C++ named requirements: Swappable - cppreference.com (original) (raw)
Any lvalue or rvalue of this type can be swapped with any lvalue or rvalue of some other type, using unqualified function call swap() in the context where both std::swap and the user-defined swap()s are visible.
[edit] Requirements
Type U is swappable with type T if, for any object u of type U and any object t of type T,
| Expression | Requirements | Semantics |
|---|---|---|
| #include // until C++11 #include // since C++11 using std::swap;swap(u, t); | After the call, the value of t is the value held by u before the call, and the value of u is the value held by t before the call. | Calls the function named swap() found by overload resolution among all functions with that name that are found by argument-dependent lookup and the two std::swap templates defined in the header (until C++11)(since C++11). |
| #include // until C++11 #include // since C++11 using std::swap;swap(t, u); | Same | Same |
Many standard library functions (for example, many algorithms) expect their arguments to satisfy Swappable, which means that any time the standard library performs a swap, it uses the equivalent of using std::swap; swap(t, u);.
Typical implementations either
Define a non-member swap in the enclosing namespace, which may forward to a member swap if access to non-public data members is required.
Define a friend function in-class (this approach hides the class-specific swap from name lookup other than ADL).
[edit] Notes
It is unspecified whether (until C++11)(since C++11) is actually included when the standard library functions perform the swap, so the user-provided swap() should not expect it to be included.
[edit] Example
#include #include struct IntVector { std::vector v; IntVector& operator=(IntVector) = delete; // not assignable void swap(IntVector& other) { v.swap(other.v); } void operator()(auto rem, auto term = " ") { std::cout << rem << "{{"; for (int n{}; int e : v) std::cout << (n++ ? ", " : "") << e; std::cout << "}}" << term; } }; void swap(IntVector& v1, IntVector& v2) { v1.swap(v2); } int main() { IntVector v1{{1, 1, 1, 1}}, v2{{2222, 2222}}; auto prn = [&]{ v1("v1", ", "), v2("v2", ";\n"); }; // std::swap(v1, v2); // Compiler error! std::swap requires MoveAssignable prn(); std::iter_swap(&v1, &v2); // OK: library calls unqualified swap() prn(); std::ranges::swap(v1, v2); // OK: library calls unqualified swap() prn(); }
Output:
v1{{1, 1, 1, 1}}, v2{{2222, 2222}}; v1{{2222, 2222}}, v2{{1, 1, 1, 1}}; v1{{1, 1, 1, 1}}, v2{{2222, 2222}};
[edit] Defect reports
The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
| DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| LWG 226 | C++98 | it was unclear how the standard library uses swap | clarified to use both std:: and ADL-found swap |