Measuring Race, Mixed Race, and Multiracialism in Singapore (original) (raw)
We would like to thank Rohini Anant (Asia Research Institute) for her assistance with background research. The Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 [FY2014-FRC2-008] provided funding support for some of the research.
References
- Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Revised ed.). London: Verso.
Google Scholar - Arumainathan, P. (1973). Report on the Census of Population 1970 Singapore. Singapore: Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Au-Yong, R. (2016). Debate on Whether Race Classification Model is Still Relevant. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/debate-on-whether-race-classification-model-is-still-relevant.
- Barr, M. D., & Skrbis, Z. (2008). Constructing Singapore: Elitism, Ethnicity and the Nation-Building Project. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Google Scholar - Benjamin, G. (1976). The Cultural Logic of Singapore’s ‘Multiracialism’. In R. Hassan (Ed.), Singapore: Society in Transition (pp. 115–133). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar - Braga-Blake, M. (1992). Eurasians in Singapore: An Overview. In M. Braga-Blake (Ed.), Singapore Eurasians: Memories and Hopes (pp. 11–23). Singapore: Times Editions.
Google Scholar - Chan, L. K. (2009, October 18–22). Envisioning Chinese Identity and Managing Multiracialism in Singapore. Paper Presented at International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference: Seoul.
Google Scholar - Chua, B. H. (1995). Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar - Chua, B. H. (1998). Racial-Singaporeans: Absence After the Hyphen. In J. S. Kahn (Ed.), Southeast Asian Identities: Culture and the Politics of Representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand (pp. 28–50). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Google Scholar - Chua, B. H. (2003). Multiculturalism in Singapore: An Instrument of Social Control. Race and Class., 44(3), 58–77.
Article Google Scholar - Chua, B. H. (2005). The Cost of Membership in Ascribed Community. In W. Kymlicka & B. He (Eds.), Multiculturalism in Asia (pp. 170–195). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar - Chun, A. (1996). Discourses of Identity in the Changing Spaces of Public Culture in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Theory, Culture & Society., 13(1), 51–75.
Article Google Scholar - Goh, D. P. S. (2007). States of Ethnography: Colonialism, Resistance, and Cultural Transcription in Malaya and the Philippines, 1890s–1930s. Comparative Studies in Society and History., 49(1), 109–142.
Article Google Scholar - Goh, D. P. S. (2008a). From Colonial Pluralism to Postcolonial Multiculturalism: Race, State Formation and the Question of Cultural Diversity in Malaysia and Singapore. Sociology Compass, 2(1), 232–252.
Article Google Scholar - Goh, D. P. S. (2008b). Protecting Chek Jawa: The Politics of Conservation and Memory at the Edge of a Nation. In N. S. Sodhi, G. Acciaioli, M. Erb, & A. K.-J. Tan (Eds.), Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas: Case Studies from the Malay Archipelago (pp. 311–329). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar - Goh, D. P. S., & Holden, P. (2009). Introduction: Postcoloniality, Race and Multiculturalism. In D. P. S. Goh, M. Gabrielpillai, P. Holden, & G. C. Khoo (Eds.), Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore (pp. 1–16). London: Routledge.
Chapter Google Scholar - Han, K. (2018). Singapore’s Migrant Workers Struggle to Get Paid. Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/24/asia/singapore-migrant-workers-intl/index.html.
- Hassan, R., & Benjamin, G. (1973). Ethnic Outmarriage Rates in Singapore: The Influence of Traditional Socio-Cultural Organization. Journal of Marriage and Family., 35(4), 731–738.
Article Google Scholar - Hassan, R., & Benjamin, G. (1976). Ethnic Outmarriage and Socio-Cultural Organization. In Singapore: Society in Transition, Riaz Hassan (pp. 205–217). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar - Hill, M., & Lian, K. F. (1995). The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar - Hirschman, C. (1986). The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology. Sociological Forum, 1(2), 330–361.
Article Google Scholar - Hirschman, C. (1987). The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications. The Journal of Asian Studies., 46(3), 555–582.
Article Google Scholar - Huang, S., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2015). Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore: A Neglected Social Issue? In D. Chan (Ed.), 50 Years of Social Issues in Singapore (pp. 167–187). Singapore: World Scientific.
Chapter Google Scholar - Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. (2010, January 1). Greater Flexibility with Implementation of Double-Barrelled Race Option From. Retrieved May 14, 2018, from http://www.ica.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=12443.
- Kong, L., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2003). Nation, Ethnicity, and Identity: Singapore and the Dynamics and Discourses of Chinese Migration. In L. J. C. Ma & C. Cartier (Eds.), The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility and Identity (pp. 193–219). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Google Scholar - Kymlicka, W. (2005). Liberal Multiculturalism: Western Models, Global Trends, and Asian Debates. In W. Kymlicka & B. He (Eds.), Multiculturalism in Asia (pp. 22–55). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chapter Google Scholar - Lai, A. E. (1995). Meanings of Multiethnicity: A Case-study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar - Lee, H. L. (2017). Race, Multiracialism and Singapore’s Place in the World. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/race-multiracialism-and-singapores-place-in-the-world.
- Leow, B. G. (2000). Census of Population 2000: Demographic Characteristics. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Lim, L. (2016). On Tan Cheng Bock, Mixed-Race Candidates: Singaporeans Ask Tough Questions on the Elected Presidency Review. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/on-tan-cheng-bock-mixed-race-candidates-singaporeans-ask-tough-q-7788466.
- Ming, T. E., & Chua, J. (2017). Mixed-Race Couples Brave the Odds for Acceptance. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/mixed-race-couples-brave-odds-acceptance.
- Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports and Committee on the Family. (2004). State of the Family in Singapore. Singapore: n.p.
Google Scholar - Ministry of Manpower. (2018). Foreign Workforce Numbers. Retrieved July 24, 2018, from http://www.mom.gov.sg/documents-and-publications/foreign-workforce-numbers.
- Narayanan, G. (2004). The Political History of Ethnic Relations in Singapore. In L. A. Eng (Ed.), Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore (pp. 41–64). Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
Google Scholar - National Population and Talent Division, Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Home Affairs & Immigrations and Checkpoints Authority. (2011). Population in Brief 2011. Singapore: n.p.
Google Scholar - Ortmann, S. (2009). Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 28(4), 23–46.
Article Google Scholar - Pereira, A. (1997). The Revitalization of Eurasian Identity in Singapore. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 25(2), 7–24.
Article Google Scholar - Pereira, A. (2006). No Longer “Other”: The Emergence of the Eurasian Community in Singapore. In K. F. Lian (Ed.), Race, Ethnicity and The State in Malaysia and Singapore (pp. 5–32). Leiden: Brill.
Google Scholar - Poon, A. (2009). Pick and Mix for the Global City: Race and Cosmopolitanism in Singapore. In D. P. S. Goh, M. Gabrielpillai, P. Holden, & G. C. Khoo (Eds.), Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore (pp. 70–85). London: Routledge.
Google Scholar - PuruShotam, N. (1998). Disciplining Difference: Race in Singapore. In J. S. Kahn (Ed.), Southeast Asian Identities: Culture and the Politics of Representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand (pp. 51–93). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Google Scholar - Rocha, Z. L. (2011). Multiplicity within Singularity: Racial Categorization and Recognizing “Mixed Race” in Singapore. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(3), 95–131.
Article Google Scholar - Rocha, Z. L. (2016). “Mixed Race” Identities in Asia and the Pacific: Experiences from Singapore and New Zealand. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar - Rocha, Z. L. (2017). Eurasian as Multiracial: Mixed Race, Gendered Categories and Identity in Singapore. In Z. L. Rocha & F. Fozdar (Eds.), Mixed Race in Asia: Past, Present and Future (pp. 162–176). London: Routledge.
Chapter Google Scholar - Saw, S.-H. (2007). The Population of Singapore. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Google Scholar - Siddique, S. (1989). Singaporean Identity. In K. S. Sandhu & P. Wheatley (Eds.), Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore (pp. 563–577). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Google Scholar - Siddique, S. (1990). The Phenomenology of Ethnicity: A Singapore Case Study. Sojourn, 5(1), 35–62.
Article Google Scholar - Sing, S. C., & Lin, W. W. (2009). Singapore’s Census of Population 2010. Statistics Singapore Newsletter. September, 2009, 23–27.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (1981). Census of Population 1980 Singapore: Release No. 2 Demographic Characteristics. Singapore: n.p.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (1992). Singapore Census of Population 1990: Demographic Characteristics. Singapore: SNP Publishers Pte Ltd..
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2000a). Census of Population 2000: Advance Data Release. Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/cop2000/cop2000adr.
- Singapore Department of Statistics. (2000b). Statistics on Marriages and Divorces 1999. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2001). Statistics on Marriages and Divorces 2000. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2003, November 19–21). Singapore Register-Based Census: Lessons Learnt and Challenges Ahead. Paper presented at 21st Population Census Conference, Analysis of the 2000 Round of Censuses: Kyoto, Japan.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2010a). Yearbook of Statistics Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2010b). Census of Population 2010: Advance Census Release. Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/cop2010/cop2010adr.
- Singapore Department of Statistics. (2017a). Population Trends 2017. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2017b). Statistics on Marriages and Divorces 2017. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics.
Google Scholar - Singapore Department of Statistics. (2018). Singapore Residents by Age Group, Ethnic Group and Gender, End June, Annual. Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://data.gov.sg/dataset/resident-population-by-ethnicity-gender-and-age-group?view_id=ce206ba3-ea36-46fe-9e9a6351a9c6805f&resource_id=f9dbfc75-a2dc-42af-9f50-425e4107ae84.
- Stokes-Rees, E. (2007, November 19–21). ‘We Need Something of Our Own’: Representing Ethnicity, Diversity and ‘National Heritage’ in Singapore. Paper Presented at National Museums in a Global World: Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages, University of Oslo, Norway.
Google Scholar - Stoler, A. L. (1992). Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34(3), 514–551.
Article Google Scholar - Strategy Group, Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Home Affairs, Immigrations and Checkpoints Authority & Ministry of Manpower. (2017). Population in Brief 2017. Singapore: n.p.
Google Scholar - Tan, E. K. B. (2004). ‘We, the Citizens of Singapore...’: Multiethnicity, its Evolution and its Aberrations. In L. A. Eng (Ed.), Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore (pp. 65–96). Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
Google Scholar - Vasil, R. (1995). Asianising Singapore: The PAP’s Management of Ethnicity. Singapore: Heinemann Asia.
Google Scholar - Velayutham, S. (2007). Responding to Globalization: Nation, Culture and Identity in Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Book Google Scholar - Wee, L. (2002). When English is Not a Mother Tongue: Linguistic Ownership and the Eurasian Community in Singapore. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 282–295.
Article Google Scholar - Yeoh, B. S. A., Chee, H. L., & Thi Kieu Dung, V. (2013). Commercially Arranged Marriage and the Negotiation of Citizenship Rights among Vietnamese Marriage Migrants in Multiracial Singapore. Asian Ethnicity, 14(2), 139–156.
Article Google Scholar - Yeoh, B. S. A., Acedera, K., & Rootham, E. (2018). Negotiating Postcolonial Eurasian Identities and National Belonging in Global-City Singapore. Social Identities, 7, 1–17.
Google Scholar