Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value (original) (raw)

References

1. LeDoux, J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 155–184 (2000).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
2. Maren, S. Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 897–931 (2001).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
3. Gottfried, J.A., O'Doherty, J. & Dolan, R.J. Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in humans studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 22, 10829–10837 (2002).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
4. O'Doherty, J., Deichmann, R., Critchley, H.D. & Dolan, R.J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 33, 815–826 (2002).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
5. Morrow, B.A., Elsworth, J.D., Rasmusson, A.M. & Roth, R.H. The role of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear in the rat. Neuroscience 92, 553–564 (1999).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
6. Baeg, E.H. et al. Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Cereb. Cortex 11, 441–451 (2001).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
7. Rescorla, R.A. Experimental extinction, in Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories (eds. Mowrer, R.R. & Klein, S.) 119–154 (Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 2001).
   Google Scholar
8. Myers, K.M. & Davis, M. Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction. Neuron 36, 567–584 (2002).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
9. Bouton, M.E. Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychol. Bull. 114, 80–99 (1993).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
10. Garcia, R. Postextinction of conditioned fear: between two CS-related memories. Learn. Mem. 9, 361–363 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar
11. Hobin, J.A., Goosens, K.A. & Maren, S. Context-dependent neuronal activity in the lateral amygala represents fear memories after extinction. J. Neurosci. 23, 8410–8416 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
12. Quirk, G.J., Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J.G. & Pare, D. Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons. J. Neurosci. 23, 8800–8807 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
13. Rosenkranz, J.A., Moore, H. & Grace, A.A. The prefrontal cortex regulates lateral amygdala neuronal plasticity and responses to previously conditioned stimuli. J. Neurosci. 23, 11054–11064 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
14. Quirk, G.J. & Gehlert, D.R. Inhibition of the amygdala: key to pathological states? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 985, 263–272 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
15. LaBar, K.S., Gatenby, J.C., Gore, J.C., LeDoux, J.E. & Phelps, E.A. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 20, 937–945 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
16. Rescorla, R.A. Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86, 101–106 (1974).
    Article Google Scholar
17. Bouton, M.E. Differential control by context in the inflation and reinstatement paradigms. J. Exp. Psychol. Animal Behav. Proc. 10, 56–74 (1984).
    Article Google Scholar
18. Morris, J.S., Ohman, A. & Dolan, R.J. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393, 467–470 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
19. Buchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R.J. & Friston, K.J. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 20, 947–957 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
20. Critchley, H.D., Mathias, C.J. & Dolan, R.J. Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron 33, 653–663 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
21. Falls, W.A., Miserendino, M.J.D. & Davis, M. Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 12, 854–863 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
22. Morgan, M.A., Romanski, L.M. & LeDoux, J.E. Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 163, 109–113 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
23. Repa, J.C. et al. Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 724–731 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
24. Herry, C. & Garcia, R. Prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation, but not long-term depression, is associated with the maintenance of extinction of learned fear in mice. J. Neurosci. 22, 577–583 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
25. Milad, M.R. & Quirk, G.J. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature 420, 70–74 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
26. White, K. & Davey, G.C.L. Sensory preconditioning and UCS inflation in human 'fear' conditioning. Behav. Res. Ther. 27, 161–166 (1989).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
27. Hosoba, T., Iwanaga, M. & Seiwa, H. The effect of UCS inflation and deflation procedures on 'fear' conditioning. Behav. Res. Ther. 39, 465–475 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
28. Rosenkranz, J.A. & Grace, A.A. Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 22, 324–337 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
29. Royer, S. & Pare, D. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity in intercalated amygdala neurons and the extinction of conditioned fear responses. Neuroscience 115, 455–462 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
30. Mai, J.K., Assheuer, J. & Paxinos, G. Atlas of the Human Brain (Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1997).
    Google Scholar
31. Pearce, J.M. & Hall, G. A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychol. Rev. 87, 532–552 (1980).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
32. Wilson, P.N., Boumphrey, P. & Pearce, J.M. Restoration of the orienting response to a light by a change in its predictive accuracy. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 44B, 17–36 (1992).
    Google Scholar
33. Holland, P.C. & Gallagher, M. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 65–73 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
34. Schoenbaum, G., Setlow, B., Saddoris, M.P. & Gallagher, M. Encoding predicted outcome and acquired value in orbitofrontal cortex during cue sampling depends upon input from basolateral amygdala. Neuron 39, 855–867 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
35. Pickens, C.L. et al. Different roles for orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in a reinforcer devaluation task. J. Neurosci. 23, 11078–11084 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
36. Tremblay, L. & Schultz, W. Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex. Nature 398, 704–708 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
37. Arana, F.S., Parkinson, J.A., Hinton, E., Holland, A.J. & Owen, A.M. Dissociable contributions of the human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to incentive motivation and goal selection. J. Neurosci. 23, 9632–9638 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
38. Gottfried, J.A., O'Doherty, J. & Dolan, R.J. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301, 1104–1107 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
39. O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R. & Dolan, R.J. Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. J. Neurosci. 23, 7931–7939 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
40. Hatfield, T., Han, J.S., Conley, M., Gallagher, M. & Holland, P. Neurotoxic lesions of basolateral, but not central, amygdala interfere with Pavlovian second-order conditioning and reinforcer devaluation effects. J. Neurosci. 16, 5256–5265 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
41. Malkova, L., Gaffan, D. & Murray, E.A. Excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala fail to produce impairment in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement but interfere with reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 17, 6011–6020 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
42. Gallagher, M., McMahan, R.W. & Schoenbaum, G. Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. J. Neurosci. 19, 6610–6614 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
43. Baxter, M.G., Parker, A., Lindner, C.C., Izquierdo, A.D. & Murray, E.A. Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 20, 4311–4319 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
44. Morris, J.S. & Dolan, R.J. Dissociable amygdala and orbitofrontal responses during reversal fear conditioning. Neuroimage 22, 372–380 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
45. Schoenbaum, G., Chiba, A.A. & Gallagher, M. Changes in functional connectivity in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory discrimination learning. J. Neurosci. 20, 5179–5189 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
46. Ekman, P. & Friesen, W.V. Pictures of Facial Affect (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, California, USA, 1976).
    Google Scholar
47. Gottfried, J.A., Deichmann, R., Winston, J.S. & Dolan, R.J. Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 22, 10819–10828 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
48. Deichmann, R., Gottfried, J.A., Hutton, C. & Turner, R. Optimized EPI for fMRI studies of the orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroimage 19, 430–441 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
49. Friston, K.J. et al. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2, 189–210 (1995).
    Article Google Scholar
50. Price, C.J. & Friston, K.J. Cognitive conjunction: a new approach to brain activation experiments. Neuroimage 5, 261–270 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
51. Worsley, K.J. et al. A unified statistical approach for determining significant voxels in images of cerebral activation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 4, 58–73 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references