Quantitative Determination of Immunoglobulins in CSF and Plasma of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Summary

Immunoglobulins, IgG, IgA and IgM were quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from chronic schizophrenic patients and controls using an immunofluorescent antibody technique. A generalized reduction in immunoglobulin levels was observed in the schizophrenic patients compared with controls. While this study supports other reports of abnormal immune functioning in schizophrenia, it failed to replicate previous findings of elevations in CSF IgG and elevations in serum IgA. The aetiology and significance of these findings are hypothesized but remain elusive.

References

Albrecht, P., Torrey, E. F., Boone, E. & Hicks, J. T. (1980) Raised cyctomegalovirus-antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients. Lancet, ii, 769–72.Google Scholar

Alstrom, C. H. (1942) Mortality in mental hospitals with special regard to tuberculosis. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologie, Supplement No. 24, 363–422.Google Scholar

Amkraut, A., Solomon, G. F., Allansmith, M., McClellan, B. & Rappaport, M. (1973) Immunoglobulins and improvement in acute schizophrenic reactions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 673–7.Google Scholar

Ananth, J. V. & Minn, K. (1973) Chlorpromazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 108, 680.Google Scholar

Annino, J. S. (1964) Clinical chemistry: Principles and procedures, .Google Scholar

Babigian, H. M. & Odoroff, C. L. (1969) The mortality experience of a population with psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 52—62.Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. A. (1979) Editorial: Schizophrenia and physical disease. Psychological Medicine, 9, 611–18.Google Scholar

Baur, E. W. (1967) Anaemia and reticulum cell hyperplasia in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beauchemin, J. A. (1936) Allergic reactions in mental diseases. American Journal Psychiatry, 92, 1191.Google Scholar

Bock, E., Week, B. & Rafaelson, O. J. (1970) Immunoglobulins in schizophrenic patients. Lancet, ii, 523.Google Scholar

Conesa, L. C. G., Pasqualini, R. S., Pujato, D. & Lynch, M. (1979) Cellular immunity in early human breast carcinoma. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 24, 355–61.Google Scholar

Crow, T. J., Ferrier, I. N., Johnstone, E. C., Macmillan, J. F., Owens, D. G., Parry, R. P. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1979) Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia or neurological disorder and virus-like agents in cerebrosphinal fluid. Lancet, i, 842–4.Google Scholar

Domino, E. F., Krause, R. R., Thiessen, M. M. & Batsakis, J. G. (1975) Blood protein fraction comparisons of normal and schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 717–21.Google Scholar

Doust, J. W. L. (1952) Psychiatric aspects of somatic immunity: Differential incidence of physical disease in the histories of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Social Medicine, 6, 49—67.Google Scholar

Dubois, E. L., Tallman, E. & Wonka, R. A. (1972) Chlorpromazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosis. Journal of The American Medical Association, 221, 595–6.Google Scholar

Dwyer, D. S. (1979) Virus-like agents, IgA, and schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 145–6.Google Scholar

Ettigi, P., Lal, S. & Friesen, H. G. (1973) Prolactin, phenothiazines, admission to mental hospital and carcinoma of the breast. Lancet, ii, 266–7.Google Scholar

Ferguson, R. M., Schmidtke, J. R. & Simmons, R. L. (1978) Effects of psychoactive drugs on in vitro lymphocyte activation. In Neurochemical and Immunologic Components in Schizophrenia. (ed. by Bergsma, D. and Goldstein, A. I.), 379–402. .Google Scholar

Fessel, W. J. & Solomon, G. F. (1960) Psychosis and systemic lupus erythematosis: A review of the literature and case reports. California Medicine, 92, 266–70.Google Scholar

Fieve, R. R., Blumenthal, B. & Little, B. (1966) The relationship of atypical lymphocytes, phenothiazines, and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 15, 529–34.Google Scholar

Fishman, R. A. (1980) Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google Scholar

Fossan, G. O. & Larsen, J. L. (1979) Variation of immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations during lumbar cerebrospinal fluid collection. European Journal of Neurology, 18, 140–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Friedman, S. B., Cohen, J. & Iker, H. (1967) Antibody response to cholera vaccine: Differences between depressed, schizophrenic and normal subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gallien, M., Schnetzler, J. P. & Morin, J. (1976) Anticorps antinucleaires et lupis induits par les phenothiazines chez six cents malades hospitalises. Annates medico-psychologigues, , 133, 237–48.Google Scholar

Gregg, D. (1939) The paucity of arthritis among psychotic cases. American Journal of Psychiatry, 95, 853–8.Google Scholar

Heath, R. G. & Krupp, I. M. (1967a) Schizophrenia as an immunologic disorder. I. Demonstration of antibrain antibodies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 1—9.Google Scholar

Heath, R. G. & Krupp, I. M. (1967b) The biologic basis of schizophrenia: An autoimmune concept. The Molecular Basis of Some Aspects of Mental Activity, 2, 313–44 (ed. Wallaas, O.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Heath, R. G. & Krupp, I. M. (1967c) Schizophrenia as an immunologic disorder. 2. Effects of serum protein fractions on brain function. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 10—23.Google Scholar

Heath, R. G., Krupp, I. M., Byers, L. W. & Lilyekvist, J. J. (1967) Schizophrenia as an immunologic disorder. 3. Effects of antimonkey and antihuman brain antibody on brain function. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 24—33.Google Scholar

Hendrie, H. C., Paraskevas, F. & Varsamis, J. (1972) Gamma globulin levels in psychiatric patients. Canadian Psychiatry Association Journal, 17, 93–7.Google Scholar

Hunter, R., Jones, M., Malleson, A. & Duncan, C. (1969) Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid total protein and gamma-globulin levels in 256 patients admitted to a psychiatric unit. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 9(1), 11—38.Google Scholar

Jankovic, B. D., Jakulic, S. & Howal, J. (1979) Cell-mediated immunity and psychiatric diseases. Periodicum Biologorum, Yugoslavia, 81 (2), 219–20.Google Scholar

Johnstone, E. C. & Whaley, K. (1975) Antinuclear antibodies in psychiatric illnesses: Their relationship to diagnosis and drug treatment. British Medical Journal, ii, 724–5.Google Scholar

Katz, J., Kunofsky, S., Patton, R. E. & Attaway, N. C. (1967) Cancer mortality among patients in New York mental hospitals. Cancer, 20, 2194.Google Scholar

Liedeman, R. R. & Prilipko, L. L. (1978) The behavior of T. lymphocytes in schizophrenia. Neurochemical and Immunologic Components in Schizophrenia, Birth Defects: Original Article Series, 5, 365–77 (eds. Bergma, D. and Goldstein, A. L.).Google Scholar

Lindelius, R. & Kay, D. W. (1973) Some changes in the pattern of mortality in schizophrenia in Sweden. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 49, 315–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lovett, C. L., Ulrich, J. T., Simms, B. G. & Goldstein, A. L. (1978) Effects of chlorpromazine on antibody production in vitro. Neurochemical and Immunologic Components in Schizophrenia. Birth Defects: Original Article Series, 5, 407–22 (eds. Bergma, D. and Goldstein, A. L.). .Google Scholar

Manconi, P. E., Zaccheo, D., Bugiano, O., Fadda, M., Grifoni, V. & Mantovani, G. (1976) T and B lymphocytes in normal cerebrospinal fluid. New England Journal of Medicine, 294, 49.Google Scholar

McAllister, R. M. & Hecker, A. O. (1949) The incidence of allergy in psychotic reactions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 843–8.Google Scholar

Meltzer, H. Y. & Fang, V. S. (1976) The effect of neuroleptics on serum prolactin in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 279–86.Google Scholar

Modrzewski, K. & Book, J. A. (1979) Schizophrenia and malignant neoplasms in a North Swedish population. Lancet, i, 275–6.Google Scholar

Molholm, H. B. (1942) Hyposensitivity to foreign protein in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 16, 565–71.Google Scholar

Montie, J. E. (1979) The significance of cancer after renal transplantation. Journal of Urology, 22 (3), 298–9.Google Scholar

Nissen, H. A. & Spencer, K. A. (1936) Psychogenic problem (endocrinal and metabolic) in chronic arthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 214, 576–81.Google Scholar

Niswander, G. D. & Haslerud, G. M. (1961) Changes in age distribution of a schizophrenic population. Diseases of the Nervous System, 22 (2), 616–18.Google Scholar

Niswander, G. D., Haslerud, G. M. & Mitchell, G. (1963) Differences in longevity of released and retained schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System, 24, 348–52.Google Scholar

Overall, J. E. (1978) Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 898–9.Google Scholar

Pulkkinen, E. (1977) Immunoglobulins, psychopathology and prognosis in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 56, 173–82.Google Scholar

Solomon, G. F., Allansmith, M., McClellan, B. & Amkraut, A. (1969) Immunoglobulins in psychiatric patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20, 272–7.Google Scholar

Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. E. & Robins, E. (1977) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders. Third ed. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.Google Scholar

Strahilevitz, M. & Davis, S. D. (1970) Increased IgA in schizophrenic patients. Lancet, ii, 370.Google Scholar

Strahilevitz, M., Fleishman, J. B., Fischer, G. W., Harris, R. & Narasimhachari, N. (1976) Immunoglobulin levels in psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 772–6.Google Scholar

Thaler, M. S., Klausner, R. D. & Cohen, H. J. (1977) Antigens and antibodies. In Medical Immunology, 29–51. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.Google Scholar

Thompson, W. D. & Weissman, M. M. (1979) Breast cancer and treatment with neuroleptics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 604–5.Google Scholar

Torrey, F. E., Peterson, M. R., Brannon, W. L., Carpenter, W. T., Post, R. M. & Van Kanmen, D. P. (1978) Immunoglobulins and viral antibodies in psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 342–8.Google Scholar

Tsuang, M. T. & Woolson, R. F. (1977) Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. A comparison with general population mortality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 162–6.Google Scholar

Tsuang, M. T., Woolson, R. F. & Fleming, J. A. (1980) Causes of death in schizophrenia and manic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 239–42.Google Scholar

Tyrell, D., Crow, T. J., Parry, R. P., Johnstone, E. C. & Ferrier, I. N. (1979) Possible virus in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders. Lancet, i, 839–41.Google Scholar

Vartanian, M. E., Kolyaskina, G. I., Lozovsky, D. V., Burbaeva, G. Sh. & Ignatov, S. A. (1978) Aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in schizophrenia. Neurochemical and Immunologic Components in Schizophrenia. Birth Defects: Original Article Series, 5, 365–77 (eds. Bergsma, Daniel and Goldstein, Allan).Google Scholar

Vaughn, W. T., Sullivan, J. C. & Elmadjian, F. (1949) Immunity and schizophrenia: Survey of the ability of schizophrenic patients to develop active immunity following injection of pertussis vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11, 328–32.Google Scholar

Wekner, B., Schnedler, R. & Bernhardt, W. (1975) Immunoglobulins A, G and M in the lumbar spinal fluid. Normal ranges and dependence on the other proteins. Der Nervenarzt, 46 (9), 532–8.Google Scholar

Wertheimer, N. M. (1961) ‘Rheumatic schizophrenia’. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 579–96.Google Scholar

Zarrabi, M. H., Zucker, S., Miller, F., Derman, R. M., Romano, G. S., Hartnett, J. A. & Varma, A. O. (1979) Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorpromazine-treated patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 91, 194–9.Google Scholar