Eastern Pwo language (original) (raw)

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Karenic language spoken in Myanmar, Thailand

Eastern Pwo or Phlou,(Pwo Eastern Karen: ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်,[1] ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[_citation needed_], Burmese: အရှေ့ပိုးကရင်) is a Karen language spoken by Eastern Pwo people and over a million people in Myanmar and by about 50,000 in Thailand, where it has been called Southern Pwo. It is not intelligible with other varieties of Pwo, with which it shares 63 to 65% lexical similarity.[1] The Eastern Pwo dialects share 91 to 97% lexical similarity.[1]

A script called Leke was developed between 1830 and 1860 and is used by members of the millenarian Leke sect of Buddhism. Otherwise, a variety of Mon-Burmese alphabets are used, and refugees in Thailand have created a Thai alphabet that is in limited use.

• Kayin State and Tanintharyi Region: long contiguous area near the Thai border[1]
• Bago Region: Bago and Toungoo townships[1]

The following displays the phonological features of two of the eastern Pwo Karen dialects, Pa'an and Tavoy:

| | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular/Glottal | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Nasal | m | | n | | ɲ | | | | | Plosive/Affricate | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | tɕ | | k | ʔ | | aspirated | pʰ | | tʰ | tɕʰ | | kʰ | | | | voiced | b | | d | | | | | | | implosive | (ɓ) | | (ɗ) | | | | | | | Fricative | voiceless | | | | ɕ | | x | h | | voiced | | | | | | ɣ | ʁ | | | Trill | | | r | | | | | | | Approximant | central | w | | | | j | | | | lateral | | | l | | | | | |

• Post-alveolar affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ/, are realized as fricatives [s, sʰ], among some formal dialects.
• /t̪/ when pronounced slowly is phonetically realized as a dental affricate [t̪θ].
• Voiced plosives /b, d/ are pronounced as implosives [ɓ, ɗ] only in the Pa'an dialect.
• /h/ does not exist in the Tavoy dialect.
• /j/ may tend to be slightly fricativized [ʝ] when preceding front vowels.
• /r/ may also be realized as a tap [ɾ].

| | Front | Central | Back | | | | ------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | High | i | ɨ | ɯ | u | | Near-high | ɪ | | ʊ | | | High-mid | e | | ɤ | o | | Low-mid | ɛ | | ɔ | | | Low | | a | | |

• /ɪ/ does not occur after a /w/ sound.
• /ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ/ are merged with /i, u, e, o/ in the Tavoy dialect.[3]

Four tones are present in Eastern Pwo:

• Pa’an (Inland Eastern Pwo Karen, Moulmein)[1]
• Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen)[1]
• Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen)[1]

The alphabet used for Eastern Pwo Karen language is in Mon-Burmese script.

The Eastern Pwo alphabet contains 36 letters, including 3 unique to the language (in gold), and one shared with Mon.[4]

The Eastern Pwo Karen numerals were encoded in the Myanmar Extended C Unicode block in Unicode v16.0 in 2024.

• The number zero, ploh plih (ပၠဝ်ပၠေ), means "of no value".
• The number zero is not used in day-to-day life and mostly exists in writing only. People are taught to use the Burmese numeric system instead, including zero.
• Chi (ဆီ့) denotes 10, any number from 1 to 9 before chi can be interpreted as "of ten(s)", so 20 would be ne chi. Pong (ဖင်ႋ) denotes 100, any number from 1 to 9 before pong can be interpreted as "hundred(s)", so 200 would be ne pong. Similarly, the same rule applies to thousand, muh (မိုင့်); ten-thousand, lah (လာ); and hundred-thousand, loud/thein (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋ).
• Numbers after the hundred-thousands (millions and above) are prefixed with thay (သိင်ႋ), hundred thousand. For example, one million would be loud/thein luh chi (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုဆီ့), "hundred thousand of tens"; two million would be loud/thay ne chi (လုဂ်/သိင့်ၮီ့ဆီ့), hundred thousand of two tens; ten million would be loud/thay luh pong (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုဖင်ႋ), "hundred thousand of hundreds"; one billion would be loud/thay luh lah (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုလာ), "hundred thousand of ten thousands".

Due to the close approximation to Thailand, the Eastern Pwo Karen adopts Thai's decimal word, chut, (Karen: ကျူဒ်, ကျူ(ဒ်); Thai: จุด; English: and, dot). For example, 1.01 is luh chut ploh plih luh (လ်ု ပၠဝ်ပၠေလ်ု).

Fractions are formed by saying puh (ပုံႉ) after the numerator and the denominator. For example, one-third (1/3) would be luh puh thuh puh (လ်ုပုံသိုင့်ပုံ) and three over one, three-"oneths" (3/1) would be thuh puh luh puh (သိုင့်ပုံလ်ုပုံ).

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
2. ^ Eastern Pwo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
3. ^ Kato, Atsuhiko (1995). The phonological systems of three Pwo Karen dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 18. pp. 63–103.{{[cite book](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fbook "Template:Cite book")}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
4. ^ Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-09-08). "Proposal for encoding Myanmar characters for Karen and Kayah in the UCS" (PDF). ISO.