Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Korea: Why Does It Matter, and What Is Next? (original) (raw)

Kim et al. (2008)14

Cross-sectional, Yangpyeong

910 Adults aged ≥ 20 yr

FFQ (121 items)

Quintiles (Ref: Q1)† Men: 58%, 67.5%, and 74.5%
Women: 61.6%, 68.7%, and 74.2%

MetS and its components (WC, BP, HDL-C, TG, FBG)

Men NS
Women MetS for Q5: 2.05 (0.92–4.56); P for trend = 0.03 HDL-C for Q5: 3.54 (1.69–7.40)

Park et al. (2010)20

Cross-sectional, 2005 KNHANES

3,771 Adults aged 20–69 yr (1,536 men and 2,235 women)

24-hr recall

Specific ranges < 55%, 55%–70% (Ref), and > 70%

Obesity, BP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG

Men < 55%: NS TC for > 70%: 0.59 (0.35–0.99)
Women HDL-C for > 70%: 1.54 (1.26–1.87) FBG for < 55%: 1.74 (0.36–8.32) FBG for > 70%: 2.53 (1.35–4.73)

Song et al. (2014)15

Cross-sectional, 2007–2009 KNHANES

6,845 Adults aged 30–65 yr (2,631 men and 4,214 women)

24-hr recall

Quintiles (Ref: Q1) Men: 54.5%, 62.4%, 67.5%, 72.3%, and 78.7%
Women: 56.2%, 65.1%, 70.4%, 75.2%, and 81.6%

MetS

Men Q5: 1.46 (1.07–2.01)
Women NS

Song et al. (2017)17

Cross-sectional, 2008–2012 KNHANES

14,301 Adults aged ≥ 30 yr (5,715 men and 8,586 women)

24-hr recall

Quintiles (Ref: Q1) Men: 51.1%, 62.1%, 68.1%, 73.4%, and 80.9%
Women: 53.6%, 64.7%, 70.4%, 75.8%, and 82.7%

Dyslipidemia (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG)

Men HDL-C for Q5: 1.38 (1.08–1.77) LDL-C for Q5: 0.75 (0.59–0.96) TG for Q5: 1.37 (1.07–1.76)
Women TC for Q5: 0.77 (0.63–0.94) HDL-C for Q5: 1.52 (1.25–1.86) LDL-C for Q5: 0.88 (0.71–1.09); P for trend = 0.039 TG for Q5: 1.37 (1.07–1.74)

Ha et al. (2018)9

Cross-sectional, 2007–2012 KNHANES

20,515 Adults aged ≥ 19 yr (8,236 men and 12,279 women)

24-hr recall

Quintiles (Ref: Q1) Men: 50.1%, 61.4%, 67.3%, 72.8%, and 80.7%
Women: 51.6%, 63.3%, 69.4%, 75.0%, and 82.3%

MetS and its components (WC, BP, HDL-C, TG, FBG)

Men MetS for Q5: 1.32 (1.01–1.73) HDL-C for Q5: 1.31 (1.06–1.62) TG for Q5: 1.32 (1.07–1.63)
Women MetS for Q5: 1.31 (1.01–1.69) HDL-C for Q5: 1.45 (1.21–1.74) TG for Q5: 1.26 (1.00–1.58)

Kwon et al. (2018)18

Cross-sectional, 2008–2011 KNHANES

15,582 Adults aged 20–64 yr (6,732 men and 8,845 women)

24-hr recall

Tertiles (Ref: T1) Men: ≤ 61.0%, 61.0%– 70.1%, and ≥ 70.1%
Women: ≤ 63.5%, 63.5%– 72.8%, and ≥ 72.8%

MetS

Men T3: 1.35 (1.08–1.68)
Women T3: 1.27 (1.03–1.56)

Lee et al. (2018)21

Cross-sectional, 2013–2015 KNHANES

13,106 Adults aged ≥ 20 yr (5,966 men and 7,140 women)

24-hr recall

Specific ranges < 55% (Ref), 55%–60%, 60–65%, 65%–70%, 70%–75%, 75–80%, and > 80%

MetS and its components (WC, BP, HDL-C, TG, FBG)

Men FBG for 60%–65%: 1.30 (1.00–1.70) FBG for 70%–75%: 1.27 (1.00–1.60) TG for 60%–65%: 1.27 (1.00–1.61) TG for > 80%: 1.41 (1.03–1.92) MetS for 70%–75%: 1.44 (1.08–1.93)
Women HDL-C for 75%–80%: 1.27 (1.00–1.61) HDL-C for > 80%: 1.38 (1.06–1.80)

Sho et al. (2020)22

Cross-sectional, 2016–2017 KNHANES

7,566 Adults aged 19–64 yr

24-hr recall

Specific ranges < 45%, 45%–50%, 50%– 55%, 55%–60%, 60%– 65% (Ref), 65%–70%, 70%–75%, and ≥ 75%

MetS and its components (WC, BP, HDL-C, TG, FBG)

BP for < 45%: 1.48 (1.10–2.00)
BP for 70%–75%: 1.25 (1.00–1.55)
HDL-C for ≥ 75%: 1.37 (1.10–1.70)

Shin et al. (2021)19

Cross-sectional, HEXA study

93,870 Adults

FFQ (106 items)

Quintiles of high-GI carbohydrate (g) (Ref: Q1)† Men: 62.6%, 72.0%, 79.8% Women: 63.3%, 72.5%, and 80.4%

Dyslipidemia (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG)

Men HDL-C for Q5: 1.27 (1.09–1.48) TG for Q5: 1.50 (1.24–1.82) LDL-C for Q5: 0.67 (0.57–0.79) TC for Q5: 0.70 (0.60–0.81)
Women HDL-C for Q5: 1.51 (1.31–1.74) TG for Q5: 1.73 (1.54–1.93) LDL-C for Q5: 0.66 (0.58–0.74) TC for Q5: 0.67 (0.61–0.75)

Cho et al. (2017)16

Longitudinal, KoGES, 2-year follow-up

5,565 Adults aged 49–69 yr

FFQ (103 items)

Quartiles (Ref: Q4) 34%–66%, 67%–70%, 71%–75%, and 76%–89%

Incidence of MetS and its components

MetS for Q1: 0.97 (0.77–1.23)
MetS for Q2: 0.77 (0.61–0.97)
HDL-C for Q1: 0.81 (0.66–0.99)

Ha et al. (2019)7

Longitudinal, KoGES, 12-year follow-up

5,595 Adults aged 40–69 yr (2,684 men and 2,911 women)

FFQ (103 items)

Quartiles (Ref: Q1) Men: 64.7%, 69.8%, 73.7%, and 78.0%
Women: 66.3%, 71.8%, 75.6%, and 80.4%

Type 2 diabetes incidence

Men Q3: 1.40 (1.02–1.93) Q4: 1.54 (1.03–2.30)
Women Q3: 1.09 (0.75–1.57) Q4: 1.69 (1.08–2.67)

Kwon et al. (2020)23

Longitudinal, 2007–2015 KNHANES

42,192 Adults aged ≥ 19 yr

24-hr recall

Specific ranges < 50%, 50%–60% (Ref), and ≥ 60%

All-cause mortality

< 50%: 1.31 (1.03–1.67)
≥ 60%: 1.32 (1.12–1.57)