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Papers by Sandra Manuel

Journal of African Cultural Studies, 2022

Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space

Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, is marked by clear socio-spatial divisions in access to sanita... more Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, is marked by clear socio-spatial divisions in access to sanitation services and distributions of environmental risks. Current development plans tend to reproduce these inequalities and suggest that some residents’ sanitary needs are more important than others. We contest this logic of differentiation underpinning current interventions in Maputo, revealing how the assumption of different sanitary needs has become normalized and naturalized in the urban environment. We use a genealogy of sanitation in Maputo and the former colonial city of Lourenço Marques to trace how colonial power relations worked to normatively distinguish urban spaces and the people who live in them, making some residents and places more deserving of public protection and investments than others. Drawing on Foucauldian theorizations of governmentality, we analyse colonial authorities’ sanitary plans and interventions to show how differences and separations between spaces and bod...

Traditional healers are commonly utilized throughout sub-Saharan Africa instead of, and in concer... more Traditional healers are commonly utilized throughout sub-Saharan Africa instead of, and in concert with, biomedical facilities. Traditional healers are trusted providers and prominent community members, and could be important partners in improving engagement with HIV services in endemic contexts. Our study sought to understand the roles of healers in the urban setting of Maputo, Mozambique, where HIV prevalence is high and testing rates are low. Qualitative data were gathered through minimally-structured interviews with 36 healers. Analysis followed an inductive, grounded theory approach. Data reveal three themes relevant to improving engagement with HIV services in this endemic region: 1) healers have positive attitudes towards biomedicine; 2) healers advocate for their sick clients; and 3) clients are reticent to present to biomedical facilities. Healers describe their roles as "cooperative" with biomedical providers to provide healthcare for their clients. Results sugge...

Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, 2015

In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid’s “racial” paradigms are being transfo... more In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid’s “racial” paradigms are being transformed. Fifteen years after the end of apartheid and the elimination of all forms of inequity based on notion of “race,” including the abolition of the Immorality Act of 1949 that prohibited mixed marriages, the discourses of youth challenge preestablished boundaries. Today, the South African Constitution gives people the right to proclaim their sexual orientation and to shape their own identities. Through ethnographic observations carried out in Johannesburg and in-depth interviews with young people, this paper explores transforming notions of identity based on “race/color/ethnicity,” gender, class, and sexuality. The dynamics and challenges faced by young people with regards to mixed interactions in post-apartheid Johannesburg are analyzed and the paper looks at how “race,” gender, and sexuality interact in the various spaces in Johannesburg and how they affect young people’s lives, particularly their perceptions of risk, violence, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability.

Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 2010

Abstract In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid's “racia... more Abstract In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid's “racial” paradigms are being transformed. Fifteen years after the end of apartheid and the elimination of all forms of inequity based on notion of “race,” including the abolition of the Immorality Act of 1949 ...

Resumo: O presente estudo explora as percepções e práticas sexuais entre jovens no Moçambique pós... more Resumo: O presente estudo explora as percepções e práticas sexuais entre jovens no Moçambique pós-colonial e pós-socialista, especificamente na cidade de Maputo. Usando uma combinação de diferentes métodos qualitativos, o estudo analisa profundamente relações de namoro. As relações de namoro, onde a relação sexual toma, preferencialmente, a forma de sexo não protegido (sem o uso do preservativo)-" sexo verdadeiro "-são reciprocadas pelo amor e pela proposta de um compromisso por parte do jovem. Assim, verifica-se um sistema de trocas de presentes que neste estudo é analisado a partir do quadro teórico do dom de Marcel Mauss (1969). Mas, devido ao fato de a grande maioria dos jovens que participaram do estudo praticar a monogamia serial e à existência de parceiros ocasionais com quem o sexo protegido nem sempre é praticado, existem potenciais grandes riscos para infecção com ITSs e HIV/Aids. Assim, a troca de amor por sexo constitui um presente perigoso, pois põe em risco a saúde e a vida desses jovens.

This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies ... more This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies the factors that hinder them from having safer sex in the context of HIV/AIDS, with special emphasis on the condom use. Data was collected form high school students in Maputo, Mozambique. Using a combination of focus group discussions, interviews and informal conversations, it was possible to identify that one major obstacle to the use of condoms was young people's belief that they did not have to use condoms in steady relationships built on love and trust. Trust and love provide a sense of immunity to infection. Such a perception is reinforced, it is argued, by previous HIV/AIDS campaigns in Mozambique that have advocated the use of condoms only with 'occasional sexual partners'. Students' understandings of pleasure, lack of accurate information, lack of sex education at home and at school, and gender inequalities further contribute to making condom use a difficult issue. There should be a change in focus in condom campaigns. Efforts should also be made to encourage young people to 'emotionally invest' in their health by using condoms. Résumé Cette e ´tude explore comment les jeunes des villes du Mozambique perçoivent leurs comportement sexuels, et identifie les facteurs qui les empêchent d'avoir des rapports sexuels protégés dans le contexte du VIH/sida. Elle met un accent particulier sur l'usage du préservatif. Des données provenant de lycéens a ` Maputo ont e ´té collectées. Une combinaison de focus groupes, d'entretiens et de conversations informelles, a permis de constater que l'un des obstacles majeurs a ` l'utilisation des préservatifs e ´tait la croyance des jeunes qu'ils n'en avaient pas besoin au sein de relations stables basées sur l'amour et la confiance. La confiance et l'amour font e ´merger la notion d'immunité a ` l'infection. Selon l'e ´tude, cette perception est renforcée par certaines des précédentes campagnes de prévention du VIH/sida au Mozambique, qui ont promu l'usage du préservatif seulement avec « des partenaires sexuel(le)s occasionnel(le)s. » Chez les lycéens, les compréhensions du plaisir, l'absence d'information précise, l'absence d'e ´ducation sexuelle au foyer et a ` l'e ´cole, et les inégalités de genre contribuent davantage a ` complexifier la question de l'usage du préservatif. Une modification des messages dans les campagnes de promotion du préservatif s'avère nécessaire. Des efforts devraient e ´galement e ˆtre faits pour encourager les jeunes a ` « s'investir e ´motionnellement » dans leur santé en utilisant des préservatifs. {

Books by Sandra Manuel

INTRODUÇÃO Passaram-se duas décadas após a identificação dos primeiros casos de HIV e SIDA no paí... more INTRODUÇÃO Passaram-se duas décadas após a identificação dos primeiros casos de HIV e SIDA no país. Até 1992, a guerra civil restringiu a circulação dentro e fora das fronteiras nacionais. No entanto, o movimento de retorno dos refugiados, assim como o intensificar da actividade económica e comercial, contribuiu, desde então, para o rápido aumento dos níveis de prevalência em Moçambique. O novo milé-nio inaugurou a inclusão do país e da região africana a que este pertence-África sub-Sahariana-no grupo dos países com os mais elevados índices de HIV e SIDA no mundo. Neste artigo proponho-me a reflectir sobre a resposta nacional à HIV e SIDA em Moçambique convidando, particularmente, à reflexão sobre a maneira como as políticas de HIV e SIDA (concretizadas em forma de planos) reflectem e interagem com a diversidade das dinâmicas socioculturais do território nacional. Ao longo dos anos, os planos de controlo de HIV e SIDA vêm estabelecendo as linhas-chave de acção nacional que definem-particularmente a partir da introdu-ção do Plano Estratégico Nacional no ano 2000-os objectivos a atingir no período de duração do plano, o modelo de operacionalização das actividades e o processo de monitoria e avaliação das actividades realizadas. Estes planos fazem um levanta-mento da situação nacional de HIV e SIDA e definem os conceitos a operacionali-zar. Na minha experiência como antropóloga na área de saúde e sexualidade, dois conceitos vêm-me chamando a atenção pela forma como são usados no discurso e na prática concernente à HIV e SIDA: género e tradição. Assim, neste artigo, tenta-rei trazer ao debate algumas das reflexões que venho realizando com base na minha experiência como académica e consultora no concernente à interacção entre as po-líticas de HIV e SIDA e a sua aplicação no terreno, realçando estes dois conceitos. Em primeiro lugar, apresentarei, de forma abreviada, o estado de situação de HIV e SIDA no país e uma breve descrição do percurso das políticas de HIV Desafios.indb 333 3/29/11 4:54 PM

Book Reviews by Sandra Manuel

Journal of African Cultural Studies, 2022

Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space

Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, is marked by clear socio-spatial divisions in access to sanita... more Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, is marked by clear socio-spatial divisions in access to sanitation services and distributions of environmental risks. Current development plans tend to reproduce these inequalities and suggest that some residents’ sanitary needs are more important than others. We contest this logic of differentiation underpinning current interventions in Maputo, revealing how the assumption of different sanitary needs has become normalized and naturalized in the urban environment. We use a genealogy of sanitation in Maputo and the former colonial city of Lourenço Marques to trace how colonial power relations worked to normatively distinguish urban spaces and the people who live in them, making some residents and places more deserving of public protection and investments than others. Drawing on Foucauldian theorizations of governmentality, we analyse colonial authorities’ sanitary plans and interventions to show how differences and separations between spaces and bod...

Traditional healers are commonly utilized throughout sub-Saharan Africa instead of, and in concer... more Traditional healers are commonly utilized throughout sub-Saharan Africa instead of, and in concert with, biomedical facilities. Traditional healers are trusted providers and prominent community members, and could be important partners in improving engagement with HIV services in endemic contexts. Our study sought to understand the roles of healers in the urban setting of Maputo, Mozambique, where HIV prevalence is high and testing rates are low. Qualitative data were gathered through minimally-structured interviews with 36 healers. Analysis followed an inductive, grounded theory approach. Data reveal three themes relevant to improving engagement with HIV services in this endemic region: 1) healers have positive attitudes towards biomedicine; 2) healers advocate for their sick clients; and 3) clients are reticent to present to biomedical facilities. Healers describe their roles as "cooperative" with biomedical providers to provide healthcare for their clients. Results sugge...

Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, 2015

In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid’s “racial” paradigms are being transfo... more In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid’s “racial” paradigms are being transformed. Fifteen years after the end of apartheid and the elimination of all forms of inequity based on notion of “race,” including the abolition of the Immorality Act of 1949 that prohibited mixed marriages, the discourses of youth challenge preestablished boundaries. Today, the South African Constitution gives people the right to proclaim their sexual orientation and to shape their own identities. Through ethnographic observations carried out in Johannesburg and in-depth interviews with young people, this paper explores transforming notions of identity based on “race/color/ethnicity,” gender, class, and sexuality. The dynamics and challenges faced by young people with regards to mixed interactions in post-apartheid Johannesburg are analyzed and the paper looks at how “race,” gender, and sexuality interact in the various spaces in Johannesburg and how they affect young people’s lives, particularly their perceptions of risk, violence, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability.

Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 2010

Abstract In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid's “racia... more Abstract In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid's “racial” paradigms are being transformed. Fifteen years after the end of apartheid and the elimination of all forms of inequity based on notion of “race,” including the abolition of the Immorality Act of 1949 ...

Resumo: O presente estudo explora as percepções e práticas sexuais entre jovens no Moçambique pós... more Resumo: O presente estudo explora as percepções e práticas sexuais entre jovens no Moçambique pós-colonial e pós-socialista, especificamente na cidade de Maputo. Usando uma combinação de diferentes métodos qualitativos, o estudo analisa profundamente relações de namoro. As relações de namoro, onde a relação sexual toma, preferencialmente, a forma de sexo não protegido (sem o uso do preservativo)-" sexo verdadeiro "-são reciprocadas pelo amor e pela proposta de um compromisso por parte do jovem. Assim, verifica-se um sistema de trocas de presentes que neste estudo é analisado a partir do quadro teórico do dom de Marcel Mauss (1969). Mas, devido ao fato de a grande maioria dos jovens que participaram do estudo praticar a monogamia serial e à existência de parceiros ocasionais com quem o sexo protegido nem sempre é praticado, existem potenciais grandes riscos para infecção com ITSs e HIV/Aids. Assim, a troca de amor por sexo constitui um presente perigoso, pois põe em risco a saúde e a vida desses jovens.

This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies ... more This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies the factors that hinder them from having safer sex in the context of HIV/AIDS, with special emphasis on the condom use. Data was collected form high school students in Maputo, Mozambique. Using a combination of focus group discussions, interviews and informal conversations, it was possible to identify that one major obstacle to the use of condoms was young people's belief that they did not have to use condoms in steady relationships built on love and trust. Trust and love provide a sense of immunity to infection. Such a perception is reinforced, it is argued, by previous HIV/AIDS campaigns in Mozambique that have advocated the use of condoms only with 'occasional sexual partners'. Students' understandings of pleasure, lack of accurate information, lack of sex education at home and at school, and gender inequalities further contribute to making condom use a difficult issue. There should be a change in focus in condom campaigns. Efforts should also be made to encourage young people to 'emotionally invest' in their health by using condoms. Résumé Cette e ´tude explore comment les jeunes des villes du Mozambique perçoivent leurs comportement sexuels, et identifie les facteurs qui les empêchent d'avoir des rapports sexuels protégés dans le contexte du VIH/sida. Elle met un accent particulier sur l'usage du préservatif. Des données provenant de lycéens a ` Maputo ont e ´té collectées. Une combinaison de focus groupes, d'entretiens et de conversations informelles, a permis de constater que l'un des obstacles majeurs a ` l'utilisation des préservatifs e ´tait la croyance des jeunes qu'ils n'en avaient pas besoin au sein de relations stables basées sur l'amour et la confiance. La confiance et l'amour font e ´merger la notion d'immunité a ` l'infection. Selon l'e ´tude, cette perception est renforcée par certaines des précédentes campagnes de prévention du VIH/sida au Mozambique, qui ont promu l'usage du préservatif seulement avec « des partenaires sexuel(le)s occasionnel(le)s. » Chez les lycéens, les compréhensions du plaisir, l'absence d'information précise, l'absence d'e ´ducation sexuelle au foyer et a ` l'e ´cole, et les inégalités de genre contribuent davantage a ` complexifier la question de l'usage du préservatif. Une modification des messages dans les campagnes de promotion du préservatif s'avère nécessaire. Des efforts devraient e ´galement e ˆtre faits pour encourager les jeunes a ` « s'investir e ´motionnellement » dans leur santé en utilisant des préservatifs. {

INTRODUÇÃO Passaram-se duas décadas após a identificação dos primeiros casos de HIV e SIDA no paí... more INTRODUÇÃO Passaram-se duas décadas após a identificação dos primeiros casos de HIV e SIDA no país. Até 1992, a guerra civil restringiu a circulação dentro e fora das fronteiras nacionais. No entanto, o movimento de retorno dos refugiados, assim como o intensificar da actividade económica e comercial, contribuiu, desde então, para o rápido aumento dos níveis de prevalência em Moçambique. O novo milé-nio inaugurou a inclusão do país e da região africana a que este pertence-África sub-Sahariana-no grupo dos países com os mais elevados índices de HIV e SIDA no mundo. Neste artigo proponho-me a reflectir sobre a resposta nacional à HIV e SIDA em Moçambique convidando, particularmente, à reflexão sobre a maneira como as políticas de HIV e SIDA (concretizadas em forma de planos) reflectem e interagem com a diversidade das dinâmicas socioculturais do território nacional. Ao longo dos anos, os planos de controlo de HIV e SIDA vêm estabelecendo as linhas-chave de acção nacional que definem-particularmente a partir da introdu-ção do Plano Estratégico Nacional no ano 2000-os objectivos a atingir no período de duração do plano, o modelo de operacionalização das actividades e o processo de monitoria e avaliação das actividades realizadas. Estes planos fazem um levanta-mento da situação nacional de HIV e SIDA e definem os conceitos a operacionali-zar. Na minha experiência como antropóloga na área de saúde e sexualidade, dois conceitos vêm-me chamando a atenção pela forma como são usados no discurso e na prática concernente à HIV e SIDA: género e tradição. Assim, neste artigo, tenta-rei trazer ao debate algumas das reflexões que venho realizando com base na minha experiência como académica e consultora no concernente à interacção entre as po-líticas de HIV e SIDA e a sua aplicação no terreno, realçando estes dois conceitos. Em primeiro lugar, apresentarei, de forma abreviada, o estado de situação de HIV e SIDA no país e uma breve descrição do percurso das políticas de HIV Desafios.indb 333 3/29/11 4:54 PM