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Papers by Miklós Király
Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law , 2024
The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the inte... more The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the international character of a legal relationship. This is also the case with international conventions and other instruments aimed at unifying conflict of laws. However, it is not easy to determine which
factors give rise to an international situation. The legal literature has been wrestling with this question for decades. This paper compares the different documents designating the applicable law for international sales and contracts from this perspective. This comparative analysis stretches from the1955 Hague Convention to the 2015 Hague Principles to demonstrate the different approaches. The second part of the study focuses on the partly related problem of universal application. The author
concludes that the diverging solutions of domestic conflict of laws infiltrate the norms of uniform conflict of laws instruments in the first area under examination. However, the need for universal application is generally accepted in relation to conflict of laws instruments.
The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments
European review of private law, May 1, 2024
SUBB Iurisprudentia nr. 4/2023, 2023
The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in t... more The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in the field of international sales law. It starts by asking whether the instruments of uniform substantive contract law can fully replace the rules of private international law, as well as if different periods be distinguished: can it be said that, at first, private international law played the decisive role in the settlement of international commercial disputes, followed by the law of traders, the Lex Mercatoria, and then by uniform norms of substantive law? Or is the relationship more sophisticated, because different gates open between the instruments of substantive law and conflict of laws? Can private international law eventually play a role in determining the application of substantive law conventions or in filling gaps in the uniform law? In the second part of the paper, several examples demonstrate that the unification of substantive law and private international law does not exclude or make each other superfluous; they live in a multifaceted relationship, besides competing as part of their long-lasting coexistence.
Russian Law Journal , 2024
The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and ... more The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and contracts, to give an overview of the methods elaborated to interpret them. Have uniform law instruments hammered out a common solution for their interpretation? They have gradually confronted with the problem of interpretation and developed the rules governing interpretation, moving away from the definition of the content of some specific legal concepts towards abstract principles of construction, such as the international character of the instrument. The most influential in this area has been the regulatory approach of the Vienna Sales Convention. However, there are still distinctions in relation to the possible role of private international law (conflict of laws), more precisely the role of the national law designated by private international law, in filling loopholes.
Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks, 2022
Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks sc... more Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks schufen die Auflösung der staatlichen Planwirtschaft, des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW) und des Warschauer Paktes neue politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen. Während der einschneidenden Veränderungen zwischen 1989 und 1991 entstand ein Vakuum an institutionalisierten Beziehungen zwischen den mittel-und osteuropäischen Ländern (MO-ELs). Die Handelsintensität sank in diesen Ländern infolgedessen dramatisch, bis sie 1992 ihren Tiefpunkt erreichte. 1 Getragen von der Hoffnung, schon in relativ kurzer Zeit an der europäischen Integration teilnehmen zu können, bestand das politische und wirtschaftliche Hauptanliegen der MO-ELs darin, eine gute Anbindung an die Europäische Union aufzubauen und zu stärken. Gleichzeitig sprachen auch gute Argumente für den Erhalt zumindest einiger Elemente der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit in diesem Teil Europas. Die Idee gegenseitiger Zusammenarbeit und die Wiederherstellung regionaler Handelsströme wurden auch von der Europäischen Gemeinschaft unterstützt. In Gang gesetzt wurde der erneute politische und wirtschaftliche Integrationsprozess im Jahr 1991 durch die Initiative des damaligen ungarischen Premierministers József Antall zur Bildung der Visegrád-Gruppe durch Polen, die Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn. Im Jahre 1992 wurde die gegenseitige wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit in Mitteleuropa durch das zwischen eben diesen Ländern geschlossene, sogenannte Krakauer Abkommen 2-offiziell Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen genannt (Central European Free Trade Agreement, im Folgenden: CEFTA 1992)-wiederbegründet. Infolge der Auflösung der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei zum 31.12.1992 erhöhte sich die Zahl der Gründungsmitglieder kurz darauf auf nunmehr vier: Polen, die Slowakei, Tschechien und Ungarn. Die Europa-Abkommen, welche die Europäische Gemeinschaft und ihre Mitgliedstaaten mit den MOELs zu dieser Zeit abschlossen, 3 waren in ihrem Regelungsbereich vergleichsweise breiter angelegt wie auch hinsichtlich der Ziele ambitionierter gefasst als das CEFTA 1992. So regelten sie neben dem Freiverkehr von Waren auch jenen von Dienstleistungen, die Freizügigkeit von Arbeitnehmern, die Niederlassungsfreiheit, Fragen der Rechtsangleichung und sogar eine Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Kultur. 4 Die Umsetzung der Europa-Abkommen hatte damit einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Mitteleuropa und beeinflusste folglich auch das Funktionieren und die Entwicklung der CEFTA. A. I.
From the Treaty of Rome to the Rome Declaration
Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Dec 1, 2018
Hartkamp / M. Hesselink / E. Hondius / C. Joustra / E. du Perron / M. Veldman (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Third Fully Revised and Expanded Edition, Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen ISBN 90 6916 494 9 (HB), Kluwer Law International ISBN 90 411 2280 X (HB), 2004, pp. xvi + 847
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2005
Brigitta Lurger, Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europaischen Union, Springer, Wien / New York, 2002, pp. 599, ISBN 3-211-83774-4
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2003
Back to the Future: Ferenc Mádl, The Law of the European Economic Community (1974)
Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Nov 1, 2021
The UNIDROIT Principles as Reference for the Uniform Interpretation of National Laws: Report on Hungarian Law
Springer eBooks, Nov 4, 2020
Farewell to Professor Attila Harmathy (1937–2022)
ELTE law journal /, 2022
A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Ki... more A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Communities as well as the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Europe Agreement between the European Communities and its Membei States and the Hungarian Republic) * The study is part of a more comprehensive research supported by PHARE Program. (The usage of the term "European Community" is still justified in this context by Article G (1) of the Treaty on European Union).
§ 27 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)
A. Hartkamp, M. Hesselink, E. Hondius, C. Joustra, E. Du Perron (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Second Revised and Expanded Edition, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 1998, p. 652, ISBN 90 411 10313
Uniform Law Review, Dec 1, 1998
O. Lando /H. Beale (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II (Combined and Revised), prepared by the Commission of European Contract Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, pp. 561, ISBN 90 411 1305 3
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2000
A framework for European private international law: current gaps and future perspectives
Some characteristics of the approximation of laws in Hungary
AUC IURIDICA, 2/2023, 2023
Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of co... more Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of contract law to regulate the entitlement to performance in kind, but there is still no generally accepted solution. The Vienna Sales Convention, like its predecessors, resolves the question by a quasi-conflict of laws rule, essentially making the award of specific performance dependent upon the law of the forum, thereby undermining the results of unification. Other sources, such as the UNIDROIT Principles, provide autonomous rules that specify in detail the conditions under which it may be claimed. The Draft Common European Sales Law, continues to attach primary importance to the provision of performance in kind, obviously also bearing in mind the interests of consumers.
A Daily Mailtől az Inspire Artig
Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law , 2024
The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the inte... more The starting point for the application of private international law is the perception of the international character of a legal relationship. This is also the case with international conventions and other instruments aimed at unifying conflict of laws. However, it is not easy to determine which
factors give rise to an international situation. The legal literature has been wrestling with this question for decades. This paper compares the different documents designating the applicable law for international sales and contracts from this perspective. This comparative analysis stretches from the1955 Hague Convention to the 2015 Hague Principles to demonstrate the different approaches. The second part of the study focuses on the partly related problem of universal application. The author
concludes that the diverging solutions of domestic conflict of laws infiltrate the norms of uniform conflict of laws instruments in the first area under examination. However, the need for universal application is generally accepted in relation to conflict of laws instruments.
The Concept of International Sales in Uniform Law Instruments
European review of private law, May 1, 2024
SUBB Iurisprudentia nr. 4/2023, 2023
The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in t... more The study explores the unification of private international law and substantive contract law in the field of international sales law. It starts by asking whether the instruments of uniform substantive contract law can fully replace the rules of private international law, as well as if different periods be distinguished: can it be said that, at first, private international law played the decisive role in the settlement of international commercial disputes, followed by the law of traders, the Lex Mercatoria, and then by uniform norms of substantive law? Or is the relationship more sophisticated, because different gates open between the instruments of substantive law and conflict of laws? Can private international law eventually play a role in determining the application of substantive law conventions or in filling gaps in the uniform law? In the second part of the paper, several examples demonstrate that the unification of substantive law and private international law does not exclude or make each other superfluous; they live in a multifaceted relationship, besides competing as part of their long-lasting coexistence.
Russian Law Journal , 2024
The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and ... more The study reviews and compares the sources of uniform substantive law on international sales and contracts, to give an overview of the methods elaborated to interpret them. Have uniform law instruments hammered out a common solution for their interpretation? They have gradually confronted with the problem of interpretation and developed the rules governing interpretation, moving away from the definition of the content of some specific legal concepts towards abstract principles of construction, such as the international character of the instrument. The most influential in this area has been the regulatory approach of the Vienna Sales Convention. However, there are still distinctions in relation to the possible role of private international law (conflict of laws), more precisely the role of the national law designated by private international law, in filling loopholes.
Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks, 2022
Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks sc... more Geschichtlicher Hintergrund Gründung der CEFTA Nach dem Zusammenbruch des ehemaligen Ostblocks schufen die Auflösung der staatlichen Planwirtschaft, des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW) und des Warschauer Paktes neue politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen. Während der einschneidenden Veränderungen zwischen 1989 und 1991 entstand ein Vakuum an institutionalisierten Beziehungen zwischen den mittel-und osteuropäischen Ländern (MO-ELs). Die Handelsintensität sank in diesen Ländern infolgedessen dramatisch, bis sie 1992 ihren Tiefpunkt erreichte. 1 Getragen von der Hoffnung, schon in relativ kurzer Zeit an der europäischen Integration teilnehmen zu können, bestand das politische und wirtschaftliche Hauptanliegen der MO-ELs darin, eine gute Anbindung an die Europäische Union aufzubauen und zu stärken. Gleichzeitig sprachen auch gute Argumente für den Erhalt zumindest einiger Elemente der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit in diesem Teil Europas. Die Idee gegenseitiger Zusammenarbeit und die Wiederherstellung regionaler Handelsströme wurden auch von der Europäischen Gemeinschaft unterstützt. In Gang gesetzt wurde der erneute politische und wirtschaftliche Integrationsprozess im Jahr 1991 durch die Initiative des damaligen ungarischen Premierministers József Antall zur Bildung der Visegrád-Gruppe durch Polen, die Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn. Im Jahre 1992 wurde die gegenseitige wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit in Mitteleuropa durch das zwischen eben diesen Ländern geschlossene, sogenannte Krakauer Abkommen 2-offiziell Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen genannt (Central European Free Trade Agreement, im Folgenden: CEFTA 1992)-wiederbegründet. Infolge der Auflösung der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei zum 31.12.1992 erhöhte sich die Zahl der Gründungsmitglieder kurz darauf auf nunmehr vier: Polen, die Slowakei, Tschechien und Ungarn. Die Europa-Abkommen, welche die Europäische Gemeinschaft und ihre Mitgliedstaaten mit den MOELs zu dieser Zeit abschlossen, 3 waren in ihrem Regelungsbereich vergleichsweise breiter angelegt wie auch hinsichtlich der Ziele ambitionierter gefasst als das CEFTA 1992. So regelten sie neben dem Freiverkehr von Waren auch jenen von Dienstleistungen, die Freizügigkeit von Arbeitnehmern, die Niederlassungsfreiheit, Fragen der Rechtsangleichung und sogar eine Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Kultur. 4 Die Umsetzung der Europa-Abkommen hatte damit einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Mitteleuropa und beeinflusste folglich auch das Funktionieren und die Entwicklung der CEFTA. A. I.
From the Treaty of Rome to the Rome Declaration
Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Dec 1, 2018
Hartkamp / M. Hesselink / E. Hondius / C. Joustra / E. du Perron / M. Veldman (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Third Fully Revised and Expanded Edition, Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen ISBN 90 6916 494 9 (HB), Kluwer Law International ISBN 90 411 2280 X (HB), 2004, pp. xvi + 847
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2005
Brigitta Lurger, Grundfragen der Vereinheitlichung des Vertragsrechts in der Europaischen Union, Springer, Wien / New York, 2002, pp. 599, ISBN 3-211-83774-4
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2003
Back to the Future: Ferenc Mádl, The Law of the European Economic Community (1974)
Hungarian yearbook of international law and European law, Nov 1, 2021
The UNIDROIT Principles as Reference for the Uniform Interpretation of National Laws: Report on Hungarian Law
Springer eBooks, Nov 4, 2020
Farewell to Professor Attila Harmathy (1937–2022)
ELTE law journal /, 2022
A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Ki... more A comparative study based on the documents concerning the accessions of the Hellenic Republic, Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Communities as well as the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Europe Agreement between the European Communities and its Membei States and the Hungarian Republic) * The study is part of a more comprehensive research supported by PHARE Program. (The usage of the term "European Community" is still justified in this context by Article G (1) of the Treaty on European Union).
§ 27 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA)
A. Hartkamp, M. Hesselink, E. Hondius, C. Joustra, E. Du Perron (eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, Second Revised and Expanded Edition, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 1998, p. 652, ISBN 90 411 10313
Uniform Law Review, Dec 1, 1998
O. Lando /H. Beale (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II (Combined and Revised), prepared by the Commission of European Contract Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, 2000, pp. 561, ISBN 90 411 1305 3
Uniform Law Review, Aug 1, 2000
A framework for European private international law: current gaps and future perspectives
Some characteristics of the approximation of laws in Hungary
AUC IURIDICA, 2/2023, 2023
Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of co... more Over the past decades, several approaches have been tried in the process of the unification of contract law to regulate the entitlement to performance in kind, but there is still no generally accepted solution. The Vienna Sales Convention, like its predecessors, resolves the question by a quasi-conflict of laws rule, essentially making the award of specific performance dependent upon the law of the forum, thereby undermining the results of unification. Other sources, such as the UNIDROIT Principles, provide autonomous rules that specify in detail the conditions under which it may be claimed. The Draft Common European Sales Law, continues to attach primary importance to the provision of performance in kind, obviously also bearing in mind the interests of consumers.
A Daily Mailtől az Inspire Artig
Nemzetközi adásvétel és jogegységesítés , 2022
The book examines issues related to legal diversity and possible responses in the field of contra... more The book examines issues related to legal diversity and possible responses in the field of contract law, focusing on three closely related topics. On the one hand, it deals with international private law governing international sales and its harmonization, secondly, it examines international agreements aimed at creating a uniform substantive contract law, while also taking into account new types of instruments such as non-state norms, rules of law, i.e. "soft law" instruments, and thirdly, it examines the connection, interface and field of interaction between the two above-mentioned phenomena. Throughout, it seeks to answer the question of whether the unification of substantive contract law will actually replace and render superfluous classical private international law, which, according to its critics, has the serious weakness of requiring the application of the domestic law of a state to the settlement of international situations and transactions. A uniform law designed from the outset for international relations would be much more suitable for this purpose. ....
A könyv a jogi sokszínűséggel kapcsolatos kérdéseket és a lehetséges válaszokat a szerződési jog területén tekinti át, három egymással szorosan összefüggő témakörre figyelve. Egyrészt a szerződésekre, ezen belül elsősorban a nemzetközi adásvételre alkalmazandó jogot meghatározó nemzetközi magánjoggal és annak egységesítésével foglalkozik, másrészt az egységes anyagi szerződési jog megteremtésére irányuló , nemzetközi egyezményekkel, de figyelemmel az olyan újfajta eszközökre is, mint a nem állami normák, jogok, rules of law, azaz „puha” jogi, soft law instrumentumok, harmadrészt a fenti két jelenségvilág között megjelenő kapcsolattal, határfelülettel, érintkezési mezővel. Mindvégig arra keresve a választ, hogy az anyagi szerződési jog egységesítése valóban kiváltja-e, feleslegessé teszi-e a klasszikus nemzetközi magánjogot, amelynek kritikusai szerint súlyos gyengesége, hogy valamely állam belső jogát (domestic law) rendeli alkalmazni nemzetközi tényállások, ügyletek rendezésére. Pedig erre sokkal alkalmasabb volna egy eleve nemzetközi viszonyokra méretezett egységes jog
A diszkrimináció tilalma az Európai Bíróság joggyakorlatában, 1998
Was the Buy Irish movement compatible with the Common Market? Can a member of a religious commun... more Was the Buy Irish movement compatible with the Common Market? Can a member of a religious community be regarded as an employee? Can the marketing of Dijon liqueur be banned in Germany on the grounds that it contains too little alcohol? Is the British citizen who was attacked by unknown assailants in the Paris metro entitled to state compensation? These and similar questions have been answered by the European Court of Justice in recent decades, requiring imaginative interpretation and sometimes creative and daring development of the laws of integration. ...
