High frequencies of α-thalassaemia are the result of natural selection by malaria (original) (raw)

References

  1. Haldane, J. B. S. Proc. 8th int. Congr. Genet. 267–273 (Hereditas Suppl. 35, 1949).
  2. Allison, A. C. Br. med. J. 1, 290–294 (1954).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Allison, A. C. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 312–318 (1954).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Pasvol, G., Weatherall, D. J. & Wilson, R. J. M. Nature 274, 701–703 (1978).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  5. Friedman, M. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1994–1997 (1978).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  6. Livingstone, F. B. in Distribution and Evolution of the Hemoglobin and Globin Loci (ed. Bowman, J. E.) 15–44 (Elsevier, New York, 1983).
    Google Scholar
  7. Livingstone, F. B. Frequencies of Hemoglobin Variants (Oxford University Press, 1985).
    Google Scholar
  8. Higgs, D. R. & Weatherall, D. J. Curr. Topics Haemat. 4, 37–97 (1983).
    CAS Google Scholar
  9. Higgs, D. R. et al. Br. J. Haemat. 46, 39–46 (1982).
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Old, J. M. & Higgs, D. R. in The Thalassaemias (ed. Weatherall, D. J.) 74–102 (Churchill-Livingstone, London, 1983).
    Google Scholar
  11. Black, R. H. South Pacif. Commn tech. Pap. 81 (South Pacific Commission, Noumea, 1955).
  12. Ewers, W. H. & Jeffrey, W. T. Parasites of Man in Niugini (Jacardanda Press, Milton, 1971).
    Google Scholar
  13. Bowden, D. K., Hill, A. V. S., Higgs, D. R., Weatherall, D. J. & Clegg, J. B. Lancet ii, 1025–1028 (1985).
    Article Google Scholar
  14. Willis, C. & Londo, D. R. Am. J. hum. Genet. 33, 215–226 (1981).
    Google Scholar
  15. Parkinson, A. D. Papua New Guin. med. J. 17, 8–16 (1973).
    Google Scholar
  16. Ratard, R. C. Trop. Doctor 9, 212–216 (1979).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Buxton, P. A. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 19, 420–454 (1926).
    Article Google Scholar
  18. Buxton, P. A. & Hopkins, G. H. Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia I-IV, 225–230 (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1927).
    Google Scholar
  19. Tully, W. J. Rep. of Finding by Health Campaign Conducted in the New Hebrides from 31 January 1929 to 21 August 1931 (copy in Library, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney, 1931).
    Google Scholar
  20. Herivaux, A. Annls Méd. Pharm. colon. 37, 40–62 (1946).
    Google Scholar
  21. Mauze, J. med. Trop. 6, 109–138 (1946).
    Google Scholar
  22. Levine, N. D. & Harper, P. Am. J. trop. Med. (Suppl.) 27, 119–128 (1947).
    Article Google Scholar
  23. Harper, P., Levine, N. & Liebour, A. Proc. 7th Pacif. Sci. Congr. N.Z. 7, 375–380 (1947).
    Google Scholar
  24. Lambert, S. M. in Malariology (ed. Boyd, M. F.) 820–830 (W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1949).
    Google Scholar
  25. Black, R. H. South Pacif. Commn tech. Pap. 60 (South Pacific Commission, Noumea, 1954).
  26. Black, R. H. Aust. Geogr. 6, 32–35 (1955).
    Article Google Scholar
  27. Black, R. H. Oceania 27, 136–142 (1956).
    Article Google Scholar
  28. Peters, W. Papua New Guin. med. J. 3, 66–75 (1959).
    Google Scholar
  29. Peters, W. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 54, 242–260 (1960).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Norman-Taylor, W. & Rees, W. H. South Pacif. Commn tech. Pap. 143 (South Pacific Commission, Noumea, 1962).
  31. Van Dijk, W. J. O. M. & Parkinson, A. D. Papua New Guin. med. J. 17, 17–21 (1973).
    Google Scholar
  32. Embury, S. H. et al. J. clin. Invest. 66, 1319–1325, (1980).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Higgs, D. R., Hill, A. V. S., Bowden, D. K., Weatherall, D. J. & Clegg, J. B. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 6965–6977 (1984).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  34. Hill, A. V. S. et al. Am. J. hum. Genet. 37, 571–580 (1985).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  35. Mills, A. R. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 57, 99–107 (1954).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  36. Laird, M. Bull. ent. Res. 45, 279–283 (1954).
    Article Google Scholar
  37. Booth, K. Papua New Guin. med. J. 24, 264–266 (1981).
    CAS Google Scholar
  38. Oppenheimer, S. J., Higgs, D. R., Weatherall, D. J., Barker, J. & Spark, B. A. Lancet i, 424–426 (1984).
    Article Google Scholar
  39. Yenchitsomanus, P.-J., Summers, K. M., Bhatia, K., Cattani, J. & Board, P. G. Am. J. hum. Genet. 37, 778–784 (1985).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  40. Siniscalco, M. et al. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 34, 379–393 (1966).
    CAS Google Scholar
  41. Breinl, A. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 9, 285–334 (1915).
    Article Google Scholar
  42. Peters, W. & Christian, S. H. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 54, 529–536 (1960).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  43. Orkin, S. H. & Kazazian, H. H. A. Rev. Genet. 18, 131–171 (1984).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  44. Higgs, D. R. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press).
  45. Simmons, R. T. & Booth, P. B. A Compendium of Melanesian Genetic Data I-IV (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Victoria, 1971).
    Google Scholar
  46. Hill, A. V. S., Bowden, D. K., Weatherall, D. J. & Clegg, J. B. Blood (in the press).
  47. Povey, S., Morton, N. E. & Sherman, S. L. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 40, 67–106 (1985).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  48. Gilliam, T. C. et al. Hum. Genet. 68, 154–158 (1984).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  49. Davies, K. E. et al. J. med. Genet. 19, 259–263 (1983).
    Article Google Scholar
  50. Bell, G. I., Karam, J. H. & Rutter, W. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 5759–5763 (1981).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  51. Capon, D. J., Chen, E. Y., Levinson, A. D., Seeburg, P. H. & Goeddel, D. V. Nature 302, 33–37 (1983).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  52. White, R. et al. Nature 313, 101–105 (1985).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  53. Smithies, O. & Walker, W. F. Nature 176, 1265–1266 (1955).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  54. Sukumaran, P. K. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 4635–4643 (1983).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  55. Trent, R. J. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 6723–6733 (1981).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  56. Smouse, P. E. & Ward, R. H. Genetics 88, 611–631 (1978).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  57. Imaizumi, Y. & Morton, N. E. Archaeol. phys. Anthrop., Oceania 5, 218–227 (1970).
    Google Scholar
  58. Giles, E., Wyber, S. & Walsh, R. Archaeol. phys. Anthrop., Oceania 5, 60–72 (1970).
    Google Scholar
  59. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Bodmer, W. F. The Genetics of Human Populations (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1971).
    Google Scholar
  60. Littlewood, R. A. J. Polynes. Soc. 75, 95–106 (1966).
    Google Scholar
  61. Bellwood, P. Man's Conquest of the Pacific (Collins, London, 1978).
    Google Scholar
  62. Trent, R. J. et al. Am. J. Hemat. 18, 431–433 (1985).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  63. White, J. P. & O'Connell, J. F. A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul (Academic, Sydney, 1983).
    Google Scholar
  64. Wurm, S. A., Laycock, D. C., Vorhoeve, C. L. & Dutton, T. E. in New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study Vol. 1 (ed. Wurm, S. A.) 935–960 (Australian National University, Canberra, 1975).
    Google Scholar
  65. Kirk, R. L. in The First Americans: Origins Affinities and Adaptations (ed. Laughlin, W. S.) 211–237 (Gustav-Fischer, New York, 1979).
    Google Scholar
  66. Kirk, R. L. in Population Structure and Genetic Disorders (eds Eriksson, A. N., Forsius, H., Nevanlinna, H. R., Workman, P. L. & Noris, P. K.) 113–137 (Academic. London, 1980).
    Google Scholar
  67. Booth, P. B. & Simmons, R. T. Papua New Guin. med. J. 15, 10–14 (1972).
    Google Scholar
  68. Blake, N. M. Hum. Genet. 70, 1–12 (1978).
    Google Scholar
  69. Booth, P. B. & McLoughlin, K. Vox Sang. 22, 73–84 (1972).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  70. Flint, J., Hill, A. V. S., Clegg, J. B., Weatherall, D. J. & Higgs, D. R. Br. J. Haemat. (in the press).
  71. Pasvol, G. & Wilson, R. J. M. Br. med. Bull. 38, 133–140 (1982).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  72. Ifediba, T. C., Stern, A., Ibrahim, A. & Rieder, R. F. Blood 65, 452–455 (1985).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  73. Higgs, D. R., Old, J. M., Pressley, L., Clegg, J. B. & Weatherall, D. J. Nature 284, 632–635 (1980).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  74. Goossens, M., Dozy, A. N., Embury, S. H. & Kan, Y. W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 518–521 (1980).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  75. Trent, R. J., Higgs, D. R., Clegg, J. B. & Weatherall, D. J. Br. J. Haemat. 49, 149–152 (1981).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  76. Bonnisseau, G. thesis, Univ. René Descartes, Paris (1975).
  77. Manson-Bahr, P. E. C. & Apted, F. I. C. in Tropical Diseases 18th edn, 41 (Bailliere-Tindall, London, 1982).
    Google Scholar
  78. Hill, A. V. S., Nicholls, R. D., Thein, S. L. & Higgs, D. R. Cell 42, 809–819 (1985).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  79. Bell, G. I., Horita, S. & Karam, J. H. Diabetes 33, 137–181 (1984).
    Google Scholar
  80. Goodbourn, S. E. Y., Higgs, D. R., Clegg, J. B. & Weatherall, D. J. Molec. Biol. Med. 2, 223–238 (1984).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  81. Hill, A. V. S. et al. Am. J. hum. Genet. 38, 382–389 (1986).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  82. An Atlas of Papua New Guinea (Department of Geography, University of Papua New Guinea; Collins Longman, Harlow, 1970).

Download references