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Papers by Zhenxing Zhu

An Occasional Supplement to Doshisha American Studies, Issue 21. 『同志社アメリカ研究』別冊21号, 2014

This paper explores the history of Chinese American activists in the context of the Civil ... more This paper explores the history of Chinese American activists in the context of the Civil Rights Movement by examining the experiences of two famous activists-Him Mark Lai and L. Ling-chi Wang. Both were leaders of the movement in their respective generations, and their experiences reflect the transitional trajectory of Chinese American activists' identity.
Focusing on the different experience of these two activists, this paper investigates how the old generation of Chinese American activists and their organizations faded into the past and gave way to the young generation of Chinese American activists who made claims to American society, outside of Chinatown. By analyzing the sociopolitical structure of the Chinese American community and the transnational politics among the U.S.-PRC, U.S.-KMT(Taiwan), and KMT-PRC, and the historical context of U.S. immigration polices, this paper examines how these factors made Chinese activists in U.S. change the aims of their activism from participating in China's political struggles to fighting for the interests of Chinese American communities. Meanwhile, by examining the transition of sociological theories stereotyping Chinese in America, this paper explores how two activists evaluated these theories and crafted their identities in different historical periods.

Journal of Global Studies, Vol. 7, 2017

My project aims to reexamine the history of Chinese Americans in the Cold War-Civil Rights Moveme... more My project aims to reexamine the history of Chinese Americans in the Cold War-Civil Rights Movement era from the perspective of Chinese American activism. The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes impacting Chinese American activism from early 1950s to late 1960s. Unlike historians focusing on “suburbanization” and “assimilation”, I try to deal with the history of common people who lived in Chinatown from the perspective of Chinese American activism. This paper explores how Chinese American activism became invisible by examining three specific factors which impacted them profoundly: the international and domestic sociopolitical context; the informal sociopolitical structure of the Chinese American community; and the transition of sociological theories stereotyping Chinese Americans.
著者の研究は、冷戦と黒人公民権運動の二重背景における中国系アメリカ人の歴史を、中国系活動家の運動の視点から再考することである。とりわけ、本稿は、中国系アメリカ人の歴史を冷戦と黒人公民権運動の両面における政治、社会コンテクストの中において、中国系アメリカ人が黒人と同調して人種差別に反対し、市民的権利を求める活動が顕在化しなかった原因を解明する。

Doshisha American Studies, Issue 54, 2018

The African American Civil Rights Movement and the succeeding Black Power Movement, which ... more The African American Civil Rights Movement and the succeeding Black Power Movement, which profoundly impacted American society, coincided with the height of anti-communist fervor in the Cold War period. Most works examining the historiography of the black civil rights movement from the Cold War angle focus on how the Soviet Union and the newly decolonized African Countries influenced black civil rights struggles. There is no doubt, however, that Chinese Communism also greatly influenced African American activism.
In the last two decades, some scholars have begun to examine relations between communist China and radical African American activists in order to explore the influence of Chinese communism on the African American movements in the 1960s. The narrative angle of this scholarship comes mainly from the perspective of black radicals observing China and its revolutionary model. The angle of this paper is different from the above-mentioned however, since my research tries to analyze and reconstruct the transnational relations between black radical travelers and the People's Republic of China (PRC)from the perspective of the Chinese Communist Party's standpoints on African American movements and of the activism of the Chinese American Leftist activist Tang Mingzhao.
In the process of African American activists' pilgrimage to the PRC, Tang played an important role in establishing a bond of solidarity between them. Simultaneously, the Black Power Movement profoundly influenced the symbolism and tactics of radical activism in the Chinese American community during the tumultuous late 1960s.
This study explores how Tang Mingzhao helped the Chinese government to spread its propaganda and helped it to establish relationship with African American activists. It also explores how Chinese Communism was disseminated into black ghettos and impacted African American activist movements, and empowered a younger generation of leftists in the Chinese American community.

Books Chapters by Zhenxing Zhu

Chapter 4 in Seeking Common Ground: Challenges and Opportunities in Asia-Pacific, edited by Xiaohua Ma (Himeji, JP: BookWay, 2018), pp. 97-128., 2018

This paper endeavors to explore what kind of Chinese American activism occurred in the 1950s. Foc... more This paper endeavors to explore what kind of Chinese American activism occurred in the 1950s. Focusing on two pro-PRC organizations, the Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance of New York (CHLA) and the Chinese American Democratic Youth League (CADYL), it examines how radical activism was conducted and how it resonated with the propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party. At the same time, the oppression of pro-PRC Chinese American dissidents increased, especially in the process of the investigation of Chinese immigration fraud from 1955 and the Chinese Confession program since 1956. This paper also tries to explore how, U.S. government and its collaborators the pro-KMT Chinese American establishment, oppressed Chinese American activists and debilitate their organizations.

An Occasional Supplement to Doshisha American Studies, Issue 21. 『同志社アメリカ研究』別冊21号, 2014

This paper explores the history of Chinese American activists in the context of the Civil ... more This paper explores the history of Chinese American activists in the context of the Civil Rights Movement by examining the experiences of two famous activists-Him Mark Lai and L. Ling-chi Wang. Both were leaders of the movement in their respective generations, and their experiences reflect the transitional trajectory of Chinese American activists' identity.
Focusing on the different experience of these two activists, this paper investigates how the old generation of Chinese American activists and their organizations faded into the past and gave way to the young generation of Chinese American activists who made claims to American society, outside of Chinatown. By analyzing the sociopolitical structure of the Chinese American community and the transnational politics among the U.S.-PRC, U.S.-KMT(Taiwan), and KMT-PRC, and the historical context of U.S. immigration polices, this paper examines how these factors made Chinese activists in U.S. change the aims of their activism from participating in China's political struggles to fighting for the interests of Chinese American communities. Meanwhile, by examining the transition of sociological theories stereotyping Chinese in America, this paper explores how two activists evaluated these theories and crafted their identities in different historical periods.

Journal of Global Studies, Vol. 7, 2017

My project aims to reexamine the history of Chinese Americans in the Cold War-Civil Rights Moveme... more My project aims to reexamine the history of Chinese Americans in the Cold War-Civil Rights Movement era from the perspective of Chinese American activism. The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes impacting Chinese American activism from early 1950s to late 1960s. Unlike historians focusing on “suburbanization” and “assimilation”, I try to deal with the history of common people who lived in Chinatown from the perspective of Chinese American activism. This paper explores how Chinese American activism became invisible by examining three specific factors which impacted them profoundly: the international and domestic sociopolitical context; the informal sociopolitical structure of the Chinese American community; and the transition of sociological theories stereotyping Chinese Americans.
著者の研究は、冷戦と黒人公民権運動の二重背景における中国系アメリカ人の歴史を、中国系活動家の運動の視点から再考することである。とりわけ、本稿は、中国系アメリカ人の歴史を冷戦と黒人公民権運動の両面における政治、社会コンテクストの中において、中国系アメリカ人が黒人と同調して人種差別に反対し、市民的権利を求める活動が顕在化しなかった原因を解明する。

Doshisha American Studies, Issue 54, 2018

The African American Civil Rights Movement and the succeeding Black Power Movement, which ... more The African American Civil Rights Movement and the succeeding Black Power Movement, which profoundly impacted American society, coincided with the height of anti-communist fervor in the Cold War period. Most works examining the historiography of the black civil rights movement from the Cold War angle focus on how the Soviet Union and the newly decolonized African Countries influenced black civil rights struggles. There is no doubt, however, that Chinese Communism also greatly influenced African American activism.
In the last two decades, some scholars have begun to examine relations between communist China and radical African American activists in order to explore the influence of Chinese communism on the African American movements in the 1960s. The narrative angle of this scholarship comes mainly from the perspective of black radicals observing China and its revolutionary model. The angle of this paper is different from the above-mentioned however, since my research tries to analyze and reconstruct the transnational relations between black radical travelers and the People's Republic of China (PRC)from the perspective of the Chinese Communist Party's standpoints on African American movements and of the activism of the Chinese American Leftist activist Tang Mingzhao.
In the process of African American activists' pilgrimage to the PRC, Tang played an important role in establishing a bond of solidarity between them. Simultaneously, the Black Power Movement profoundly influenced the symbolism and tactics of radical activism in the Chinese American community during the tumultuous late 1960s.
This study explores how Tang Mingzhao helped the Chinese government to spread its propaganda and helped it to establish relationship with African American activists. It also explores how Chinese Communism was disseminated into black ghettos and impacted African American activist movements, and empowered a younger generation of leftists in the Chinese American community.

Chapter 4 in Seeking Common Ground: Challenges and Opportunities in Asia-Pacific, edited by Xiaohua Ma (Himeji, JP: BookWay, 2018), pp. 97-128., 2018

This paper endeavors to explore what kind of Chinese American activism occurred in the 1950s. Foc... more This paper endeavors to explore what kind of Chinese American activism occurred in the 1950s. Focusing on two pro-PRC organizations, the Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance of New York (CHLA) and the Chinese American Democratic Youth League (CADYL), it examines how radical activism was conducted and how it resonated with the propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party. At the same time, the oppression of pro-PRC Chinese American dissidents increased, especially in the process of the investigation of Chinese immigration fraud from 1955 and the Chinese Confession program since 1956. This paper also tries to explore how, U.S. government and its collaborators the pro-KMT Chinese American establishment, oppressed Chinese American activists and debilitate their organizations.