Doabi dialect (original) (raw)

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Dialect of Punjabi

Doabi
ਦੁਆਬੀدوآبی
Native to	PunjabHimachal Pradesh
Region	Doaba
Language family	Indo-European Indo-IranianIndo-AryanNorthwesternPunjabiEastern PunjabiDoabi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	doab1238
Doabi in lime

Doabi (Standard: [doːaːˈbi]; Doabi: [dʊʋaːˈbi]), also known as Bist Doabi or Jalandhari, is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, Doaba or Bist Doab,[1] between the Beas and Sutlej. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Punjabi Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab and in lower parts of Una district of Himachal Pradesh.[_citation needed_]

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[2]

Consonantal Inventory of Punjabi | | Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | Plosive/Affricate | Tenuis | p | t̪ | t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | | | Aspirated | pʰ* | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ* | ʈʰ | kʰ | | | | Voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ* | ɖ | g | | | | Fricative | f | s*, z* | ʃ | | x* | | | | Approximant | ʋ | | j* | | ɣ* | ɦ | | | Nasal | m | n | | ɳ* | | | | | Lateral | | l | | ɭ* | | | | | Tap/Flap | | ɾ | | ɽ | | | |

Spirantisation of /pʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. /z, x, ɣ,/ are pronounced /d͡ʒ ,kʰ, g/ respectively. Another surprising aspect is that /j/ is almost always pronounced as /d͡ʒ/.

Debuccalisation of /s/, to /ɦ/ in between vowels also occurs.

Among youngesters, /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ are often replaced with /n/ and /l/. Though, some will replace all instances of alveolar /n/ and /l/ with retroflex /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ as a form of hypercorrection.

Consonants /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ are often realised as nasal and lateral flaps respectively.

Doabi's fortition /ʋ/ at the start of a stressed syllable to [b][3] as in /'ʋə̀ɖ:a:/ (big) to ['bə̀ɖ:a:].

Doabis often substitute /z/ with /d͡ʒ/, especially in uneducated speech[_citation needed_].

Also, the vowel /ʊ/ is pronounced [o]. Accordingly, /'kʰʊʃ/ (happy) becomes ['kʰoʃ] or /'kʊʈ/ (to beat - noun form) becomes ['koʈ]. In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed /ɪ/ is pronounced [e]. For example, the word /'kʰɪt͡ʃ/ (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as ['kʰet͡ʃ] or the word /'ʋɪt͡ʃ/ (in [something]) is pronounced as ['bet͡ʃ]. Similarly, /ʋ/ can be realised as [o] in certain enviroments, such as in /'kʰʋa:b/ (dream) to ['kʰoa:b].

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari.[4]

* does not occur word initially

| | Front | Center | Back | | | | | --------- | ------ | ---- | ----- | -- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Long | Short | Long | Short | | | | Close | iː | ɪ | | uː | ʊ | | Mid-close | eː | | | oː | | | Mid-open | ɛː | | ə | ɔː | | | Open | | | aː | | |

Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/

Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic too, with nasal equivalents of all peripheral vowels vowels.[_citation needed_]

For example:

One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:

• /ʊ/
• /ɪ/

But are phonetically:[_citation needed_]

• [o]
• [e]

Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;

This tonogenesis occurred from the historic loss of breathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of phonemes led to tone to distinguish between similar morphemes.

When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.

Loss of word-final /ɦ/ also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.

Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi

Examples:

Some basic vocabulary items

[edit]

Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.

Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in orthography:

• ਘ
• ਝ
• ਢ
• ਧ
• ਭ
• ੜ੍ਹ
• Languages of Pakistan
• Languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• Malwi dialect
• Puadhi dialect
• Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages

1. ^ "Punjabi University, Patiala". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
2. ^ Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
3. ^ "Density of Population". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
4. ^ "Chapter-III". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2014-04-03.