André Morellet (original) (raw)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

French academic (1728–1820)

Engraving of André Morellet

Réfutation de l'ouvrage qui a pour titre Dialogues sur le commerce des bleds, 1770

André Morellet (7 March 1727 – 12 January 1819) was a French economist, author of various writings, contributor to the Encyclopédie and one of the last Enlightenment Age philosophes.[1]

Born at Lyon, and educated by the Jesuits there, Morellet completed his theology degree in 1752 at the Sorbonne and quickly became recognized thereafter in Parisian literary circles for his views on religious tolerance, inoculation, penal reform, liberty of the press and freedom of commerce.[2] Morellet's early instruction by the Jesuits and his eventual clerical designation as abbé undoubtedly influenced his earliest writings in which the then 28-year-old licentiate in theology completed at least six articles, noted for their scope and length, to Volumes 6 and 7 of the Encyclopédie.[3] A fiercely independent thinker once led Voltaire to refer to Morellet as "L'Abbé Mords-les" ("Father Bite-them") because of his sharp wit. He was a noted friend of Benjamin Franklin.[4]

By 1754, Morellet had gradually terminated his official association with the Encyclopédie and instead redirected his attention to the French political economy. He sought to greater effect societal reforms through new writings, particularly on freedom of commerce, in which one paper stressed the importance of the textile industry (Réflexions sur les avantages de la libre fabrication et de l'usage des toiles peintes). He never abandoned the spirit of the Encyclopédie though; in the spring of 1760, Morellet wrote in defense of the Encyclopédistes who were attacked by the Le Franc de Pompignan and Charles Palissot, publishing Les Si, Les Pourquoi, La Prière universelle and the Préface de la comédie des Philosophes (the last procured Morellet a short stay in the Bastille for an alleged libel on the patroness of Palissot's.[5]

Not all of Morellet's writings were well received. In 1765, he produced a French translation of On Crimes and Punishments. His translation was widely criticized for the liberties he took with the text.[6] Morellet had the opinion that the Italian text of Beccaria did require some clarification. He therefore left some parts out, and sometimes added others. But he mainly changed the structure of the essay by moving, merging or splitting chapters. These interventions were known to experts, but because Beccaria himself had indicated in a letter to Morellet that he fully agreed with him, it was assumed that these adaptations also had Beccaria's consent in substance. The differences are so great, however, that the book from the hands of Morellet became quite another book than the book that Beccaria wrote.[7]

In his later active years, Morellet was involved in quasi-diplomatic communications with English statesmen, and was elected a member of the Académie française in 1785. In 1786, he completed the translation of Thomas Jefferson's only published book, Notes on the State of Virginia (published in 1787 as Observations sur la Virginie). His firm conviction for the improvement of society never wavered; he continued to write even as outspoken critics of the French Revolution were executed publicly by the guillotine. The success of Morellet's pamphlet titled Le Cri des Families (1794), which called for the restoration of the property to families of the executed, revived his philosophical optimism and led to his next work on behalf of the dispossessed parents and grandparents of political émigrés (La Cause des pères, 1795).[8]

In his last year, he brought out four volumes of Mélanges de littérature et de philosophie du XVIIIesiècle, composed chiefly of selections from his former publications, and after his death appeared his Mémoires sur le XVIIIesiècle et la Révolution (2 vols., 1821).[9] At the time of his death, the ninety-one year-old had amassed a personal library of 4,736 titles, which sold at auction for 22,169 francs.[10]

Translations from English and Italian

[edit]

  1. ^ Frank Arthur Kafker: Notices sur les auteurs des 17 volumes de « discours » de l'Encyclopédie Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie. Année (1990) Volume 8 Numéro 8, p. 106
  2. ^ Medlin, Dorothy (1996). "André Morellet's Library". Libraries & Culture. 31 (3/4): 574–602. JSTOR 25548458.
  3. ^ Doig, Kathleen Hardesty; Medlin, Dorothy (1995). "André Morellet's Theological Articles for the "Encyclopédie": Text and Subtext". Diderot Studies. 26: 89–107. JSTOR 40372760.
  4. ^ Walter Isaacson (4 May 2004). Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. Simon and Schuster. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-7432-5807-4. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  5. ^ Doig, Kathleen Hardesty; Medlin, Dorothy (1995). "André Morellet's Theological Articles for the "Encyclopédie": Text and Subtext". Diderot Studies. 26: 89–107. JSTOR 40372760.
  6. ^ Cesare Beccaria (1986). On Crimes And Punishments. Hackett. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-915145-97-3. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  7. ^ "Over misdaden en straffen door Cesare Beccaria, (1738–1794) · Bibliotheek · Boom uitgevers den Haag".
  8. ^ Medlin, Dorothy (1996). "André Morellet's Library". Libraries & Culture. 31 (3/4): 574–602. JSTOR 25548458.
  9. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Morellet, André". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829. Endnote: A bibliography of his numerous works is given in Quérard's La France littéraire, vol. vi.; see also Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, vol. i.
  10. ^ Medlin, Dorothy (1996). "André Morellet's Library". Libraries & Culture. 31 (3/4): 574–602. JSTOR 25548458.