Haikou dialect (original) (raw)
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Min Chinese dialect of Hainan, China
| Haikou | |
|---|---|
| 海口話 | |
| Pronunciation | [hai˨˩˧ xau˨˩˧ ue˨˧] |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Haikou, Hainan |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan SiniticChineseMinCoastal MinQiong–LeiHainaneseHaikou |
| Early forms | Proto-Sino-TibetanOld Chinese[a] Proto-Min |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | hain1237 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-ked |
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The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.
The Haikou dialect has the following initials:[4]
| | Labial | Dental | Sibilant | Velar | Glottal | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | -------- | -------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | - | | Stop / Affricate | voiceless | t | ts | k | ʔ | | voiced implosive | ɓ | ɗ | | | | | Nasal | m | n | ŋ | | | | Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | | voiced | v | z | | | | | Lateral | l | | | | |
The finals are:[5]
| Vocalic codas | Nasal codas | Stop codas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | ai | au | am | aŋ | ap | ak |
| ia | iau | iam | iaŋ | iap | iak | |
| ua | uai | uaŋ | uak | |||
| ɛ | e | eŋ | ek | |||
| ue | ||||||
| o | ɔi | ɔu | ɔm | ɔŋ | ɔp | ɔk |
| io | iɔŋ | iɔk | ||||
| i | iu | im | in | ip | it | |
| u | ui | un | oŋ | uk | ok |
There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/.[5]
The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are:[5][6]
| level | rising | departing | entering | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper | 24 | 213 | 35 | 5 |
| lower | 21 | 33 | 3 | |
| 55ʔ |
^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
^ Chen (1996), p. 4.
^ a b c Chen (1996), p. 5.
^ Yan (2006), p. 142.
- Chen, Hongmai (1996), Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [_Haikou dialect dictionary_], Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, vol. 16, Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.