Reversion to Normal Cognition and Its Correlates among the Community-dwelling Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: the Longitudinal Cohort Study (original) (raw)
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Original Article
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2015;27(6):656-664.
Published online: December 31, 2015
1Division of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul
2Graduate School of Clinical Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul
3Department of Nursing Science, The University of Suwon, Suwon, Korea
Corresponding author: Kang, Younhee Division of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3277-4483, Fax: +82-2-3277-2850, E-mail: yxk12@ewha.ac.kr
• Received: August 31, 2015 • Accepted: December 12, 2015
Copyright © 2015 Korean Society of Adult Nursing
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Full Article
Abstract
- Purpose
The purposes of this study were to identify the rate of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) among the community-dwelling elderly and to determine if there were differences in cognitive function, leisure activities, and exercises between the group with MCI-maintained and the group with reversion to NC. - Methods
This study utilized a longitudinal descriptive comparative design. A total of 346 subjects over age 65 was recruited from public health center at baseline. Finally 152 elderly were enrolled at 1 year follow-up. Data were collected through MoCA-K, K-MMSE, KDSQ-C5 and questionnaires on leisure activities and exercises. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 using descriptive statistics, x2 test, and t-test. - Results
The rate of reversion from MCI to NC among the subjects was 44.1%. At baseline, the group with MCI-maintained had lower cognitive function than the group with reversion to NC. At 1 year follow-up, the group with reversion to NC had higher subjective cognitive function than the group with MCI-maintained. Regarding leisure activities, there were differences between the groups at baseline and 1 year follow-up. - Conclusion
It is suggested that age, education year, subjective cognitive function, and leisure activities should be considered at planning a nursing intervention for MCI. - Key Words: Mild cognitive impairment; Leisure activity; Exercise
Table 1.
MET (Metabolic Equivalent)
| METs | Types of exercise |
|---|---|
| 2.5 | Billiards |
| 3 | Bowling, gate ball, dumbbell |
| 3.5 | Hang glider |
| 4 | Walking, golf, yoga, hypogastric breathing |
| 4.5 | Weight lifting, table tennis, canoe, badminton, volleyball, horse-riding |
| 5 | Basketball, survival game, headstand, dodge ball, baseball, horizontal bar exercise, dancing, freehand exercise |
| 5.5 | Bicycle riding, calisthenics, fitness, foot volleyball, aerobics |
| 6 | Kendo, swimming, fencing, water-skiing, hula hoop |
| 7 | Football, tennis, ice skating, running, jogging, soccer, roller skating |
| 8 | Push-up, boxing, judo, teukgongmoosool, hiking, handball, karate, sit-up, ssireum, kung fu, wrestling, climbing stairs, hapkido |
| 10 | Kickboxing, martial arts, jump rope, taekwondo |
| 12 | Squash |
Table2.
RateofNCGroupwith Reversionto NC, Groupwith MCI Maintained and Group with Progress to Dementia (N=152)
| Groups | n(%) |
|---|---|
| Group with reversion to NC | 67(44.1) |
| Group with MCI maintained | 81(53.3) |
| Group with progress to dementia | 4(2.6) |
Table3.
Comparisonsof General CharacteristicsbetweenGroupwith Reversionto NCandGroupwith MCI Maintainedat Base (N=148)
| Characteristics | Categories | Group with reversion to NC (n=67) | Group with MCI maintained (n=81) | x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||
| Gender | Male | 18 (26.9) | 21 (25.9) | 0.02 | .522 |
| Female | 49 (73.1) | 60 (74.1) | |||
| Age (year) | 71.9±5.5 | 74.9±5.7 | -3.31 | .001 | |
| 65~74 | 48 (71.6) | 38 (46.9) | - | - | |
| 75~84 | 19 (28.4) | 37 (45.7) | |||
| 85 ≥ | 6 (7.4) | ||||
| Education years | 8.70±4.71 | 5.02±4.74 | 4.71 | .001 ＜ | |
| 0~5 | 11 (16.4) | 41 (50.6) | 18.94 | .001 ＜ | |
| 6~8 | 22 (32.8) | 17 (21.0) | |||
| 9~11 | 14 (20.9) | 9 (11.1) | |||
| 12 ≥ | 20 (29.9) | 14 (17.3) | |||
| Marital status | With spouse | 40 (59.7) | 36 (44.4) | 3.42 | .071 |
| Without spouse | 27 (40.3) | 45 (55.6) |
Table 4.
Comparison of Cognitive Function, Leisure Activity and Exercise between the Group with Reversion to NC and the Group with MCI Maintained (N=148)
| Characteristics | Categories | Group with reversion to NC (n=67) | Group with MCI maintained (n=81) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | M±SD | ||||
| Objective cognitive function (MoCA-K) | Baseline | 20.60±1.61 | 17.65±3.41 | 6.89 | .001 ＜ |
| 1 year F/U | 25.12±1.68 | 18.60±3.32 | 15.43 | .001 ＜ | |
| Subjective cognitive function (KDSQ-C5) | Baseline | 2.78±2.04 | 3.46±2.55 | -1.77 | .080 |
| 1 year F/U | 2.01±1.94 | 2.96±2.30 | -2.72 | .007 | |
| Leisure activity (times/year) | Baseline | 793.67±372.41 | 666.91±343.35 | 2.15 | .033 |
| Watching TV | 329.57±103.29 | 334.73±97.78 | |||
| Listening radio | 105.57±160.74 | 75.44±136.46 | |||
| Reading newspapers | 165.75±165.91 | 101.24±152.98 | |||
| Reading books | 138.58±157.71 | 95.10±143.13 | |||
| Playing games | 30.31±69.71 | 38.65±101.37 | |||
| Participating cultural class | 14.57±33.58 | 15.24±43.53 | |||
| Others | 9.33±50.24 | 6.5±42.13 | |||
| 1 year F/U | 812.04±319.38 | 678.80±271.21 | 2.75 | .007 | |
| Watching TV | 357.99±41.30 | 362.74±20.33 | |||
| Listening radio | 97.57±154.95 | 51.09±125.60 | |||
| Reading newspapers | 149.52±170.19 | 100.94±156.65 | |||
| Reading books | 116.80±156.34 | 117.49±160.78 | |||
| Playing games | 30.86±87.44 | 33.44±95.99 | |||
| Participating cultural class | 29.10±75.53 | 6.81±20.72 | |||
| Others | 30.21±94.80 | 6.30±20.93 | |||
| Exercise (Kcal/week) | Baseline | 926.20±1,230.57 | 889.90±1,253.03 | 0.18 | .860 |
| 3 MET 5 ≤ ＜ | 1,037.63±725.72 | 1,058.97±605.02 | |||
| 5 MET 7 ≤ ＜ | 1,257.30±809.61 | 1,288.14±738.98 | |||
| 7 MET ≤ | 1,598.29±1,009.36 | 2,601.46±2,148.50 | |||
| 1 year F/U | 925.64±1,186.95 | 815.00±1,284.12 | 0.54 | .590 | |
| 3 MET 5 ≤ ＜ | 1,104.29±675.55 | 1,032.27±594.38 | |||
| 5 MET 7 ≤ ＜ | 916.14±785.60 | 1,167.92±836.62 | |||
| 7 MET ≤ | 2,000.40±1028.63 | 3,941.33±2,505.23 |
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References
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Reversion to Normal Cognition and Its Correlates among the Community-dwelling Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: the Longitudinal Cohort Study
Korean J Adult Nurs. 2015;27(6):656-664. Published online December 31, 2015
Reversion to Normal Cognition and Its Correlates among the Community-dwelling Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: the Longitudinal Cohort Study
Reversion to Normal Cognition and Its Correlates among the Community-dwelling Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: the Longitudinal Cohort Study
Table 1.
MET (Metabolic Equivalent)
| METs | Types of exercise |
|---|---|
| 2.5 | Billiards |
| 3 | Bowling, gate ball, dumbbell |
| 3.5 | Hang glider |
| 4 | Walking, golf, yoga, hypogastric breathing |
| 4.5 | Weight lifting, table tennis, canoe, badminton, volleyball, horse-riding |
| 5 | Basketball, survival game, headstand, dodge ball, baseball, horizontal bar exercise, dancing, freehand exercise |
| 5.5 | Bicycle riding, calisthenics, fitness, foot volleyball, aerobics |
| 6 | Kendo, swimming, fencing, water-skiing, hula hoop |
| 7 | Football, tennis, ice skating, running, jogging, soccer, roller skating |
| 8 | Push-up, boxing, judo, teukgongmoosool, hiking, handball, karate, sit-up, ssireum, kung fu, wrestling, climbing stairs, hapkido |
| 10 | Kickboxing, martial arts, jump rope, taekwondo |
| 12 | Squash |
Table2.
RateofNCGroupwith Reversionto NC, Groupwith MCI Maintained and Group with Progress to Dementia (N=152)
| Groups | n(%) |
|---|---|
| Group with reversion to NC | 67(44.1) |
| Group with MCI maintained | 81(53.3) |
| Group with progress to dementia | 4(2.6) |
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment.
Table3.
Comparisonsof General CharacteristicsbetweenGroupwith Reversionto NCandGroupwith MCI Maintainedat Base (N=148)
| Characteristics | Categories | Group with reversion to NC (n=67) | Group with MCI maintained (n=81) | x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||
| Gender | Male | 18 (26.9) | 21 (25.9) | 0.02 | .522 |
| Female | 49 (73.1) | 60 (74.1) | |||
| Age (year) | 71.9±5.5 | 74.9±5.7 | -3.31 | .001 | |
| 65~74 | 48 (71.6) | 38 (46.9) | - | - | |
| 75~84 | 19 (28.4) | 37 (45.7) | |||
| 85 ≥ | 6 (7.4) | ||||
| Education years | 8.70±4.71 | 5.02±4.74 | 4.71 | .001 ＜ | |
| 0~5 | 11 (16.4) | 41 (50.6) | 18.94 | .001 ＜ | |
| 6~8 | 22 (32.8) | 17 (21.0) | |||
| 9~11 | 14 (20.9) | 9 (11.1) | |||
| 12 ≥ | 20 (29.9) | 14 (17.3) | |||
| Marital status | With spouse | 40 (59.7) | 36 (44.4) | 3.42 | .071 |
| Without spouse | 27 (40.3) | 45 (55.6) |
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment.
Table 4.
Comparison of Cognitive Function, Leisure Activity and Exercise between the Group with Reversion to NC and the Group with MCI Maintained (N=148)
| Characteristics | Categories | Group with reversion to NC (n=67) | Group with MCI maintained (n=81) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | M±SD | ||||
| Objective cognitive function (MoCA-K) | Baseline | 20.60±1.61 | 17.65±3.41 | 6.89 | .001 ＜ |
| 1 year F/U | 25.12±1.68 | 18.60±3.32 | 15.43 | .001 ＜ | |
| Subjective cognitive function (KDSQ-C5) | Baseline | 2.78±2.04 | 3.46±2.55 | -1.77 | .080 |
| 1 year F/U | 2.01±1.94 | 2.96±2.30 | -2.72 | .007 | |
| Leisure activity (times/year) | Baseline | 793.67±372.41 | 666.91±343.35 | 2.15 | .033 |
| Watching TV | 329.57±103.29 | 334.73±97.78 | |||
| Listening radio | 105.57±160.74 | 75.44±136.46 | |||
| Reading newspapers | 165.75±165.91 | 101.24±152.98 | |||
| Reading books | 138.58±157.71 | 95.10±143.13 | |||
| Playing games | 30.31±69.71 | 38.65±101.37 | |||
| Participating cultural class | 14.57±33.58 | 15.24±43.53 | |||
| Others | 9.33±50.24 | 6.5±42.13 | |||
| 1 year F/U | 812.04±319.38 | 678.80±271.21 | 2.75 | .007 | |
| Watching TV | 357.99±41.30 | 362.74±20.33 | |||
| Listening radio | 97.57±154.95 | 51.09±125.60 | |||
| Reading newspapers | 149.52±170.19 | 100.94±156.65 | |||
| Reading books | 116.80±156.34 | 117.49±160.78 | |||
| Playing games | 30.86±87.44 | 33.44±95.99 | |||
| Participating cultural class | 29.10±75.53 | 6.81±20.72 | |||
| Others | 30.21±94.80 | 6.30±20.93 | |||
| Exercise (Kcal/week) | Baseline | 926.20±1,230.57 | 889.90±1,253.03 | 0.18 | .860 |
| 3 MET 5 ≤ ＜ | 1,037.63±725.72 | 1,058.97±605.02 | |||
| 5 MET 7 ≤ ＜ | 1,257.30±809.61 | 1,288.14±738.98 | |||
| 7 MET ≤ | 1,598.29±1,009.36 | 2,601.46±2,148.50 | |||
| 1 year F/U | 925.64±1,186.95 | 815.00±1,284.12 | 0.54 | .590 | |
| 3 MET 5 ≤ ＜ | 1,104.29±675.55 | 1,032.27±594.38 | |||
| 5 MET 7 ≤ ＜ | 916.14±785.60 | 1,167.92±836.62 | |||
| 7 MET ≤ | 2,000.40±1028.63 | 3,941.33±2,505.23 |
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment; MET=metabolic equivalent.
Table 1. MET (Metabolic Equivalent)
Table2. RateofNCGroupwith Reversionto NC, Groupwith MCI Maintained and Group with Progress to Dementia (N=152)
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment.
Table3. Comparisonsof General CharacteristicsbetweenGroupwith Reversionto NCandGroupwith MCI Maintainedat Base (N=148)
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment.
Table 4. Comparison of Cognitive Function, Leisure Activity and Exercise between the Group with Reversion to NC and the Group with MCI Maintained (N=148)
NC=normal cognition; MCI=mild cognitive impairment; MET=metabolic equivalent.