severe sepsis due to melioidosis in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 45: 308–314.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Chierakul W, Anunnatsiri S, Short JM, Maharjan B, Mootsikapun P, Simpson AJ, Limmathurotsakul D, Cheng AC, Stepniewska K, Newton PN, Chaowagul W, White NJ, Peacock SJ, Day NP, Chetchotisakd P, 2005. Two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1105–1113.
  • PubMed
    ChierakulWAnunnatsiriSShortJMMaharjanBMootsikapunPSimpsonAJLimmathurotsakulDChengACStepniewskaKNewtonPNChaowagulWWhiteNJPeacockSJDayNPChetchotisakdP, 2005. Two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1105–1113.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Aekplakorn W, Abbott-Klafter J, Premgamone A, Dhanamun B, Chaikittiporn C, Chongsuvivatwong V, Suwanprapisa T, Chaipornsupaisan W, Tiptaradol S, Lim SS, 2007. Prevalence and management of diabetes and associated risk factors by regions of Thailand: Third National Health Examination Survey 2004. Diabetes Care 30: 2007–2012.
  • PubMed
    AekplakornWAbbott-KlafterJPremgamoneADhanamunBChaikittipornCChongsuvivatwongVSuwanprapisaTChaipornsupaisanWTiptaradolSLimSS, 2007. Prevalence and management of diabetes and associated risk factors by regions of Thailand: Third National Health Examination Survey 2004. Diabetes Care 30: 2007–2012.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Bureau of Policy and Strategy MoPH, 2009. Thailand Health Profile 2005–2007. Bangkok: The War Veterans Organization of Thailand Publishing, 161–172.
  • PubMed
    Bureau of Policy and Strategy MoPH, 2009. Thailand Health Profile 2005–2007. Bangkok: The War Veterans Organization of Thailand Publishing, 161–172.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. White NJ, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, Wattanagoon Y, Wuthiekanun V, Pitakwatchara N, 1989. Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime. Lancet 2: 697–701.
  • PubMed
    WhiteNJDanceDAChaowagulWWattanagoonYWuthiekanunVPitakwatcharaN, 1989. Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime. Lancet 2: 697–701.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Overtoom R, Khieu V, Hem S, Cavailler P, Te V, Chan S, Lau P, Guillard B, Vong S, 2008. A first report of pulmonary melioidosis in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S21–S25.
  • PubMed
    OvertoomRKhieuVHemSCavaillerPTeVChanSLauPGuillardBVongS, 2008. A first report of pulmonary melioidosis in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102 (Suppl 1): S21–S25.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Newton P, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 32: 653–654.
  • PubMed
    PhetsouvanhRPhongmanySNewtonPMayxayMRamsayAWuthiekanunVWhiteNJ, 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 32: 653–654.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation
• 1. Wuthiekanun V, Pheaktra N, Putchhat H, Sin L, Sen B, Kumar V, Langla S, Peacock SJ, Day NP, 2008. Burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in children, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 301–303.
  • PubMed
    WuthiekanunVPheaktraNPutchhatHSinLSenBKumarVLanglaSPeacockSJDayNP, 2008. Burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in children, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 301–303.
    )| false
  • Search Google Scholar
  • Export Citation

Save Email this content

Share Link

Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend

Email this content

or copy the link directly:

The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.