Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study | Public Health Nutrition | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to describe the variation of soy product intake in 10 European countries by using a standardised reference dietary method. A subsidiary aim was to characterise the pattern of soy consumption among a sub-group of participants with a habitual health-conscious lifestyle (HHL), i.e. non-meat eaters who are fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans.

Design:

A 24-hour dietary recall interview (24-HDR) was conducted among a sample (5–12%) of all cohorts (n = 36 900) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Study participants totalled 35 955 after exclusion of subjects younger than 35 or older than 74 years of age. Soy products were subdivided into seven sub-groups by similarity. Distribution of consumption and crude and adjusted means of intake were computed per soy product group across countries. Intake of soy products was also investigated among participants with an HHL.

Results:

In total, 195 men and 486 women reported consuming soy products in the 24-HDR interview. Although soy product intake was generally low across all countries, the highest intake level was observed in the UK, due to over-sampling of a large number of participants with an HHL. The most frequently consumed soy foods were dairy substitutes in the UK and France and beans and sprouts among mid-European countries. For both genders, the sub-group of soy dairy substitutes was consumed in the highest quantities (1.2 g day−1 for men; 1.9 g day−1 for women). Participants with an HHL differed substantially from others with regard to demographic, anthropometric and nutritional factors. They consumed higher quantities of almost all soy product groups.

Conclusions:

Consumption of soy products is low in centres in Western Europe. Soy dairy substitutes are most frequently consumed. Participants with an HHL form a distinct sub-group with higher consumptions of fruit, vegetables, legumes, cereals and soy products compared with the other participants.

References

1Price, KR, Fenwick, GR. Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods – a review. Food Addit. Contam. 1985; 2: 73–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

4Mazur, W, Fotsis, T, Wahala, K, Ojala, S, Salakka, A, Adlercreutz, H. Isotope dilution gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of isoflavonoids, coumestrol, and lignans in food samples. Anal. Biochem. 1996; 233: 169–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

5Mazur, W, Wahala, K, Rasku, S, Salakka, A, Hase, T, Adlercreutz, H. Lignan and isoflavonoid concentrations in tea and coffee. Br. J. Nutr. 1998; 79: 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

6Mazur, W, Duke, JA, Wahala, K, Rasku, S, Adlercreutz, H. Isoflavonoids and lignans in legumes: nutritional and health aspects in humans. J. Nutr. Biochem. 1998; 9: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7Horn-Ross, PL, Lee, M, John, EM, Koo, J. Sources of phytoestrogen exposure among non-Asian women in California, USA. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 299–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

8De Kleijn, MJJ, van der Schouw, YT, Wilson, PWF, Adlercreutz, H, Mazur, W, Grobbee, DE, et al. Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: the Framingham study (1–4). J. Nutr. 2001; 131: 1826–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

9Keinan Boker, L, van der Schouw, YT, de Kleijn, MJJ, Jacques, PF, Grobbee, DE, Peeters, PHM. Intake of dietary phytoestrogens in Dutch women. J. Nutr. 2002; 132: 1319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10Van Erp Baart, AMJ, Brants, HAM, Kiely, M, Mulligan, A, Turrini, A, Sermineta, C, et al. Isoflavone intakes in different European countries: the VENUS approach [abstract]. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2001; 45: 219.Google Scholar

11Chen, Z, Zheng, W, Custer, LJ, Dai, Q, Shu, XO, Jin, F, et al. Usual dietary consumption of soy foods and its correlation with the excretion rate of isoflavonoids in overnight urine samples among Chinese women in Shanghai. Nutr. Cancer 1999; 33: 82–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

12Adlercreutz, H. Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1990; 50(Suppl. 201): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14Bingham, SA, Atkinson, C, Liggins, J, Bluck, L, Coward, A. Phyto-oestrogens: where are we now? Br. J. Nutr. 1998; 79: 393–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

15Setchell, KD. Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 68(Suppl.): 1333S–46S.Google ScholarPubMed

16Anderson, JW, Johnstone, BM, Cook-Newell, ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333: 276–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

17Van der Schouw, YT, de Kleijn, MJ, Peeters, PH, Grobbee, DE. Phyto-oestrogens and, cardiovascular disease risk. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2000; 10: 154–67.Google ScholarPubMed

18Alekel, DL, StGermain, A, Peterson, CT, Hanson, KB, Stewart, JW, Toda, T. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 72: 844–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

19Horiuchi, T, Onouchi, T, Takahashi, M, Ito, H, Orimo, H. Effect of soy protein on bone metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese women. Osteoporosis Int. 2000; 11: 721–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20Wangen, KE, Duncan, AM, Merz-Demlow, BE, Xu, X, Marcus, R, Phipps, WR, et al. Effect of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85: 3043–8.Google ScholarPubMed

21Kronenberg, F. Hot flashes. In: Lobo, RA, ed. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman. New York: Raven Press, 1994; 97–116.Google Scholar

22Messina, M, Persky, V, Setchell, KD, Barnes, S. Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr. Cancer 1994; 21: 113–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23Peeters, PHM, Keinan Boker, L, van de Schouw, YT, Grobbee, DE. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. Review of the epidemiological evidence. Breast Cancer Treat. Res. 2002; in press.Google ScholarPubMed

24Rose, DP, Boyar, AP, Wynder, EL. International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate and colon, and per capita food consumption. Cancer 1986; 58: 2363–71.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

25Riboli, E. Nutrition and cancer: background and rationale of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Ann. Oncol. 1992; 3: 783–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

26Riboli, E, Hunt, KJ, Slimani, N, Ferrari, P, Norat, T, Fahey, M, et al. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection. Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5(6B): 1113–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27Plummer, M, Clayton, D, Kaaks, R. Calibration in multi-centre cohort studies. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1994; 23: 419–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

28Kaaks, R, Plummer, M, Riboli, E, Estee, J, van Staveren, WA. Adjustment for bias due to errors in exposure assessments in multi-center cohort studies on diet and cancer: a calibration approach. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 59(Suppl.): S245–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

29Kaaks, R, Riboli, E, van Staveren, WA. Calibration of dietary intake measurements in prospective cohort studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1995; 142: 548–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

30Kaaks, R, Riboli, E. Validation and calibration of dietary intake in measurements in the EPIC project. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1997; 26(Suppl. 1): S15–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

31Slimani, N, Kaaks, R, Ferrari, P, Casagrande, C, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Lotze, G, et al. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics. Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5(6B): 1125–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

32Slimani, N, Deharveng, G, Charrondière, UR, van Kappel, AL, Ocké, MC, Welch, A, et al. Structure of the standardized computerized 24-hour diet recall interview used as reference method in 22 centres participating in the EPIC project. Comput. Meth. Programs Biomed. 1999; 53: 251–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

33Voss, S, Charrondière, UR, Slimani, N, Kroke, A, Riboli, E, Wahrendorf, J, et al. EPIC-SOFT a European computer program for 24-hour-dietrary protocols [in German]. Z. Ernahrungswiss. 1998; 37: 227–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

34Slimani, N, Ferrari, P, Ocké, M, Welch, A, Boeing, H, Liere, M, et al. Standardisation of the 24-hour diet recall calibration method used in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): general concepts and preliminary results. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 54: 900–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

35SPSS, Inc. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 9.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc., 1998.Google Scholar

36Wakai, K, Egami, I, Kato, K, Kawamura, T, Tamakoshi, A, Lin, A, et al. Dietary intake and sources of isoflavones among Japanese. Nutr. Cancer 1999; 33: 139–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

37Kim, J, Kwon, C. Estimated dietary isoflavone intake in Korean population based on National Nutrition Survey. Nutr. Res. 2001; 21: 947–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

39Shu, XO, Jin, F, Dai, Q, Wen, W, Potter, JD, Kushi, LH, et al. Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2001; 10: 483–8.Google ScholarPubMed

40Ho, SC, Woo, JL, Leung, SS, Sham, AL, Lam, TH, Janus, ED. Intake of soy products is associated with better plasma lipid profiles in the Hong Kong Chinese population. J. Nutr. 2000; 130: 2590–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

41Strom, SS, Yamamura, Y, Duphrone, CM, Spitz, MR, Babaian, RJ, Pillow, PC, et al. Phytoestrogen intake and prostate cancer: a case control study using a new database. Nutr. Cancer 1999; 33: 20–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

42Goodman-Gruen, D, Kritz-Silverstein, D. Usual dietary, isoflavone intake is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 2001; 13: 1202–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44Vidal, C, Perez-Carral, C, Chomon, B. Unsuspected sources of soybean exposure. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997; 79: 350–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

45Meyer, R, Chardonnens, F, Hubner, P, Luthy, J. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the quality and safety assurance of food: detection of soya in processed meat products. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 1996; 203: 339–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

46Verkasalo, PK, Appleby, PN, Allen, NE, Davey, G, Adlercreutz, H, Key, TJ. Soya intake and plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein: validity of dietary assessment among eighty British women (Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Br. J. Nutr. 2001; 86: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

48Janelle, KC, Bart, SI. Nutrient intakes, and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1995; 95: 180–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

49Appleby, PN, Thorogood, M, Mann, JI, Key, TJA. The Oxford vegetarian study: an overview. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 70(Suppl.): 525S–31S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

50Haddad, EH, Berk, LS, Kettering, JD, Hubbard, RW, Peters, WR. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 70(Suppl.): 586S–93S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed