Gutian dialect (original) (raw)

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Eastern Min Chinese dialect

Gutian
Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話
Native to Southern China, Malaysia
Region Gutian, Ningde, Fujian; Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Manjung, Perak
Language family Sino-Tibetan SiniticChineseMinCoastal MinEastern MinGutian
Early forms Proto-Sino-TibetanOld Chinese[a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None
Linguasphere 79-AAA-ich
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The Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province, China.

The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

| | Bilabial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Glottal | | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Stop | Tenuis voiceless | p | t | | k | ʔ | | Aspirated voiceless | pʰ | tʰ | | kʰ | | | | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | | | Fricative | Voiceless | | s | | | h | | voiced | β | ʒ | | | | | | Affricate | Tenuis voiceless | | ts | | | | | Aspirated voiceless | | tsʰ | | | | | | Approximant | | | l | | | |

a 嘉 ɛ 西 œ 初 o 歌
i 之 u 孤 y 須
ai 開 oi 催 au 郊 ɛu 抖
ia 遮 ie 批 iu 秋 iau 燒
ua 花 uo 過 uai 歪 ui 輝
uɔi 杯 yø 橋
aɳ 山 iɳ 賓 uɳ 春 yŋ 銀
iaŋ 聲 ieŋ 天 uaŋ 歡 uoŋ 元
yøŋ 香 eiŋ 燈 ouŋ 郎 øyŋ 東
ak 答 ik 必 uk 不 yk 竹
iak 揭 iek 哲 uak 撥 uok 拙
yøk 箬 eik 八 ouk 駁 øyk 北
aʔ 拍 œʔ 嗝 oʔ 桌 iaʔ 壁
uaʔ 劃 uoʔ 剝 yøʔ 藥
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level陰平 light level陽平 rising上聲 dark departing陰去 light departing陽去 dark entering陰入 light entering陽入
Tone contour ˥ (55) ˧ (33) ˦˨ (42) ˨˩ (21) ˧˨˦ (324) ˨ (2) ˥ (5)

Initial assimilation

[edit]

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/ /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /l/; /k/, /kʰ/ and /h/ change to null initial (without /ʔ/); /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/ /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/ /s/ and /l/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /h/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

| | dark level55 | light level33 | rising42 | dark departing21 | light departing324 | dark entering2 | light entering5 | | | ---------------------- | ----------------- | ------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------- | ---- | | dark level55 | 21+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 | | light level33 | | | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | | | rising42 | 21+55 | 21+24 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 | | dark departing21 | 33+55 | 33+544 | 33+53 | 24+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 33+5 | | light departing324 | 55+55 | 544+33 | 544+42 | 42+21 | 544+21 | 42+2 | 55+5 | | dark entering2 | 33+55 | 33+55 | 33+53 | 55+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 55+5 | | light entering5 | 33+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | 33+5 |

  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

  2. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

  3. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.