Ikaros Mantouvalos | Democritus University of Thrace (original) (raw)

Papers by Ikaros Mantouvalos

In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hin... more In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hinterlands during the 18th and 19th century, a special place was held by the philanthropy of the expatriates who chose Hungary as their new homeland. These activities were expressed through legacies, bequests and charitable works in the host society and country of origin alike. The aim of this paper is not to deal with this topic as a whole, but rather to identify a number of issues associated with the personal philanthropy of the Görögök in Central Europe, a subject that still preoccupies historians who describe the phenomenon of beneficence. Among their concerns are: since the practice of bequests was widespread in all the newcomers' social strata, what were the aims and uses of legacies and donations in the various periods, and how was the practice of philanthropy expressed in the adopted country as well as in their homeland? Also, to what degree does this benevolence reflect the internal discord and antago-nisms between the members of a community, as well as the migrant subject's entrance into the different religious and social environment of the Hapsburg Empire, and their eventual incorporation and/or assimilation into the national body of Hungary? Keywords Hungary-Greek Diaspora-Benefaction-Donation-Charity * I would like here to express my warm thanks to the editors of this Special Issue for the opportunity to take part in this collective volume.

1. Οι ∆ημητριείς συμπεριέλαβαν στη Μακεδονία και την περιοχή της Αρβανιτιάς, ενώ στον κατάλογο τω... more 1. Οι ∆ημητριείς συμπεριέλαβαν στη Μακεδονία και την περιοχή της Αρβανιτιάς, ενώ στον κατάλογο των πόλεων της ευρύτερης μακεδονικής περιφέρειας συγκατέλεξαν Ο τίτλος της παρούσας μελέτης αποτυπώνει τη βασική μου πρόθεση:

The paper investigates entrepreneurial processes related to Levantine trade between the second ha... more The paper investigates entrepreneurial processes related to Levantine trade between the second half of the eighteenth century and the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It examines entrepreneurial form, information management and entrepreneurial response to opportunity and change in two distinctive cases. The first case concerns the business ventures of an enterprising group of Greek merchants; the second refers to the trade activity of the members of the British Levant Company. The two cases are considered and compared in terms of business organisation, quality and value of commercial information available, and entrepreneurial reaction to opportunity and change. The study compares independent and institutional entrepreneurship and highlights some forms of evasive entrepreneurial action carried out inside the multiethnic, pre-capitalist market economy of the Ottoman Empire. It finally shows how diverse 'opportunity development processes' connected, overlapped and crossed, interweaving the texture of this particular entrepreneurial environment.

1.°È· ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔÈ˘ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Ödön Füves, OÈ OEÏÏË-Ó˜ Ù˘ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›·˜... more 1.°È· ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔÈ˘ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Ödön Füves, OÈ OEÏÏË-Ó˜ Ù˘ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›·˜, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË 1965. 2. ªÂ ÙË Ï¤ÍË Görögök ‰ÂÓ ÓÔÔ ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔÓ fiÛÔÈ ·Ó‹Î·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂıÓÔÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ‚·ÏοÓÈÔÈ Ï·Ô› Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∞Ó·-ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ OÚıfi‰Ô͢ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ˆ˜ Î ‡ÚÈÔ ÁψÛÛÈÎfi fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∂Ó›ÔÙ ‰Â, ‰ËψÓfiÙ·Ó Î¿ı ÈÛÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ˘ ‰fiÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Û‹Ì·ÈÓÂ Î·È ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜, ‚Ï. ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û. 7-8. 3. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·» ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ fi¯È ÛÙȘ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ÏÏ¿ ÛÙ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ۈ̷Ù›· ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍˆÓ ‚·ÏοÓÈˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· 155-Ó›· ÛÙÔ Miskolc», ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ Ô˘ÁÁÚÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ· 4 ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó¿"ÂÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ fiÏ˘, Ô˘ ı· Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ˙ ¤Ó· ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘, ·ÊÔ ‡ Ù· ‰ÈηÈ-ÒÌ·Ù·, ÔÈ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂΛ Í¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·Ó fi¯È Û ÌfiÓÈÌË Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ‚¿ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο 5 . ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ùˉ ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1730 Ë Û ‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ ‡ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ ‡ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Ù¿ÍË٠˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ ‡ÂÈ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ô˘‰ ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Â›ÛËÌË ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ûۈ̿-ÙˆÛ˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ 6 . ™ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ ‡ıËÛ·Ó, Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó Û ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ‰ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤĩ ¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÚfiˆÓ Ù˘7. ™Ù· 1785 "ËÊ›ÛıËΠӤԘ ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜8 Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËΠÎÔÌ·Ó›·-ÎÔÈ-ÓfiÙËÙ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·Ó fiÛÔÈ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ ˘ËÎÔ-fiÙËÙ·. ™ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘Ù‹ ¤·ÈÍ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ ‰È¿Ù·ÁÌ· ÙËã ·Ú›·˜ £ËÚÂÛ›·˜, ÙÔ 1774, Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ӤԢ˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰Ú·-ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÛˆ-Ì¿ÙˆÛ˘9. ªÂ ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ ‡ Ù˘ Û˘Ûۈ̿وÛ˘1 0 , ÙÔ 104 IKAPO™ MANTOYBA §O™ 166.°È· ÙË ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ΔÚ·ÓÛ˘Ï‚·Ó›· ‚Ï. Olga Cicanci, «La compagnie de Braßov», Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes, XVII (1979), Û. 241-255 Î·È ¢¤ÛÔÈÓ·-∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ΔÛÔ ‡Úη- ¶··ÛÙ¿ıË, ∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÎÔÌ·Ó›· ÙÔT ÈÌ›Ô˘ ΔÚ·ÓÛ˘Ï‚·Ó›·˜ 1636-1848. OÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ¢›Î·ÈÔ, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË 1994. 4. O fiÚÔ˜ «·‰ÂÏÊfiÙ˘» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÔÏ ‡ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙ· ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·Ù Ô˘ Miskolc ·ÓÙ› ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙ˘» Î·È «ÎÔÌ·Ó›·»Ø Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÓÔÈ-ÔÏÔÁÈο ÌÂÙ·Í ‡ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «·‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ·», «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·» Î·È «ÎÔ-Ì·Ó›·» ‚Ï. ŸÏÁ· ∫·ÙÛÈ·Ú‰‹-Hering, «∞‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ·, ∫ÔÌ·Ó›·, ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. °È· ÌÈ· Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔ Î·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Miskolc (1801)», ∂Ò· Î·È ∂Û¤ÚÈ·, 7 (2007), Û. 247-310. 5. Marta Bur, «Handelsgesellschaften-Organisationen der Kaufleute der Balkanländer in 9. ™ ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ‰È¿Ù·ÁÌ· Ù˘ ª·Ú›·˜ £ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔÓÙ·Ó fiÏÔÈ fiÛÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÔıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ˘‹ÎÔÔÈ Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌÔ ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÌÔÚ ‡ÔÓÙ·È, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ ‡˜, Î·È Ô˘Á-ÁÚÈο ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ó· ÂÁηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· Î·È 1801, ·ÔÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÒıËÎÂ Ô ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘, ·Ú¿ Ù· fiÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘1 1 . OÈ Ó¤ÔÈ Â‹Ï˘‰Â˜, Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ"ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ Î·È ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ ‚Ï·¯È΋˜ (·ÚˆÌÔ˘ÓÈ΋˜) 12 ηٷÁˆÁ‹˜, ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ· fi ÙÔÓ Â˘Ú ‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜. ∫·ı' fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ 18Ô· ÈÒÓ·, ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ËÁ‹ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÔÈΛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Miskolc ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-ÛÂ Ë ªÔÛ¯fiÔÏË. ∏ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ · ‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ªÔÛ¯ÔÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘ÁÁÚÈ΋ fiÏË, Ô˘ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒıËΠÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ‰ ‡Ô ‰ËÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÙÈÎÔ ‡ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ ‡ ÙË㠷ΉÔÓ›·˜ (1769, 1788) 13 , ÚÔÛ¤‰ˆÛ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌ·Ó›· ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÙÔÈÎfi Î·È ÂıÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. Δ· ·ÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌËÙ›· ÙÔ˘ Borsod, ÙÔ 1770, ›ӷÈ, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ›ÎˆÓ 14 . ™ÙÔ ‰›Ô Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘, ÔÈ ¿ÚÔÈÎÔÈ ÂÍÂȉÈ-Π‡ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÎÚ·ÛÈÔ ‡. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ì ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÌÂÏÔηÏ-ÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Î·È ÔÈÓÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Miskolc,  ‡ÏÔÁÔ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÊÔ ‡Ó ۯ‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙȘ ÂÍ·-ÁˆÁ¤˜ ÎÚ·ÛÈÔ ‡, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Â¤Ó‰˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢-̤ÓÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔψÓÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿ 15 .

Books by Ikaros Mantouvalos

In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hin... more In the organization, operation and growth of Greek communities and companies in the Hungarian hinterlands during the 18th and 19th century, a special place was held by the philanthropy of the expatriates who chose Hungary as their new homeland. These activities were expressed through legacies, bequests and charitable works in the host society and country of origin alike. The aim of this paper is not to deal with this topic as a whole, but rather to identify a number of issues associated with the personal philanthropy of the Görögök in Central Europe, a subject that still preoccupies historians who describe the phenomenon of beneficence. Among their concerns are: since the practice of bequests was widespread in all the newcomers' social strata, what were the aims and uses of legacies and donations in the various periods, and how was the practice of philanthropy expressed in the adopted country as well as in their homeland? Also, to what degree does this benevolence reflect the internal discord and antago-nisms between the members of a community, as well as the migrant subject's entrance into the different religious and social environment of the Hapsburg Empire, and their eventual incorporation and/or assimilation into the national body of Hungary? Keywords Hungary-Greek Diaspora-Benefaction-Donation-Charity * I would like here to express my warm thanks to the editors of this Special Issue for the opportunity to take part in this collective volume.

1. Οι ∆ημητριείς συμπεριέλαβαν στη Μακεδονία και την περιοχή της Αρβανιτιάς, ενώ στον κατάλογο τω... more 1. Οι ∆ημητριείς συμπεριέλαβαν στη Μακεδονία και την περιοχή της Αρβανιτιάς, ενώ στον κατάλογο των πόλεων της ευρύτερης μακεδονικής περιφέρειας συγκατέλεξαν Ο τίτλος της παρούσας μελέτης αποτυπώνει τη βασική μου πρόθεση:

The paper investigates entrepreneurial processes related to Levantine trade between the second ha... more The paper investigates entrepreneurial processes related to Levantine trade between the second half of the eighteenth century and the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It examines entrepreneurial form, information management and entrepreneurial response to opportunity and change in two distinctive cases. The first case concerns the business ventures of an enterprising group of Greek merchants; the second refers to the trade activity of the members of the British Levant Company. The two cases are considered and compared in terms of business organisation, quality and value of commercial information available, and entrepreneurial reaction to opportunity and change. The study compares independent and institutional entrepreneurship and highlights some forms of evasive entrepreneurial action carried out inside the multiethnic, pre-capitalist market economy of the Ottoman Empire. It finally shows how diverse 'opportunity development processes' connected, overlapped and crossed, interweaving the texture of this particular entrepreneurial environment.

1.°È· ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔÈ˘ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Ödön Füves, OÈ OEÏÏË-Ó˜ Ù˘ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›·˜... more 1.°È· ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔÈ˘ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Ödön Füves, OÈ OEÏÏË-Ó˜ Ù˘ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›·˜, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË 1965. 2. ªÂ ÙË Ï¤ÍË Görögök ‰ÂÓ ÓÔÔ ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔÓ fiÛÔÈ ·Ó‹Î·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂıÓÔÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ‚·ÏοÓÈÔÈ Ï·Ô› Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∞Ó·-ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ OÚıfi‰Ô͢ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ˆ˜ Î ‡ÚÈÔ ÁψÛÛÈÎfi fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∂Ó›ÔÙ ‰Â, ‰ËψÓfiÙ·Ó Î¿ı ÈÛÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ˘ ‰fiÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Û‹Ì·ÈÓÂ Î·È ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜, ‚Ï. ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û. 7-8. 3. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·» ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ fi¯È ÛÙȘ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ÏÏ¿ ÛÙ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ۈ̷Ù›· ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍˆÓ ‚·ÏοÓÈˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· 155-Ó›· ÛÙÔ Miskolc», ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ Ô˘ÁÁÚÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ· 4 ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó¿"ÂÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ fiÏ˘, Ô˘ ı· Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ˙ ¤Ó· ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘, ·ÊÔ ‡ Ù· ‰ÈηÈ-ÒÌ·Ù·, ÔÈ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂΛ Í¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·Ó fi¯È Û ÌfiÓÈÌË Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ‚¿ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο 5 . ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ùˉ ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1730 Ë Û ‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ ‡ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ ‡ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Ù¿ÍË٠˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ ‡ÂÈ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ô˘‰ ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Â›ÛËÌË ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ûۈ̿-ÙˆÛ˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ 6 . ™ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ ‡ıËÛ·Ó, Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó Û ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ‰ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤĩ ¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÚfiˆÓ Ù˘7. ™Ù· 1785 "ËÊ›ÛıËΠӤԘ ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜8 Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËΠÎÔÌ·Ó›·-ÎÔÈ-ÓfiÙËÙ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·Ó fiÛÔÈ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ ˘ËÎÔ-fiÙËÙ·. ™ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘Ù‹ ¤·ÈÍ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ ‰È¿Ù·ÁÌ· ÙËã ·Ú›·˜ £ËÚÂÛ›·˜, ÙÔ 1774, Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ӤԢ˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰Ú·-ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ›ÎˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÛˆ-Ì¿ÙˆÛ˘9. ªÂ ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ ‡ Ù˘ Û˘Ûۈ̿وÛ˘1 0 , ÙÔ 104 IKAPO™ MANTOYBA §O™ 166.°È· ÙË ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ΔÚ·ÓÛ˘Ï‚·Ó›· ‚Ï. Olga Cicanci, «La compagnie de Braßov», Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes, XVII (1979), Û. 241-255 Î·È ¢¤ÛÔÈÓ·-∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ΔÛÔ ‡Úη- ¶··ÛÙ¿ıË, ∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÎÔÌ·Ó›· ÙÔT ÈÌ›Ô˘ ΔÚ·ÓÛ˘Ï‚·Ó›·˜ 1636-1848. OÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ¢›Î·ÈÔ, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË 1994. 4. O fiÚÔ˜ «·‰ÂÏÊfiÙ˘» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÔÏ ‡ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙ· ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·Ù Ô˘ Miskolc ·ÓÙ› ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙ˘» Î·È «ÎÔÌ·Ó›·»Ø Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÓÔÈ-ÔÏÔÁÈο ÌÂÙ·Í ‡ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ «·‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ·», «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·» Î·È «ÎÔ-Ì·Ó›·» ‚Ï. ŸÏÁ· ∫·ÙÛÈ·Ú‰‹-Hering, «∞‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ·, ∫ÔÌ·Ó›·, ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. °È· ÌÈ· Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔ Î·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Miskolc (1801)», ∂Ò· Î·È ∂Û¤ÚÈ·, 7 (2007), Û. 247-310. 5. Marta Bur, «Handelsgesellschaften-Organisationen der Kaufleute der Balkanländer in 9. ™ ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ‰È¿Ù·ÁÌ· Ù˘ ª·Ú›·˜ £ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔÓÙ·Ó fiÏÔÈ fiÛÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÔıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ˘‹ÎÔÔÈ Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌÔ ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÌÔÚ ‡ÔÓÙ·È, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ ‡˜, Î·È Ô˘Á-ÁÚÈο ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ó· ÂÁηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ O˘ÁÁ·Ú›· Î·È 1801, ·ÔÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÒıËÎÂ Ô ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘, ·Ú¿ Ù· fiÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘1 1 . OÈ Ó¤ÔÈ Â‹Ï˘‰Â˜, Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ"ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ Î·È ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ ‚Ï·¯È΋˜ (·ÚˆÌÔ˘ÓÈ΋˜) 12 ηٷÁˆÁ‹˜, ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ· fi ÙÔÓ Â˘Ú ‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜. ∫·ı' fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ 18Ô· ÈÒÓ·, ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ËÁ‹ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÔÈΛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Miskolc ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-ÛÂ Ë ªÔÛ¯fiÔÏË. ∏ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ · ‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ªÔÛ¯ÔÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘ÁÁÚÈ΋ fiÏË, Ô˘ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒıËΠÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ‰ ‡Ô ‰ËÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÙÈÎÔ ‡ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ ‡ ÙË㠷ΉÔÓ›·˜ (1769, 1788) 13 , ÚÔÛ¤‰ˆÛ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌ·Ó›· ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÙÔÈÎfi Î·È ÂıÓÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. Δ· ·ÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌËÙ›· ÙÔ˘ Borsod, ÙÔ 1770, ›ӷÈ, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ›ÎˆÓ 14 . ™ÙÔ ‰›Ô Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘, ÔÈ ¿ÚÔÈÎÔÈ ÂÍÂȉÈ-Π‡ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÎÚ·ÛÈÔ ‡. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ì ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÌÂÏÔηÏ-ÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Î·È ÔÈÓÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Miskolc,  ‡ÏÔÁÔ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÎÔÌ·Ó›·˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÊÔ ‡Ó ۯ‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙȘ ÂÍ·-ÁˆÁ¤˜ ÎÚ·ÛÈÔ ‡, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Â¤Ó‰˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢-̤ÓÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔψÓÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿ 15 .