Elric of Melniboné (original) (raw)

Fictional character

Fictional character

Elric of Melniboné
Elric as depicted by Michael Whelan on the 1977 cover of The Weird of the White Wolf
First appearance	The Dreaming City, 1961 story
Created by	Michael Moorcock
In-universe information
Gender	Male
Title	Elric VIII, 428th Emperor of Melniboné
Occupation	Emperor, sorcerer, warrior
Nationality	Melnibonean

Elric of Melniboné[1] is a fictional character created by English writer Michael Moorcock and the protagonist of a series of sword and sorcery stories taking place on an alternative Earth. The proper name and title of the character are Elric VIII, 428th Emperor of Melniboné. Later stories by Moorcock marked Elric as a facet of the Eternal Champion.

Elric first appeared in print in Moorcock's novella "The Dreaming City" (Science Fantasy No. 47, June 1961). Moorcock's doomed albino antihero is one of the better known characters in fantasy literature, having crossed over into a wide variety of media, such as role-playing games, comics, music, and film. The stories have been continuously in print since the 1970s.[2]

Elric is described in 1972's Elric of Melniboné:

It is the colour of a bleached skull, his flesh; and the long hair which flows below his shoulders is milk-white. From the tapering, beautiful head stare two slanting eyes, crimson and moody, and from the loose sleeves of his yellow gown emerge two slender hands, also the colour of bone.[3]

Elric is the last emperor of the stagnating island civilization of Melniboné. Physically weak, the anemic Elric must use drugs (special herbs) to maintain his health and vitality. From childhood, he read freely in the immense royal library and learned of the world outside the Dreaming Isle. Perhaps due to this in-depth study, unlike other members of his race, Elric has a conscience. He witnesses the decadence of his culture, which once ruled the known world, and worries about the rise of the Young Kingdoms populated by humans (Melnibonéans consider themselves separate from humanity), along with the threat they pose to his empire. Because of Elric's introspective self-loathing and hatred of Melnibonéan traditions, his subjects find him odd and unfathomable. However, his cousin Yyrkoon (next in the line of succession, as Elric has no heirs) interprets this behaviour as weakness and plots Elric's death. Complicating matters is Yyrkoon's sister Cymoril, who is deeply in love with Elric; Yyrkoon covets her, and part of his plan for usurpation is to marry Cymoril himself.

In addition to his skill with herbs, Elric is an accomplished sorcerer and summoner. As emperor of Melniboné, Elric is able to call for aid upon the traditional patron of the Melniboné emperors, Arioch, a Lord of Chaos and Duke of Hell. From the first story, Elric uses ancient pacts and agreements with not only Arioch, but various other beings—some gods, some demons—to help him accomplish his tasks.

Elric's discovery of the sword Stormbringer serves as both his greatest asset and disadvantage. The sword confers upon Elric strength, health, and fighting prowess, allowing him to do away with his dependence on drugs, but it must be fed by the souls of intelligent beings. In the end, the blade takes everyone close to Elric and eventually Elric's own soul as well. Most of Moorcock's stories about Elric feature this relationship with Stormbringer, and how it—despite Elric's best intentions—brings doom to everything he holds dear.

Melniboné
'Elric of Melniboné' location
Map of the Young Kingdoms, with Melniboné at centre
Created by	Michael Moorcock
Genre	Fantasy, Sword and sorcery
In-universe information
Type	Monarchy
Ethnic group(s)	Melnibonéans
Locations	Imrryr (capital)

Melniboné ( mel-NIB-o-nay), also known as the Dragon Isle, is an imaginary country, an island among the Young Kingdoms.

Centuries before Elric's birth, Melniboné ruled its world through sorcerous might and sheer power. By the time of Elric's birth, it has slipped from its preeminent place, being one of many nations. The Melnibonéans themselves are not wholly human. They are skilled with magic and beautiful, though psychologically similar to cats, with a callous nature. They are bound by many ancient customs.

Melniboné's capital and only surviving city is Imrryr, known as "The Dreaming City". Most of the rest of the island has been allowed to revert to wilderness. Caverns exist below the island, in which dragons sleep, awaiting the Melnibonéans' summons to war.

Moorcock acknowledges the work of Bertolt Brecht, particularly Threepenny Novel and The Threepenny Opera, as "one of the chief influences" on the initial Elric sequence; he dedicated 1972's Elric of Melniboné to Brecht.[4][5] In the same dedication, he cited Poul Anderson's Three Hearts and Three Lions and Fletcher Pratt's The Well of the Unicorn as similarly influential texts. Moorcock has referred to Elric as a type of the "doomed hero", one of the oldest character-types in literature, akin to such hero-villains as Mervyn Peake's Steerpike in the Titus Groan trilogy, Poul Anderson's Scafloc in The Broken Sword, T. H. White's Lancelot in The Once and Future King, J. R. R. Tolkien's cursed hero Túrin Turambar, and Jane Gaskell's Zerd in The Serpent.[6] John Clute considers Elric to be a deliberate parody of Robert E. Howard's Conan.[7]

The story of Kullervo from Finnish mythology[8] contains elements similar to Elric's story, such as a talking magic sword and fatal alienation of the hero from his family.[9][_original research?_] Besides Elric, Kullervo has been proposed as having influence on Poul Anderson's 1954 novel The Broken Sword,[_citation needed_] and J.R.R. Tolkien's Túrin Turambar. Moorcock has stated that "Anderson's a definite influence [on Elric], as stated. But oddly, the Kalevala was read to us at my boarding school when I was about seven", and "from a very early age I was reading Norse legends and any books I could find about Norse stories".[10] Moorcock in the same posting stated that "one thing I'm pretty sure of, I was not in any way directly influenced by Prof. T[olkien]".[11]

Elric's albinism appears influenced by Monsieur Zenith, an albino Sexton Blake villain whom Moorcock appreciated enough to write into later multiverse stories.[12] Moorcock read Zenith stories in his youth and has contributed to their later reprinting, remarking that it "took me forty years to find another copy of Zenith the Albino! In fact it was a friend who found it under lock and key and got a copy of it to Savoy who are, at last, about to reprint it! Why I have spent so much energy making public the evidence of my vast theft from Anthony Skene, I'm not entirely sure... ".[13] Moorcock later said: "As I've said in my introduction to Monsieur Zenith: The Albino, the Anthony Skene's character was a huge influence. For the rest of the character, his ambiguities in particular, I based him on myself at the age I was when I created Elric, which was 20".[14] The influence of Zenith on Elric is often cited in discussions of Zenith.[15]

Elric first appeared in print in a series of novelettes, novellas, and short tales, many of which were published in Science Fantasy magazine. The author later wrote a series of novels about Elric.

Many of the Elric stories, particularly the early ones, have frequently been edited, retitled, and combined together with other material to form fix-ups as part of later republication campaigns.

The first five novelettes were originally collected in The Stealer of Souls (1963) and the later four novellas were first published as a novel in an edited version called Stormbringer (1965). The 1965 novel had about a quarter of the text removed for reasons of length (mostly in the second and third novellas) and the remaining text rearranged with new bridging material added to make sense of the restructuring.

In 1977, DAW Books republished Elric's saga in six books that collected the tales according to their internal chronology. These paperbacks all featured cover art work by the same artist, Michael Whelan, and helped define the look of Elric and his sword Stormbringer. The DAW edition of Stormbringer restored some of the original structure and text compared to the 1965 release, but other revisions were performed and other material excised. A few oddments were collected in Elric at the End of Time (1984), which became the seventh book in the DAW line when DAW released it in the US in 1985. It includes two Elric-related tales: the title story and 1962's "The Last Enchantment", originally intended as the final Elric story but put aside in favour of those that eventually made up Stormbringer; it was not published until 1978.

In 1984, Nelson Doubleday republished much of the Elric material then-available in The Elric Saga: Part One and The Elric Saga: Part Two.

In the 1990s, Orion Publishing/Millennium released a two-book collection – Elric of Melniboné and Stormbringer – containing the Elric material then available. White Wolf Publishing released a similar two-volume compilation – Elric: Song of the Black Sword (1998) and Elric: The Stealer of Souls (2001). These two-volume compilations are arranged according to the internal chronology of the saga. The White Wolf text has minor revisions when compared to the Millennium release.

The first nine short stories, including the full text of Stormbringer as it appeared in Science Fantasy, were republished in a single volume as Elric (Orion/Gollancz 2001), volume 17 in the Fantasy Masterworks series.

Beginning in 2008, Del Rey Books reprinted the Elric material as a series of six illustrated books: The Stealer of Souls, To Rescue Tanelorn, The Sleeping Sorceress, Duke Elric, Elric in the Dream Realms, and Elric: Swords and Roses. This series arranged the stories in the sequence they were originally published, along with related fiction and nonfiction material. The version of Stormbringer featured in this collection restored all the original material missing since the 1977 DAW edition – which had formed the basis for all later editions – as well as Moorcock's preferred versions of all the revised material in an attempt to produce a definitive text. These volumes present the evolution of the character through early juvenile stories, early fanzine musings by Moorcock, some Elric stories, some others introducing the reader to the wider "Eternal Champion" theme, stories of other heroes who coexist with Elric in the realm of Melniboné, unpublished prologues, installments of Moorcock's essay "Aspects of Fantasy", a 1970s screenplay, a reader's guide, notes from an Elric series that never developed, contemporary reviews, and appreciation essays by other writers.

From 2013-2018, Victor Gollancz Ltd. republished much of Michael Moorcock's back catalogue, presented in internal chronological order along with previously unpublished material, in both print and e-book formats. Eight volumes included Elric stories: Elric of Melniboné and Other Stories, Elric: The Fortress of the Pearl, Elric: The Sailor on the Seas of Fate, Elric: The Sleeping Sorceress, Elric: The Revenge of the Rose, Elric: Stormbringer!, The War Amongst the Angels, and Elric: The Moonbeam Roads.

From 2019-2023, Centipede Press republished a limited edition run of 7 volumes with many of the Elric stories: Elric of Melniboné, The Fortress of the Pearl, The Sailor on the Seas of Fate, The Sleeping Sorceress, The Revenge of the Rose, Stormbringer, and The Dreamthief's Daughter.

In 2022, Saga Press republished a 3-volume collection of Elric stories: Elric of Melniboné, Stormbringer, and The White Wolf.[17]

Characters in the Elric series

[edit]

"Yyrkoon" redirects here. For the French death metal band, see Yyrkoon (band).

• Arioch: Lord of Chaos.
• Cymoril: A Melnibonéan, Elric's cousin, consort and first great love. He hopes to one day make her his wife and empress. She tries to understand and help Elric, but like his subjects, she has difficulty understanding Elric's motivations and would have him rule as the emperors of old. Despite that she stands by Elric in his weakest state before his acquiring of Stormbringer and she supports his dreams and wishes even when she is put in danger by them.
• Dyvim Slorm: A Melnibonéan, Elric's cousin, son of Dyvim Tvar. He fights alongside Elric in the final war against Chaos, wielding the black sword Mournblade.
• Dyvim Tvar: A Melnibonéan, one of Elric's few friends. He is one of the Dragon Masters, a group of Melnibonéans who can speak to the Dragons of Melniboné. Dyvim Tvar stays loyal to Elric even after he destroys Imrryr. Dyvim Tvar also has more of a moral compass than most Melnibonéans.
• Ernest Wheldrake: An amiable poet and bard who involuntarily travels across the Multiverse. Amorous and good-natured, he is given to sudden expulsions of verse and song. He is writing an epic poem about Elric during their shared adventures.
• Jagreen Lern: The cruel ruler of Pan Tang, skilled with both magic and the use of a battleaxe.
• Moonglum of Elwher: A short, red-haired human with a cheerfully ugly face, adventuring companion to Elric. He and Elric share many dangers and rewards together. The most steadfast and loyal companion of all the Young Kingdom humans Elric encounters. He helps Elric in completing his fated purpose.
• Myshella of Law: Colloquially referred to as the Empress of the Dawn and The Dark Lady of Kaneloon, the powerful sorceress Myshella has acted as a guide and consort to Eternal Champions and adventurers alike down through the ages in the ineffable pursuit of Law. Immortal, ageless, and indescribably powerful. She sometimes rides a metal bird with emerald eyes, and more than once lends this mount to Elric.
• Oone: A Dreamthief by trade, at the Silver Flower Oasis in the Sighing Desert, Lady Oone helps Elric locate The Fortress of the Pearl when another of her order dies in a previous attempt. Her fleeting romance with the albino has considerable significance during the later 'Moonbeam Roads' trilogy.
• Prince Gaynor The Damned: A fallen knight of the Balance, doomed to suffer without release by the forces of Chaos. He inhabits a formless existence, imprisoned in a black-and-gold suit of armor emblazoned with the 8-pointed symbol of Chaos.
• Rackhir, the Red Archer: A human, once a Warrior Priest of Phum but cast out of his order. He and Elric travel and adventure together several times throughout the series. Unlike other characters who serve either Law or Chaos, Rackhir devotes himself to the Balance exclusively.
• Sepiriz: One of the ten remaining Nihrain, this dark-skinned servant of the Balance guides Elric through the final phases of his quest. He is also sometimes called 'The Knight in Black and Yellow'.
• Shaarilla of Myyrrhn: The daughter of a dead necromancer, Shaarilla of the Dancing Mist was born a mutant and an outcast among her people. Unlike her fellows of Myyrrhn, Shaarilla was born without wings. She enlists Elric to locate The Dead Gods' Book in the hopes it might contain a spell to reverse her deformity.
• Smiorgan Baldhead: A Count of the Isle of the Purple Towns, and an affable adventurer who accompanies Elric on his adventures on the Nameless Continent. His fleets aid in the Sacking of Imrryr.
• Theleb K'aarna: A human sorcerer of the Pan Tang isles. After being displaced as Queen Yishana's advisor and chief sorcerer by Elric, he seeks revenge and uses sorcery to hinder several of Elric's plans.
• The Rose: A beautiful, scarlet-haired warrior Elric encounters on his journeys through the Multiverse. She wields a Lawful counterpart to Elric's Chaos-forged demonblade 'Stormbringer' named 'Swift Thorn'. Serving neither Law nor Chaos, she has sworn an oath of revenge against Gaynor The Damned for the eradication of a universe that was precious to her.
• Yishana of Jharkor: A human, ruler of Jharkor. She presents Elric with several problems/adventures and openly covets his company and power. Her selfish desires are the root of several of Elric's problems, but she also aids him from time to time and ultimately becomes an important ally in his fight against Chaos.
• Yyrkoon: Prince of Melniboné, Elric's cousin. He is next in line for the throne, as Elric has no male heir. He worries about Elric's behaviour and takes all of Elric's brooding and philosophical talk as a sign of weakness. He yearns for a return to more traditional emperors and secretly plots Elric's demise. Yyrkoon is a great sorcerer who has made many pacts with unholy forces to obtain his sorcerous strength. As further evidence of his decadent ways, he openly desires his sister Cymoril and intends to make her his wife and Empress if his plans ever reach fruition.
• Zarozinia: A human of the Young Kingdoms. She falls in love with Elric and eventually marries him, for a time allowing him to experience true love and companionship. For her sake, Elric also gives up his blade Stormbringer and reverts to taking sorcerous herbs to sustain his life.

Conan the Barbarian No. 14 (March 1972), Elric's second appearance in comics. Cover art by Barry Windsor-Smith.

• In 1968, the French artist Philippe Druillet drew the first comics version of Elric in Spirits #1, written by Michel Demuth, which was published as a book the same year.[18]
• In the early 70s James Cawthorn published his oversized graphic novel Stormbringer with Savoy Books.[_citation needed_]
• Elric first appeared in large-circulation comics in America in Conan the Barbarian issues 14–15 (1972), in an adventure in two parts entitled "A Sword Called Stormbringer!" and "The Green Empress of Melniboné". The comic was written by Roy Thomas and illustrated by Barry Windsor-Smith, based on a story plotted by Michael Moorcock and James Cawthorn.[19]
• Star Reach comics published Elric stories in the late 1970s. First Comics published several Elric mini-series in the 1980s as well.
• P. Craig Russell has drawn comics adaptations of three Moorcock novels: Elric of Melniboné (with Roy Thomas and Michael T. Gilbert; Pacific Comics), The Dreaming City and While the Gods Laugh (representing the first two-thirds of Weird of the White Wolf; Marvel/Epic Comics), and Stormbringer (Dark Horse). The character has also been adapted by Walter Simonson, Frank Brunner, George Freeman, and others in the long-running Elric series at Pacific which Russell had co-created (reportedly tensions between him and Thomas were the reason for his departure).
• Elric also appeared in a number of original stories published by DC Comics. Helix, a short-lived science-fiction and fantasy imprint of DC, published the 12-issue Michael Moorcock's Multiverse from 1997. In 2004, DC Comics published the four-issue Elric: Making of a Sorcerer, with art by Walter Simonson, a story about Elric's magical training before the events of the novel Elric of Melniboné.
• 2011 marked the launch of another Elric-based comic, Elric: The Balance Lost by BOOM! Studios. The series, written by Chris Roberson and drawn by Francesco Biagini, is available in both traditional hard copy and for digital download.
• In 2014, The Ruby Throne, the first volume of a new four-volume adaptation of Elric of Melniboné written by Julien Blondel and illustrated by Didier Poli, Jean Bastide, and Robin Recht, was published by Glenat in France and titan in UK. The second volume, Stormbringer, was published in March 2015 by the same team and publisher. The third volume, entitled The White Wolf, was released in September 2017.[20] The fourth volume, The Dreaming City, was released in August 2021.[21] A second cycle of four tomes is beginning in 2024 with the release by GLÉNAT of ELRIC TOME 5 - LE NÉCROMANCIEN (The Necromancer), an adaptation of THE WEIRD OF THE WHITE WOLF by Julien Blondel and Jean-Luc Carradines Cano, with art by Valentin Sécher.
• The Chronicle of the Black Sword is a 1985 album by UK space rock band Hawkwind. Moorcock and Hawkwind had, at this stage, collaborated a number of times. An expanded live album, Live Chronicles, was released in 1986. This included several spoken-word interludes by author Moorcock in his capacity as on-stage narrator. The live show also included a mime artist portraying Elric himself. A video concert film entitled The Chronicle of the Black Sword appeared on VHS and later on DVD.[22]
• The song "Black Blade" was recorded for the album Cultösaurus Erectus (1980) by Blue Öyster Cult, written by singer/guitarist Eric Bloom with lyrics by Moorcock. Moorcock also collaborated on the songs "The Great Sun Jester" (Mirrors (1979)) and "Veteran of the Psychic Wars" (Fire of Unknown Origin (1981)).[_citation needed_]
• The heavy metal band Tygers of Pan Tang take their name from the fictional islands of Pan Tang in the Elric series, where the ruling wizards keep pet tigers.[_citation needed_]
• The UK space rock (later heavy metal) band Mournblade take their name from the sister-sword of Elric's blade Stormbringer.[_citation needed_]
• New wave of British heavy metal band Diamond Head made Elric one of the primary lyrical subjects of their 1982 release Borrowed Time and featured the character on the cover art. Songs from this release were re-recorded by Metallica.[_citation needed_]
• Blind Guardian, a German power metal band, included the song Fast to Madness in their 1989 album Follow the Blind, about Elric of Melniboné.* *
• Italian Power Metal Band DOMINE have released 4 albums based heavily on Elric, namely "Champion Eternal" in 1997, "Dragonlord" in 1999, "Stormbringer Ruler" in 2002 and "Emperor of the Black Runes" in 2004.[23]
• Wendy Pini published a book documenting her attempt to make an animated film project of the Stormbringer series, Law and Chaos: The "Stormbringer" Animated Film Project.[_citation needed_]
• In May 2007, in an interview with Empire magazine, directors Chris and Paul Weitz stated that they were in the process of adapting a trilogy of films based on Elric for Universal Pictures.[24] Chris grew up reading the material[24] and has met with Moorcock, who trusted them with the project.[24] Universal dropped the project and it is now in the hands of New Republic Pictures.[25]
• In November 2019, New Republic announced the development of a television series based on the Elric novels, to be adapted by Glen Mazzara and Vaun Wilmott.[25]
• Elric (along with Stormbringer) was listed in the first printing of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) Deities & Demigods rule book. However, Chaosium already had a role-playing series in the works based on Elric and Stormbringer, and the initial AD&D printing was not fully authorised. A mutually beneficial deal was worked out between Chaosium and TSR, yet TSR chose to remove Elric from later printings of Deities & Demigods.[26]
• The world of Elric's Young Kingdoms was the setting of the Stormbringer role-playing game by the publisher Chaosium (Hawkmoon has also been so treated, as has Corum). In 1993 Chaosium released Elric! which still used their BRP system.[_citation needed_]
• After a disagreement between Moorcock and Chaosium, the Stormbringer line was discontinued. Subsequently, a new version called "Elric of Melniboné" was published by Mongoose Publishing under their Runequest system in 2007.

A video game based on Elric was in development by Haiku Studios and to be published by Psygnosis for the PlayStation during the late 1990s.[27][28][29]

Writing for NPR, Jason Sheehan calls Elric "far and away the coolest, grimmest, moodiest, most elegant, degenerate, drug-addicted, cursed, twisted and emotionally weird mass murderer of them all".[30]

References in popular culture

[edit]

1. ^ some collections place this later, immediately before The Dreaming City.

2. ^ takes place while Elric is dreaming in the middle of Doomed Lord's Passing

3. ^ Michael Moorcock (1 March 2008). "pronunciation". Moorcock's Miscellany. p. 3. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2016. Mel-nib-on-ay (as in cafe)

4. ^ "Order of Elric Books". Order of Books. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

5. ^ Moorcock, Michael (1987). Elric of Melniboné. Ace. pp. 192. ISBN 978-0-441-20398-7.

6. ^ "Mike's Recommended Reading List" Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Michael Moorcock

7. ^ Elric of Melniboné by Michael Moorcock.

8. ^ Michael Moorocok, "Aspects of Fantasy" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed.), Exploring Fantasy Worlds: Essays on Fantastic Literature. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press, 1985, p. 27.

9. ^ John Clute and John Grant, eds. _The Encyclopedia of Fantasy_London: orbit, 1977p. 659.

10. ^ John Martin Crawford (1888). "The Kalevala: Rune XXXI. Kullerwoinen Son of Evil". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

11. ^ John Martin Crawford (1888). "The Kalevala: Rune XXXVI. Kullerwoinen's Victory and Death". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

12. ^ Elric/Turambar Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Moorcock's Miscellany.

13. ^ Moorcock, Michael (25 January 2003). "Tolkien times two". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 May 2010.

14. ^ Paula Guran; Rich Horton (4 December 2007). "The Metatemporal Detective by Michael Moorcock (review)". Fantasy Magazine. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

15. ^ Lancer pirates? > M. Zenith Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Moorcock's Miscellany.

16. ^ Bill Baker, World Famous Comics >> Baker's Dozen – 5 January 2005.

17. ^ E.g.: Monsieur Zenith the Albino Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, and Savoy People: The Most Banned Publishing Company in Britain.

18. ^ According to John Davey, Moorcock's editor and bibliographer: “The Citadel Of Forgotten Myths slots -- in terms of the overall saga’s internal narrative chronology -- between two novellas, ‘Kings In Darkness’ and ‘The Flame Bringers’, which fall just before the final volume, Stormbringer. This is despite cover text for Citadel… stating that it is “Taking place between the first and second book in the Elric Saga”.” [This comment was posted in 'The Many Worlds of Michael Moorcock' Facebook group by Guy Lawley on 07.12.2022.]

19. ^ "Series: The Elric Saga".

20. ^ "La Saga d'Elric le Nécromancien". Bedetheque.

21. ^ Thomas, Roy (w), Windsor-Smith, Barry (p). "A Sword Called Stormbringer!, The Green Empress of Melniboné" Conan the Barbarian, vol. 1, no. 14, No. 15 (March 1972). Marvel Comics.

22. ^ "Elric BD Facebook Page". Elric BD Facebook. Glénat BD. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2017.

23. ^ "Elric: The Dreaming City @ Titan Comics". titan-comics.com. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

24. ^ "The Chronicle of the Black Sword DVD @ Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

25. ^ "Domine - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives".

26. ^ a b c Empire Staff (29 May 2007). "Weitz Brothers Making Elric". Empire. Retrieved 13 July 2008.

27. ^ a b "Hot TV Package: Michael Moorcock's Fantasy Novel Series 'The Elric Saga' With Glen Mazzara & Vaun Wilmott". Deadline. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

28. ^ See the RPGnet brief history of Chaosium for more details.

29. ^ "Elric". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 101. Ziff Davis. December 1997. p. 93.

30. ^ Four-Eyed Dragon (January 1998). "Sneak Previews: Elric". GamePro. No. 112. IDG. p. 56.

31. ^ Fielder, Lauren; Muldoon, Moira (24 April 1998). "Elric on Hold". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 19 November 2000. Retrieved 7 November 2022.

32. ^ Sheehan, Jason (17 June 2014). "Summer Doldrums? These Nautical Reads Will Put Wind In Your Sails". NPR. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

• Moorcock's Miscellany Official website; formerly Tanelorn, Multiverse.org & Moorcock's Weekly Miscellany)
• Michael Moorcock's Comics Compendium incl. Elric adaptations
• Stormbringer.net, a source of summaries of the novels