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Books by Mark SMITH

This is the first comprehensive and up-to-date study of the contribution of women and men to chan... more This is the first comprehensive and up-to-date study of the contribution of women and men to changing European economic activity patterns covering all fifteen member states. Based on the work of the European Commission's network of experts on women's employment, it draws on both national and European data sources. The book links trends in the structures of employment with new comparative data on the role of systems of welfare provision in order to explore economic activity patterns by gender. Participation patterns of women still vary widely within Europe, so much attention is paid to the institutions - both in the labour market and welfare - which help to explain these variations

Based on extensive original research, this volume examines contemporary patterns of womens employ... more Based on extensive original research, this volume examines contemporary patterns of womens employment in Europe in the context of the profound economic, social and cultural changes that have taken place in recent years. It considers the progress made towards equal treatment in the labour market in the light of European Union action programmes, and examines the prospects for womens employment under the fourth action programme. The authors conclude that progress towards equal treatment will only occur when gender issues are fully integrated into the European Commissions employment and labour market policies

Changing industrial relations and family settings, in combination with demographic trends have le... more Changing industrial relations and family settings, in combination with demographic trends have led to a dramatic change in labour market structures and policies. The male breadwinner model, with the gendered division of paid and unpaid work, no longer characterises the behaviour of a significant proportion of European families. Rather the adult worker model, in which it is assumed that both men and women are active on the labour market, serves as a normative framework, inspiring both the labour market behaviour of individual men and women as well as the policy measures at national and international level.

The book presents state of the art research on women’s current position in European labour markets. It combines analysis of the latest trends in employment, pay, occupational segregation, working time, unpaid work, social provisions (especially care provisions) and the impact of the financial crisis, with overall assessment of the actual impact of the European Employment Strategy and the specific impact of key policies, such as taxation and flexicurity.

Events such as Trafigura's illegal dumping of toxic waste in Côte d’Ivoire and BP's environmental... more Events such as Trafigura's illegal dumping of toxic waste in Côte d’Ivoire and BP's environmentally disastrous oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have highlighted ethical issues in international business at a time when business leaders, academics and business schools were reflecting on their own responsibilities following the global financial crisis. The scope and scale of the global operations of multinational businesses means that decisions taken in different parts of the world have far reaching consequences beyond the national settings where employees are located or where firms are registered and as such, an awareness of these responsibilities needs to be integrated into all levels and all subjects.

Using four guiding principles – a critical multi-level approach rooted in the tradition of European social theory, a comparative and international perspective, a global rather than just a European or American stand point and engaging with subject-specific issues this book aims to 'mainstream' business ethics into the work of teachers and students in business schools. This comprehensive volume brings together contributions from a range of experts in different areas of business studies thereby facilitating and encouraging a move away from business ethics being a box to be ticked to being an integrated consideration across the business disciplines.

This impressive book brings ethical considerations back to the heart of the business curriculum and in doing so, provides a companion for the progressive business student throughout their university career.

This volume is the second book based on comparative and comprehensive data from the 2003 represen... more This volume is the second book based on comparative and comprehensive data from the 2003 representative European Union Company survey of Operating hours, Working times and Employment (EUCOWE) in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. The EUCOWE project is the first representative and standardised European company survey which covers all categories of firm sizes and all sectors of the economy. This volume complements and builds on the first book published in 2007, in which the methodology and the descriptive national findings as well as some first comparative analytical results were presented. In this second book the EUCOWE research team presents in-depth cross-country analyses of the relationship between operating hours, working times and employment in the European Union. Six empirical chapters of this volume provide detailed comparative analyses of the determinants and consequences of the duration and flexibility of opening hours and operating times.

Papers by Mark SMITH

Business Ethics, 2012

It is autumn 2011; three years after the dramatic collapse of one of the iconic investment banks ... more It is autumn 2011; three years after the dramatic collapse of one of the iconic investment banks that epitomized an all-conquering financial capitalism, Lehman Brothers. By now we know that the case of Lehman Brothers was just the tip of an iceberg, even if no other big banks have been allowed to fail outright. Moreover, the fallout from the financial crisis and the associated over-indebtedness of consumers, businesses and governments, and the retrenchment of spending that is indispensable if that debt burden is to be reduced, have ...

Feminist Economics, 2001

The European employment strategy initiated in 1997 is critically dependent upon the further integ... more The European employment strategy initiated in 1997 is critically dependent upon the further integration of women into the labor market. The European Union has set a specific target employment rate for women of 60 percent by 2010 and is also committed to providing ...

Labour Markets, Gender and Institutional Change

Industrial Relations Journal, 2004

In 2003, equal opportunities policy in the European Union suffered both ups and downs. New opport... more In 2003, equal opportunities policy in the European Union suffered both ups and downs. New opportunities came in the guise of the hotly contested new directive on gender equality outside the field of employment, in the invitation to present the first of an annual report on equality between women and men to the Spring Council, in the consolidation of gender mainstreaming within the second round of the National Action Plans on social inclusion and in the new commitments to 'substantial reductions by 2010' in gender gaps in employment, unemployment and pay that were included in the new employment guidelines in 2003. These new guidelines presented, however, a major challenge to gender equality as the new phase of the European Employment Strategy dispensed with the four pillars, and therefore the equal opportunities pillar. Instead gender equality became just one of 10 new guidelines. In December the launch of the Employment Taskforce report appeared to push employment policy back more to a 'full employment with flexibility' approach and away from concerns with job quality. The focus was therefore more on the integration of women into employment rather than on closing the equality gap. Gender equality in employment has become an established part of the European policy agenda. Few reports or speeches on employment issues make no reference to gender issues, a major change from the situation just a decade ago when there was no discussion of gender issues even in lengthy analyses, such as the Delors white paper on growth, competitiveness and employment. However, the frequent references to gender issues and in particular to the female employment rate target-set by the Lisbon summit as 60 per cent by 2010-does not mean that commitments to the pursuit of real gender equality are strong or indeed that the gender equality issues in employment policy are well understood. The continued fragility-some may say superficiality-of the commitments to gender equality increases their vulnerability to

Industrial Relations Journal, 2005

Women and European Employment Jill Rubery, Mark Smith, Colette Pagan and Damian Grimshaw Routledg... more Women and European Employment Jill Rubery, Mark Smith, Colette Pagan and Damian Grimshaw Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy ... WOMEN AND EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT European employment levels are considered too low and unemployment rates too high. ...

Work, Employment & Society, 2005

Two even earlier stages in the process of institutionalization were the first British Sociologica... more Two even earlier stages in the process of institutionalization were the first British Sociological Association conference on the theme of Work in 1984, and the launch of the Work, Employment and Society journal itself in 1987. Although the conference is a separately organized event, it has become de facto the conference of the WES journal. The close relationships between the journal and the conference were maintained through WES 2004. Three members of the conference organizing team were current members of the WES editorial board, the board undertook to referee and publish this issue as one predominantly for selected conference papers. Paul Stewart, as the outgoing WES editor, delivered a plenary paper at the conference (Stewart, 2004), while the incoming editorial team (Helen Rainbird, Michael Rose, Irena Grugulis and Anne Munro) introduced themselves and their main objectives for their period of office. WES 2004 was a lively and international three-day event. Over 200 delegates attended from 20 countries across Europe, North America and Australasia. They came from a variety of disciplines: many were from industrial relations, management and sociology; but there were also delegates representing anthropology, economics, geography, history and applied psychology.

The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2013

ABSTRACT Vulnerable workers can be expected to be more subject to direct managerial control over ... more ABSTRACT Vulnerable workers can be expected to be more subject to direct managerial control over the work process and have little opportunity for participation in shaping their work environment. Opportunities for participation are not only in themselves desirable, but may also have beneficial effects on job quality. However, there has been little exploration of either the extent to which vulnerable workers have access to employee participation or whether such access is equally associated with improved job quality for both vulnerable and non-vulnerable groups. These issues are explored using the 5th wave of the European Working Conditions Survey. We define vulnerable workers by the labour supply characteristics of low education and being female. Consistent with our predictions, regression analyses reveal that, although vulnerable workers have considerably less access to participatory human resource management (HRM) practices, for those that do have access, similar improvements are found when compared to non-vulnerable groups on all four dimensions of job quality included in the analysis. Some variations were found depending on gender and level of education but overall, our analysis suggests that increasing access to employee participation practices could provide an important means of improving job quality for vulnerable workers.

Progress towards equal opportunities is critically dependent upon the development of a more equal... more Progress towards equal opportunities is critically dependent upon the development of a more equal and more balanced allocation of time in both paid and unpaid work. Gender divisions relating to working time arise primarily from differences in gender divisions within ...

synthesis report by the …, 2004

Context Indicator 12.Employment rate in services Number of employed persons working in the servic... more Context Indicator 12.Employment rate in services Number of employed persons working in the services sector (in main job) aged 15-64 as percentage of the population of the same age group. (by gender) QLFDSource: Quarterly Labour Force Data (QLFD), Eurostat Key indicator 26.Employment gender gap The difference in employment rates between men and women in percentage points Source: Quarterly Labour Force Data (QLFD), Eurostat Key indicator 13.Employment growth Annual change in total number of employed persons, overall and by main sector Labour supply The overall higher female employment rate growth was matched by a further relative increase in female labour supply compared to that for men (table 1.9). Men's labour supply remained almost stable with only an increase of 0.1% in 2003 at both the EU25 and EU15 level but with the new member states recording a decline of 0.4%.

Business Ethics, 2012

Feminist Economics, 2001

Labour Markets, Gender and Institutional Change

Industrial Relations Journal, 2004

Industrial Relations Journal, 2005

Work, Employment & Society, 2005

The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2013

synthesis report by the …, 2004

Industrial Relations …, 2008

Promoting job quality and gender equality are objectives of the European Employment Strategy (EES... more Promoting job quality and gender equality are objectives of the European Employment Strategy (EES) in spite of a downgrading of the attention given to both in the revised employment guidelines and the relaunch of the Lisbon Process. However, advances on both of these objectives ...

The authors acknowledge the input of Andrea Dillig who assisted with the preparation of the time-... more The authors acknowledge the input of Andrea Dillig who assisted with the preparation of the time-series graphs and checked data reliability against other sources.

Industrial Relations Journal, 2005

The European Union (EU) has an explicit commitment to raise the employment rate for women and to ... more The European Union (EU) has an explicit commitment to raise the employment rate for women and to advance gender mainstreaming (GM) and gender equality in both employment and social inclusion policies. In this article we assess developments in the latest round of National Action Plans (NAPs), with particular attention to the situations in the 10 new member states. GM continues to be patchy and inadequate, with a similarly narrow focus in both ‘old’ and ‘new’ member states. After enlargement, the greater diversity of national situations in conjunction with ongoing reforms to EU policy frameworks create new challenges for GM.

Frontiers in Sociology, 2020

Supposedly emblematic of digital capitalism, the rise of the gig economy is frequently taken as a... more Supposedly emblematic of digital capitalism, the rise of the gig economy is frequently taken as a cipher for the developing deindustrialisation of western societies. It is tempting to interpret the shift of manufacturing jobs to the global south and their replacement with service sector jobs as a one-way street, leading to the demise of decent work and the rise of work characterized by precarity, low pay, low skill and a non-unionized workforce. However, the reality is inevitably more complex. In the first place, pessimism may be attributed to a rose-tinted view of the experience of former industrial employment in the global north resulting from a questionable assumption about the nature of the jobs that occupied most people in former industrial societies. Certainly, deindustrialisation is not leading to "de-working," that is, working less for the same money. With respect to gig work, autonomy and flexibility are central to labor inducement and hence labor control. Yet at the same time, and linked to the latter, we need to explore another deep-rooted phenomenon: the persistence of workspace collectivism. Our evidence derives from qualitative interviews with gig workers in the food delivery sector in a number of European countries. We highlight the extent to which couriers profess a variety of understandings of the character of platform economy labor processes. A range of narratives emerge including platform work as leisure, as economic opportunity, and as collectivist labor. Moreover, individuation, attendant upon the character of the physical labor process, did not lead in any straightforward way to individualism in social labor processes-contrary to our expectations, we in fact witnessed forms of collectivism. Collectivism is to be distinguished from "types of solidarity" described by Morgan and Pulignano (2020) whereby neo-liberalism has transformed a range of institutional forms of labor solidarities. By contrast, we are concerned with the persistence of the collective worker within the changing sociological structure of work. This echoes the earlier finding by Stephenson and Stewart (2001) that collectivism endures even when behaviourally absent and indeed even in the context of individualized working-termed "whispering shadow." Thus, the objective of the paper is to explore the forms of actor individualism and collectivism identified in our research. Given platform apps' external control, the gig economy spatially separates workers while at the same time requiring cognition of colleagues' collective

earlier stages in the process of institutionalization were the first British Sociological Associa... more earlier stages in the process of institutionalization were the first British Sociological Association conference on the theme of Work in 1984, and the launch of the Work, Employment and Society journal itself in 1987. Although the conference is a separately organized event, it has become de facto the conference of the WES journal. The close relationships between the journal and the conference were maintained through WES 2004. Three members of the conference organizing team were current members of the WES editorial board, the board undertook to referee and publish this issue as one predominantly for selected conference papers. Paul Stewart, as the outgoing WES editor, delivered a plenary paper at the conference (Stewart, 2004), while the incoming editorial team (Helen Rainbird, Michael Rose, Irena Grugulis and Anne Munro) introduced themselves and their main objectives for their period of office.

This report: - Assesses the current employment conditions of part-time workers in comparison with... more This report: - Assesses the current employment conditions of part-time workers in comparison with those of comparable full-time workers across a range of countries. - Investigates the barriers to mutually agreed and freely chosen part-time work that meets the needs of both employers and workers. - Identifies those government policies and enterprise policies and practices regarding working hours and working-time arrangements, which appear to be likely to improve both access to, and the quality of, part-time work arrangements, while also advancing gender equality. - Reviews and analyses those government and enterprise policies, practices and overall conditions that may help workers to successfully transition between full- and part-time work.

The most recent data from the European Union show that women earn on average 18% less than men; a... more The most recent data from the European Union show that women earn on average 18% less than men; a gap that has remained remarkably resilient to various efforts to try and close it. The gender pay gap measures the difference in gross hourly wages of women and men, and this 18% does not even take into account the different number of hours women and men work. What this means is that women need to earn around a fifth more each hour to catch up with the hourly pay of their male counterparts. Furthermore, the average figure for the 27 Member States disguises national variations from a low of 4.9% in Italy to 30.3% in Estonia.

in B. Burchell, S. Deakin, J. Michie and J. Rubery (eds.) (2003) Systems of Production: markets, organisations and performance London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-28283-7., 2003

in D. Meulders, G. Bosch, and F. Michon (eds) Working Time: New Issues, New Norms, New Measures. Belguim: Editions du Dulbea. ISBN 2-87201-020-3. pp. 329-372., 1997