Bruce Hedman | Drexel University (original) (raw)

Papers by Bruce Hedman

Plant/operations progress, Jul 1, 1988

The drying of solids is a common unit operation throughout industry accounting for about 9 percen... more The drying of solids is a common unit operation throughout industry accounting for about 9 percent of the total energy use in manufacturing. Analyzing the drying equipment selection process and associated energy use is complicated by the wide variety of products dried in industry and the numerous variations in drier designs used to meet those needs. Exact product specifications greatly influence both selection of a drier design and an energy source. Most often the complex mass and heat transfer mechanisms are studied only through pilot or full scale tests, and past successful operating experience is given much greater weight than the prospects for cost savings with an unconventional technology. Energy use in drying is dominated by the use of indirect steam-based technologies. These systems are less efficient than direct fired alternatives, but they assure fuel flexibility and a clean product. They also minimize the chances of product overheating. Natural gas is the second most common energy source providing quick and clean drying, suitable even for food products. Gas is particularly competitive in large volume drying of liquids in spray driers. Coal, oil, and electricity are used in selected markets; coal and oil when contamination is not an issues (ore, wastes)more » and electricity where radiant heating or precise small applications occur. Several new technologies (gas-fired pulsed combustor, electric microwave, and gas or electric infra-red) are entering the drying markets with mixed results. Each provides opportunities to dry certain products more simply, quickly or cleanly.« less

The results of a study assessing natural-gas-fired combined-cycle (GFCC) power generation in the ... more The results of a study assessing natural-gas-fired combined-cycle (GFCC) power generation in the electric-utility sector are presented. This study quantified the economic benefits attributable to GFCC generation and examined the characteristics of GFCC technology that produce these benefits and the ways in which these benefits vary among regions of the country. The impacts of changes in important economic parameters (capital cost, fuel price, etc.), as well as the impact of advances in GFCC technology were considered. Potential benefits include reduced capital and operating costs, more effective matching of load growth and capacity additions, and greater system reliability

Industry 1 is a key energy-using sector in the United States and accounted for about one-third of... more Industry 1 is a key energy-using sector in the United States and accounted for about one-third of the nation's total primary energy consumption in 2012. In addition, the potential cost-effective energy savings in U.S industry is large-amounting to approximately 6,420 trillion British thermal units of primary energy (including combined heat and power), according to a comprehensive 2009 analysis by McKinsey & Company. In the United States, efforts to capture more of the potential energy savings in industry at the state level have grown in recent years as energy efficiency programs that capture cost-effective savings continue to be created and expand. This report provides state regulators, utilities, and other program administrators an overview of the spectrum of U.S. industrial energy efficiency (IEE) programs 2 delivered by a variety of entities including utilities and program administrators. The report also assesses some of the key features of programs that have helped lead to success in generating increased energy savings and identifies new emerging directions in programs that might benefit from additional research and cross-discussion to promote adoption. 1 As defined by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), industry consists of the following types of activity: manufacturing (NAICS codes 31-33); agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (NAICS code 11); mining, including oil and gas extraction (NAICS code 21); and construction (NAICS code 23). This report principally focuses on the manufacturing subsector. 2 The best practices information presented in this report is based on a review of publically available literature on state energy efficiency programs and materials and presentations from related workshops and discussions with industrial energy efficiency experts and program administrators, including: the

This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industr... more This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industry can help the Air Force meet its facility energy objectives. Background information on energy use and energy conservation efforts are presented to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude of energy used by the Air Force and how greater efficiency of use is being approached. This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industry can help the Air Force meet its facility energy objectives. Background information on energy use and energy conservation efforts are presented to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude of energy used by the Air Force and how greater efficiency of use is being approached

This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in dev... more This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in developing countries and investigates the success factors in countries where WHR has become widely spread. The report then focuses on the in-depth analysis of WHR potential and enabling factors in eleven country markets

CRC Press eBooks, Jun 27, 2001

Energy progress, 1986

The US petrochemical industry, which includes SIC 28 (Chemicals and Allied Products) and SIC 29 (... more The US petrochemical industry, which includes SIC 28 (Chemicals and Allied Products) and SIC 29 (Petroleum and Coal Products), has historically accounted for about one-half of total industrial gas consumption, or about 3.0 to 3.2 quads per year. Natural gas consumed by the petrochemical industry is used either for fuel and power, or as process feed material for conversion to

The data base of 108 industrial processes is an outgrowth of an effort initiated in 1976 by Drexe... more The data base of 108 industrial processes is an outgrowth of an effort initiated in 1976 by Drexel University under contract to the Energy Research and Development Administration. Its purpose was to provide a preliminary assessment of the quantity and quality of waste energy which may be economically practical to recover in the industrial sector. As part of the initial effort, a two-digit industrial data base was developed to characterize and correlate industrial energy utilization and waste energy sources. Identification of major waste streams of this level permitted a preliminary analysis of waste energy recovery potential to be undertaken. The result of this effort is an industrial data base consisting of energy utilization data for 60 four-digit SIC industries. Selected on the basis of energy consumption as given in the 1976 Annual Survey of Manufacturers, these four-digit industries represent over 70% of the United States industrial manufacturing energy consumption. This is based on energy consumed as purchased fuels. The data base includes industries from 13 of the 20 two-digit SIC's (20 to 39) in the industrial manufacturing sector.

Energy, Aug 1, 1980

An extensive industrial energy data base has been developed at the four-digit and sub four-digit ... more An extensive industrial energy data base has been developed at the four-digit and sub four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level. The information includes typical process configurations (processes), energy and material flow rates, and temperatures for up to 25 separate unit operations in over 100 industrial processes. These processes represent the top 60 energy industries in the United States, and account for 75% of the industrial manufacturing energy consumption in this country. A thermodynamic availability analysis is presently being constructed using this data base to investigate industrial energy utilization. An approach has been developed to determine thermodynamic losses and second law analyses for the industrial processes and for the more than 50 generic classes of unit operations. Applications using this data base enable systematic investigations to be performed on most energy intensive industrial processes, and allow the overall effectiveness of industrial energy utilization to be gauged. Illustrative examples of this methodology and preliminary results for specific industrial processes will be presented in this paper. The application of thermodynamic availability and second law analysis will be assessed in both unit operations and in larger industrial sectors.

Environmental Pollution, Jun 1, 2003

Combined heat and power (CHP) is the simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical power an... more Combined heat and power (CHP) is the simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical power and thermal energy from in a single process. Because thermal output from the generation of electricity is captured and utilized onsite, CHP systems can achieve efficiencies from 60% to as high as 90%. In contrast generation of electric power at sites remote from the loads served often results in efficiencies of 33% or less due to losses in generation and transmission and distribution of the power to ultimate end users. A well designed CHP system is the essence of energy efficiency. It may also provide significant environmental benefits. However, the full promise of CHP for improving the efficiency and productivity of businesses and the quality of the environment is unlikely to be realized given the current market structure and regulatory environment in which CHP projects are forced to compete. This paper examines the market structure and regulatory obstacles that hinder the development of more robust markets for CHP in New York State.

The analysis focuses on the economic, market and technological questions related to the status an... more The analysis focuses on the economic, market and technological questions related to the status and outlook for natural gas use as a chemical feedstock. The overriding determinants governing the future of bulk chemicals produced from methane are relatively high domestic natural gas prices and strong efforts by major oil-producing nations to export high-value-added products derived from flared gas. Thus, there is little optimism that near-term R and D improvements in existing technologies could significantly alter market trends. Research directed toward the catalytic production of bulk chemicals not presently derived from methane, and basic research into new ways of breaking and reforming the methane molecule bonds by other catalytic or biological routes offer some potential in the longer term.

Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal, Jul 1, 2009

Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need i... more Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need is very high for banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, health care providers, and large retail operations with online purchasing. Of course, internet service providers are a large source of the growing need for server farms. Facility Size Recent analyses by EPA and LBNL have characterized the data center market into five categories by analyzing sales of servers-the primary functional and energy using component of data centers. 4,5

Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need i... more Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need is very high for banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, health care providers, and large retail operations with online purchasing. Of course, internet service providers are a large source of the growing need for server farms. Facility Size Recent analyses by EPA and LBNL have characterized the data center market into five categories by analyzing sales of servers-the primary functional and energy using component of data centers. 4,5

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Jul 1, 2008

Emissions from the potential installation of distributed energy resources (DER) in the place of c... more Emissions from the potential installation of distributed energy resources (DER) in the place of current utility-scale power generators have been introduced into an emissions inventory of the northeastern United States. A methodology for predicting future market penetration of DER that considers economics and emission factors was used to estimate the most likely implementation of DER. The methodology results in spatially and temporally resolved emission profiles of criteria pollutants that are subsequently introduced into a detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport model of the region. The DER technology determined by the methodology includes 62% reciprocating engines, 34% gas turbines, and 4% fuel cells and other emerging technologies. The introduction of DER leads to retirement of 2625 MW of existing power plants for which emissions are removed from the inventory. The air quality model predicts maximum differences in air pollutant concentrations that are located downwind from the central power plants that were removed from the domain. Maximum decreases in hourly peak ozone concentrations due to DER use are 10 ppb and are located over the state of New Jersey. Maximum decreases in 24-hr average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations reach 3 g/m 3 and are located off the coast of New Jersey and New York. The main contribution to decreased PM 2.5 is the reduction of sulfate levels due to significant reductions in direct emissions of sulfur oxides (SO x) from the DER compared with the central power plants removed. The scenario presented here represents an accelerated DER penetration case with aggressive emission reductions due to removal of highly emitting power plants. Such scenario provides an upper bound for air quality benefits of DER implementation scenarios. IMPLICATIONS Electricity generation is a major contributor to air pollutant emissions. Distributed energy resources provide an alternative means for electricity production or storage and they could be used to reduce total air pollutant and CO 2 emissions from the electricity sector. This study quantifies the potential benefits to air quality due to DER deployment in the northeastern United States, which is likely to meet a significant portion of its electricity production by using DER.

Contrary to perceptions developed during the 1970s, this article maintains, natural gas will be a... more Contrary to perceptions developed during the 1970s, this article maintains, natural gas will be available at competitive prices to fuel generating systems based on advanced technologies such as combined-cycle, cogeneration, and fuel cell power plants. These gas-fired systems offer both economic and environmental benefits over conventional coal and nuclear systems. The changed outlook for the role of gas in power generation gives regulators, with their focus on providing least-cost energy services to all utility ratepayers, an opportunity to reexamine the available options constructively.

Section 1 S Uiliii18. ry Given the significant increases in energy costs experienced by U. S. ind... more Section 1 S Uiliii18. ry Given the significant increases in energy costs experienced by U. S. industry since 1973, and regulatory relief and incentives in the enactment of the National Energy Act of 1978, bottoming cycles become an option to be considered by industry. The purpose of this study is the identification of bottoming cycle potential in the complex U. S. industrial marketplace using the General Energy Associates Industrial Plant Energy Profile (GEA/IPEP) Data Base. From the data base technology evaluations and economic estimates can be made directly at the plant site level. Past studies have been characterized by the use of industrial sector models to describe the economics of bottoming cycle technologies. The structure of the U. S. industrial sector is significantly more complex than that afforded by representative plants. The basic premise of the GEA/IPEP Data Base is that, while differences exist in energy use between plants in a given sector, these differences may be quantified by estimating the processes and production levels in each plant. The top 10,000 plants in the country were individually analyzed for these bottoming cycle applications. The results of this study are summarized below. Potential Number of Plant Sites and Megawatts. Based on evaluation of seven working fluids at each plant site, 2521 plant sites produced an uninflated ROI greater than 7%. These plants represent the maximum potential within the scope of this study. These plants correspond to a total of 6393 MW. The table below shows the distribution by industrial groupings.

Plant/operations progress, Jul 1, 1988

The drying of solids is a common unit operation throughout industry accounting for about 9 percen... more The drying of solids is a common unit operation throughout industry accounting for about 9 percent of the total energy use in manufacturing. Analyzing the drying equipment selection process and associated energy use is complicated by the wide variety of products dried in industry and the numerous variations in drier designs used to meet those needs. Exact product specifications greatly influence both selection of a drier design and an energy source. Most often the complex mass and heat transfer mechanisms are studied only through pilot or full scale tests, and past successful operating experience is given much greater weight than the prospects for cost savings with an unconventional technology. Energy use in drying is dominated by the use of indirect steam-based technologies. These systems are less efficient than direct fired alternatives, but they assure fuel flexibility and a clean product. They also minimize the chances of product overheating. Natural gas is the second most common energy source providing quick and clean drying, suitable even for food products. Gas is particularly competitive in large volume drying of liquids in spray driers. Coal, oil, and electricity are used in selected markets; coal and oil when contamination is not an issues (ore, wastes)more » and electricity where radiant heating or precise small applications occur. Several new technologies (gas-fired pulsed combustor, electric microwave, and gas or electric infra-red) are entering the drying markets with mixed results. Each provides opportunities to dry certain products more simply, quickly or cleanly.« less

The results of a study assessing natural-gas-fired combined-cycle (GFCC) power generation in the ... more The results of a study assessing natural-gas-fired combined-cycle (GFCC) power generation in the electric-utility sector are presented. This study quantified the economic benefits attributable to GFCC generation and examined the characteristics of GFCC technology that produce these benefits and the ways in which these benefits vary among regions of the country. The impacts of changes in important economic parameters (capital cost, fuel price, etc.), as well as the impact of advances in GFCC technology were considered. Potential benefits include reduced capital and operating costs, more effective matching of load growth and capacity additions, and greater system reliability

Industry 1 is a key energy-using sector in the United States and accounted for about one-third of... more Industry 1 is a key energy-using sector in the United States and accounted for about one-third of the nation's total primary energy consumption in 2012. In addition, the potential cost-effective energy savings in U.S industry is large-amounting to approximately 6,420 trillion British thermal units of primary energy (including combined heat and power), according to a comprehensive 2009 analysis by McKinsey & Company. In the United States, efforts to capture more of the potential energy savings in industry at the state level have grown in recent years as energy efficiency programs that capture cost-effective savings continue to be created and expand. This report provides state regulators, utilities, and other program administrators an overview of the spectrum of U.S. industrial energy efficiency (IEE) programs 2 delivered by a variety of entities including utilities and program administrators. The report also assesses some of the key features of programs that have helped lead to success in generating increased energy savings and identifies new emerging directions in programs that might benefit from additional research and cross-discussion to promote adoption. 1 As defined by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), industry consists of the following types of activity: manufacturing (NAICS codes 31-33); agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (NAICS code 11); mining, including oil and gas extraction (NAICS code 21); and construction (NAICS code 23). This report principally focuses on the manufacturing subsector. 2 The best practices information presented in this report is based on a review of publically available literature on state energy efficiency programs and materials and presentations from related workshops and discussions with industrial energy efficiency experts and program administrators, including: the

This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industr... more This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industry can help the Air Force meet its facility energy objectives. Background information on energy use and energy conservation efforts are presented to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude of energy used by the Air Force and how greater efficiency of use is being approached. This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industry can help the Air Force meet its facility energy objectives. Background information on energy use and energy conservation efforts are presented to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude of energy used by the Air Force and how greater efficiency of use is being approached

This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in dev... more This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in developing countries and investigates the success factors in countries where WHR has become widely spread. The report then focuses on the in-depth analysis of WHR potential and enabling factors in eleven country markets

CRC Press eBooks, Jun 27, 2001

Energy progress, 1986

The US petrochemical industry, which includes SIC 28 (Chemicals and Allied Products) and SIC 29 (... more The US petrochemical industry, which includes SIC 28 (Chemicals and Allied Products) and SIC 29 (Petroleum and Coal Products), has historically accounted for about one-half of total industrial gas consumption, or about 3.0 to 3.2 quads per year. Natural gas consumed by the petrochemical industry is used either for fuel and power, or as process feed material for conversion to

The data base of 108 industrial processes is an outgrowth of an effort initiated in 1976 by Drexe... more The data base of 108 industrial processes is an outgrowth of an effort initiated in 1976 by Drexel University under contract to the Energy Research and Development Administration. Its purpose was to provide a preliminary assessment of the quantity and quality of waste energy which may be economically practical to recover in the industrial sector. As part of the initial effort, a two-digit industrial data base was developed to characterize and correlate industrial energy utilization and waste energy sources. Identification of major waste streams of this level permitted a preliminary analysis of waste energy recovery potential to be undertaken. The result of this effort is an industrial data base consisting of energy utilization data for 60 four-digit SIC industries. Selected on the basis of energy consumption as given in the 1976 Annual Survey of Manufacturers, these four-digit industries represent over 70% of the United States industrial manufacturing energy consumption. This is based on energy consumed as purchased fuels. The data base includes industries from 13 of the 20 two-digit SIC's (20 to 39) in the industrial manufacturing sector.

Energy, Aug 1, 1980

An extensive industrial energy data base has been developed at the four-digit and sub four-digit ... more An extensive industrial energy data base has been developed at the four-digit and sub four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level. The information includes typical process configurations (processes), energy and material flow rates, and temperatures for up to 25 separate unit operations in over 100 industrial processes. These processes represent the top 60 energy industries in the United States, and account for 75% of the industrial manufacturing energy consumption in this country. A thermodynamic availability analysis is presently being constructed using this data base to investigate industrial energy utilization. An approach has been developed to determine thermodynamic losses and second law analyses for the industrial processes and for the more than 50 generic classes of unit operations. Applications using this data base enable systematic investigations to be performed on most energy intensive industrial processes, and allow the overall effectiveness of industrial energy utilization to be gauged. Illustrative examples of this methodology and preliminary results for specific industrial processes will be presented in this paper. The application of thermodynamic availability and second law analysis will be assessed in both unit operations and in larger industrial sectors.

Environmental Pollution, Jun 1, 2003

Combined heat and power (CHP) is the simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical power an... more Combined heat and power (CHP) is the simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical power and thermal energy from in a single process. Because thermal output from the generation of electricity is captured and utilized onsite, CHP systems can achieve efficiencies from 60% to as high as 90%. In contrast generation of electric power at sites remote from the loads served often results in efficiencies of 33% or less due to losses in generation and transmission and distribution of the power to ultimate end users. A well designed CHP system is the essence of energy efficiency. It may also provide significant environmental benefits. However, the full promise of CHP for improving the efficiency and productivity of businesses and the quality of the environment is unlikely to be realized given the current market structure and regulatory environment in which CHP projects are forced to compete. This paper examines the market structure and regulatory obstacles that hinder the development of more robust markets for CHP in New York State.

The analysis focuses on the economic, market and technological questions related to the status an... more The analysis focuses on the economic, market and technological questions related to the status and outlook for natural gas use as a chemical feedstock. The overriding determinants governing the future of bulk chemicals produced from methane are relatively high domestic natural gas prices and strong efforts by major oil-producing nations to export high-value-added products derived from flared gas. Thus, there is little optimism that near-term R and D improvements in existing technologies could significantly alter market trends. Research directed toward the catalytic production of bulk chemicals not presently derived from methane, and basic research into new ways of breaking and reforming the methane molecule bonds by other catalytic or biological routes offer some potential in the longer term.

Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal, Jul 1, 2009

Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need i... more Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need is very high for banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, health care providers, and large retail operations with online purchasing. Of course, internet service providers are a large source of the growing need for server farms. Facility Size Recent analyses by EPA and LBNL have characterized the data center market into five categories by analyzing sales of servers-the primary functional and energy using component of data centers. 4,5

Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need i... more Data centers are used by all medium to large businesses to a greater or lesser extent. The need is very high for banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, health care providers, and large retail operations with online purchasing. Of course, internet service providers are a large source of the growing need for server farms. Facility Size Recent analyses by EPA and LBNL have characterized the data center market into five categories by analyzing sales of servers-the primary functional and energy using component of data centers. 4,5

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Jul 1, 2008

Emissions from the potential installation of distributed energy resources (DER) in the place of c... more Emissions from the potential installation of distributed energy resources (DER) in the place of current utility-scale power generators have been introduced into an emissions inventory of the northeastern United States. A methodology for predicting future market penetration of DER that considers economics and emission factors was used to estimate the most likely implementation of DER. The methodology results in spatially and temporally resolved emission profiles of criteria pollutants that are subsequently introduced into a detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport model of the region. The DER technology determined by the methodology includes 62% reciprocating engines, 34% gas turbines, and 4% fuel cells and other emerging technologies. The introduction of DER leads to retirement of 2625 MW of existing power plants for which emissions are removed from the inventory. The air quality model predicts maximum differences in air pollutant concentrations that are located downwind from the central power plants that were removed from the domain. Maximum decreases in hourly peak ozone concentrations due to DER use are 10 ppb and are located over the state of New Jersey. Maximum decreases in 24-hr average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations reach 3 g/m 3 and are located off the coast of New Jersey and New York. The main contribution to decreased PM 2.5 is the reduction of sulfate levels due to significant reductions in direct emissions of sulfur oxides (SO x) from the DER compared with the central power plants removed. The scenario presented here represents an accelerated DER penetration case with aggressive emission reductions due to removal of highly emitting power plants. Such scenario provides an upper bound for air quality benefits of DER implementation scenarios. IMPLICATIONS Electricity generation is a major contributor to air pollutant emissions. Distributed energy resources provide an alternative means for electricity production or storage and they could be used to reduce total air pollutant and CO 2 emissions from the electricity sector. This study quantifies the potential benefits to air quality due to DER deployment in the northeastern United States, which is likely to meet a significant portion of its electricity production by using DER.

Contrary to perceptions developed during the 1970s, this article maintains, natural gas will be a... more Contrary to perceptions developed during the 1970s, this article maintains, natural gas will be available at competitive prices to fuel generating systems based on advanced technologies such as combined-cycle, cogeneration, and fuel cell power plants. These gas-fired systems offer both economic and environmental benefits over conventional coal and nuclear systems. The changed outlook for the role of gas in power generation gives regulators, with their focus on providing least-cost energy services to all utility ratepayers, an opportunity to reexamine the available options constructively.

Section 1 S Uiliii18. ry Given the significant increases in energy costs experienced by U. S. ind... more Section 1 S Uiliii18. ry Given the significant increases in energy costs experienced by U. S. industry since 1973, and regulatory relief and incentives in the enactment of the National Energy Act of 1978, bottoming cycles become an option to be considered by industry. The purpose of this study is the identification of bottoming cycle potential in the complex U. S. industrial marketplace using the General Energy Associates Industrial Plant Energy Profile (GEA/IPEP) Data Base. From the data base technology evaluations and economic estimates can be made directly at the plant site level. Past studies have been characterized by the use of industrial sector models to describe the economics of bottoming cycle technologies. The structure of the U. S. industrial sector is significantly more complex than that afforded by representative plants. The basic premise of the GEA/IPEP Data Base is that, while differences exist in energy use between plants in a given sector, these differences may be quantified by estimating the processes and production levels in each plant. The top 10,000 plants in the country were individually analyzed for these bottoming cycle applications. The results of this study are summarized below. Potential Number of Plant Sites and Megawatts. Based on evaluation of seven working fluids at each plant site, 2521 plant sites produced an uninflated ROI greater than 7%. These plants represent the maximum potential within the scope of this study. These plants correspond to a total of 6393 MW. The table below shows the distribution by industrial groupings.