Negeri Sembilan Malay (original) (raw)

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Austronesian language

Negeri Sembilan Malay (Baso Nogoghi or Baso Nismilan; Malay: Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan; Jawi: بهاس ملايو نڬري سمبيلن) is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan, including parts of Hulu Langat District in southeastern Selangor, Alor Gajah and parts of Jasin District in northern Malacca, and parts of Segamat District in the northernmost part of Johor. The language is spoken by the descendants of Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra, who have migrated to Negeri Sembilan since as early as the 14th century.[2] It is often considered a variant or dialect of the Minangkabau language; lexical and phonological studies, however, indicate that it is more closely related to Standard Malay than it is to Minangkabau.[3][4]

The Minangkabau people began migrating from the Sumatra highlands to the Malay Peninsula in the 14th century.[3] Migration skyrocketed from the 15th century to the 16th century.[5] At that time, trade activity through the Strait of Malacca increased and many migrants were granted protection by the Malacca Sultanate. From the ports of Malacca, groups and groups of Minangkabau settlers started venturing inland. This was the first migration wave of Minangkabau people to Malacca. Most of the Minangkabau migrants were from Luhak Tanah Datar and Luhak Lima Puluh Kota.[6] This first wave of migration resulted in the opening of a new mukim.

The number of inhabitants inland started increasing due to the rise of migrants and those migrants developed into their own groups of communities. These groups resulted in the creation of 12 clans (suku) as a whole. Different from in Sumatra, the naming of the clans were done based on the origin of the migrants. Migrants from Lima Puluh Kota formed the clans:

• Payakumbuh (Payo Kumbuh/Payokumbuah)
• Batu Hampar (Tompa)
• Mungkal (Mungka)
• Seri Melenggang (Somolenggang/Simalanggang)
• Seri Lemak (Solomak/Sarilamak)
• Tiga Nenek (Tigo Nenek/Tigo Niniak)
• Batu Belang (Batu Bolang)
• Tiga Batu (Tigo Batu/Tigo Batua Situjuah)

Meanwhile, the migrants from Tanah Datar formed the Tanah Datar clan. These migrants also formed three other clans which resulted from intermarriages with communities already settled where the aforementioned Tanah Datar migrants migrated to.[6] These clans were:

• Anak Acheh
• Anak Melaka (Anak Melako)
• Biduanda (Biduando/Dondo)

The Biduanda clan were seen as the leader of the clans that were present because they formed as a result of the intermingling between the Minangkabau people and the Orang Asli, the native people of the Malay Peninsula.

The opening of new mukims inland resulted in the formation of nine nagaris – also known as luaks – that were governed by Penghulus. The nagaris were:

• Jelebu
• Kelang
• Johol
• Rembau
• Sungai Ujong
• Jelai (also known as Ineh)
• Naning
• Segamat
• Pasir Besar

These nine nagaris later formed a confederation that was called the Board of Negeri Sembilan (Malay: Lembaga Negeri Sembilan). This confederation was under the protection of the Johor Sultanate.

In the 18th century, the Johor Sultanate received several attacks and was in an unpeaceful state. During this period, Negeri Sembilan was under the Bugis, insofar as the Datuks of Negeri Sembilan cooperated to make a request to the Sultan of Johor (Abdul Jalil Shah IV) to invite a king from Pagaruyung to make him the leader, a request which was accepted.[5] The invitation of the king (Raja Melewar) brought along the second migration wave of Minangkabau people[7] and resulted in the formation of the state of Negeri Sembilan with the Yamtuan Besar as its leader and Adat Perpatih as its law.[8]

The two migration waves of Minangkabau people and the assimilation of the Minangkabau language to those of the natives resulted in the formation of Negeri Sembilan Malay. This Malay variety later diverged by the influence of English as an administrative language of the Federated Malay States which Negeri Sembilan became a part of whereas the Minangkabau homeland became a part of the Dutch's Sumatra's Westkust itself bringing Dutch into those people's vernacular. Further incorporation of modern Malaysian and Indonesian variants by the two modern nation-states continues the trend.[9] The Minangkabau people of Negeri Sembilan have been separated from the Minangkabau people of Sumatra for 500–600 years.[10] This resulted in Negeri Sembilan Malay developing its own unique features.[3]

There are two main dialects of Negeri Sembilan Malay, the southern Kuala Pilah dialect which is spoken in the districts of Kuala Pilah, Seremban, Rembau, Port Dickson, and Tampin, and the northern Jelebu dialect which is spoken in the district of Jelebu, including Lenggeng in Seremban. [11]

Negeri Sembilan Malay contains 19 consonants.[12]

| | Labial | Denti-alv./Alveolar | Post-alv./Palatal | Velar | Glottal | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | | | | Plosive/Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | | voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | | | | Fricative | voiceless | | s | | | h | | voiced | | | | ɣ | | | | Approximant | | l | j | w | | |

Notes:

• Prevocalic and intervocalic /r/ in Standard Malay corresponds to /ɣ/ in Negeri Sembilan Malay.[13]

Negeri Sembilan Malay contains seven monophthongs, /i, e, ɛ, a, u, o, ɔ/ with two being not phonemic in Standard Malay (/ɛ, ɔ/) and the schwa /ə/ being absent except in the Jelebu dialect.[14]

| | Front | Central | Back | | | ------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Close | i | | u | | Close-Mid | e | | o | | Mid | | (ə) | | | Open-Mid | ɛ | | ɔ | | Open | | a | |

Negeri Sembilan Malay contains three diphthongs, /aj, aw, uj/.[15] The Jelebu dialect contains an extra diphthong /oj/ which corresponds to Standard Malay /ul/.[16]

Correspondence with Standard Malay

[edit]

Below is a chart showing sound correspondences between Standard Malay and Negeri Sembilan Malay.[4][17]

According to Reniwati (2012), Negeri Sembilan Malay has a lexical similarity of 94.74% with Standard Malay and a lexical similarity of 83.16% with Minangkabau.[3]

Vocabulary Comparison

| | Standard Malay | Minangkabau (Standard) | Negeri Sembilan Malay (with English meaning) | | | ----------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | | 1 | Semua | Sado | Somuwo/Sumo (all) | | 2 | Abu | Abu | Abu (ash) | | 3 | Kulit Kayu | Kulik Kayu | Kulet Pokok (tree bark) | | 4 | Perut | Paruik | Poghut (stomach) | | 5 | Besar | Gadang/Basa | Godang/Bosa (big) | | 6 | Burung | Buruang | Bughong (bird) | | 7 | Gigit | Gigik | Giget (bite) | | 8 | Hitam | Itam | Itam (black) | | 9 | Darah | Darah | Daghah (blood) | | 10 | Tulang | Tulang | Tulang (bone) | | 11 | Tetek/Susu | Susu | Susu (milk) | | 12 | Bakar | Baka | Baka/Bako (burn) | | 13 | Kuku | Kuku | Kuku | | 14 | Awan | Awan | Awan (cloud) | | 15 | Sejuk/Dingin | Sajuak/Dingin | Sojuk (cold) | | 16 | Datang | Datang/Tibo | Datang/Tibo (arrive) | | 17 | Mati | Mati | Mati/Mampuih (die) | | 18 | Anjing | Anjiang | Anjeng (dog) | | 19 | Minum | Minum | Minom/Minam (drink) | | 20 | Kering | Kariang | Koghing (dry) | | 21 | Telinga | Talingo | Tolingo (ear) | | 22 | Tanah | Tanah | Tanah (ground) | | 23 | Makan | Makan | Makan (eat) | | 24 | Telur | Talua | Tolo (egg) | | 25 | Mata | Mato | Mato (eye) | | 26 | Lemak/Gemuk | Gomok | Gomuk (fat) | | 27 | Bulu | Bulu | Bulu (feather) | | 28 | Api | Api | Api (fire) | | 29 | Ikan | Lauak/Ikan | Ikan (fish) | | 30 | Terbang | Tabang | Toghobang (to fly) | | 31 | Penuh | Panuah | Ponuh (full) | | 32 | Kaki | Kaki | Kaki (foot) | | 33 | Beri | Agiah/Bari | Boghi/momboghi (give smth) | | 34 | Baik | Elok/Baiak | Elok/Baek/baguih (good) | | 35 | Hijau | Ijau | Ijau (green) | | 36 | Rambut | Rambuik | Ghambut (hair) | | 37 | Tangan | Tangan | Tangan (hand) | | 38 | Kepala | Kapalo | Kopalo/Palo (head) | | 39 | Dengar | Danga | Donga (listen, hear) | | 40 | Jantung | Jantuang | Jantong (heart) | | 41 | Tanduk | Tanduak | Tandok | | 42 | Aku/Saya | Aden/Ambo/Awak | Ese/Ayo/Eden/Sey (I) | | 43 | Bunuh | Bunuah | Bunoh (kill) | | 44 | Lutut | Lutuik | Lutut | | 45 | Tahu | Tau | Tau (know) | | 46 | Daun | Daun | Daun/Daon (leaf) | | 47 | Baring | Golek | Bagheng | | 48 | Hati | Ati | Ati (heart) | | 49 | Panjang | Panjang | Panjang (long) | | 50 | Kutu | Kutu | Kutu (flea) | | 51 | Lelaki | Laki-laki | Lolaki (boy) | | 52 | Banyak | Banyak | Banyak (many) | | 53 | Daging | Dagiang | Dageng (meat) | | 54 | Bulan | Bulan | Bulan (moon) | | 55 | Gunung | Gunuang | Gunong (mountain) | | 56 | Mulut | Muncuang | Mulot (mouth) | | 57 | Nama | Namo | Namo (name) | | 58 | Leher | Lihia | Lehe (neck) | | 59 | Baru/Baharu | Baru | Baghu (new) | | 60 | Malam | Malam | Malam (night) | | 61 | Hidung | Iduang | Idung (nose) | | 62 | Tidak | Indak/ndak | Tidak/tak (no) | | 63 | Satu | Ciek | Satu (one) | | 64 | Orang | Urang | Ughang (person) | | 65 | Hujan | Ujan | Ujan (rain) | | 66 | Merah | Sirah | Meghah (red) | | 67 | Jalan | Jalan | Jalan (road) | | 68 | Urat | Urek | Ughek | | 69 | Bulat | Bulek | Bulek (round, circle) | | 70 | Pasir | Pasia/Kasiak | Pase (sand) | | 71 | Sebut/Cakap | Sabuik | Sobut (Speak) | | 72 | Lihat | Liek | Nengok (look) | | 73 | Biji | Incek | Biji (seed) | | 74 | Duduk | Duduak | Dudok (sit) | | 75 | Kulit | Kulik/Jangek | Kulet (skin) | | 76 | Tidur | Lalok | Tido/Lolap (sleep) | | 77 | Asap | Asok | Asap (smoke) | | 78 | Diri | Tagak | Togak (stand) | | 79 | Bintang | Bintang | Bintang (star) | | 80 | Kecil | Ketek/Kaciak | Kocik (small) | | 81 | Batu | Batu | Batu (stone) | | 82 | Matahari | Matoari | Matohaghi (sun) | | 83 | Ekor | Ikua | Eko (tail) | | 84 | {be-}renang | {ba-}ranang | {bo-}ghonang (to swim) | | 85 | Itu | Itu | Itu (it) | | 86 | Ini | Iko | Ini (this) | | 87 | Kamu/Awak/Engkau/Kau | Awak/Sanak/Kau(perempuan)/Ang(laki-laki) | Awak/Ekau (you) | | 88 | Lidah | Lidah | Lidah (tongue) | | 89 | Gigi | Gigi | Gigi (tooth) | | 90 | Pohon/Pokok | Batang Pohon | Pokok (tree) | | 91 | Dua | Duo | Duo (two) | | 92 | {ber-}jalan | {ba-}jalan | {bo-}jalan (to go) | | 93 | hangat/panas | Angek | Paneh (hot) | | 94 | Air | Aia | Ae (water) | | 95 | Kami | Awak/Kami | Kami/Kito/Kitoghang (we) | | 96 | Apa | A/Apo | Apo/Mondo (what) | | 97 | Putih | Putiah | Puteh (white) | | 98 | Siapa | Sia/Siapo | Siapo/Sapo (who) | | 99 | Perempuan | Padusi | Poghompuan (girl) | | 100 | Kuning | Kuniang | Kuning (yellow) | | 101 | Saudara | Dunsanak | Waghih (brother, fellow) | | 102 | Hari | Ari | Aghi (day) | | 103 | Jatuh | Balambin | Bodobin/Tosombam (fall) | | 104 | Bagaimana | Bak Apo/Ba'a/Bak Mano | Camno (how) | | 105 | Pemalas | Panyagan | Penyogan/Pomaleh (lazy person) | | 106 | Mari | Mari | Maghi (come) |

1. ^ Negeri Sembilan Malay at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
2. ^ Rahilah Omar; Nelmawarni (2008). "Negeri Sembilan: Rantau Minangkabau di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu". Historia: Journal of Historical Studies (in Malay). 9 (2): 2–30.
3. ^ a b c d Reniwati (2012). "Bahasa Minangkabau dan Dialek Negeri Sembilan: Satu Tinjauan Perbandingan Linguistik Historis Komparatif". Wacana Etnik: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora (in Indonesian). 3 (1): 71–86.
4. ^ a b Idris Aman; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar; Norsimah Mat Awal (2019). "Language and Identity: A Reappraisal of Negeri Sembilan Malay Language" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 37 (1): 27–49. doi:10.21315/km2019.37.1.2.
5. ^ a b "Sejarah Awal Pemerintahan Negeri Sembilan". Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan (in Malay). 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
6. ^ a b Mestika Zed (2010). Hubungan Minangkabau Dengan Negeri Sembilan (PDF) (Working Paper) (in Indonesian). FIS Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang.
7. ^ Aslinda; Noviatri; Reniwati (2015). "The Trace of Minangkabau-Wise in Malaysian Language". Scientific Journal of PPI – UKM. 2 (7): 291–295.
8. ^ Aidafidah (4 January 2009). "Let Us Read: Kesinambungan Raja-raja Melayu". Let Us Read. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
9. ^ Reniwati; Midawati; Noviatri (2017). "Lexical Variations of Minangkabau Language within West Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia: A Dialectological Study". Geografia – Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 13 (3): 1–10. doi:10.17576/geo-2017-1303-01.
10. ^ Idris Aman; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar (2016). "Imperialisme Linguistik, Bahasa Negeri Sembilan dan Jati Diri: Apa, Mengapa, Bagaimana" [Linguistic Imperialism, Negeri Sembilan Malay Language and Identity: To Know of What, Why and How]. International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) (in Malay). 4 (3): 3–11.
11. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 357.
12. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 363.
13. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 367.
14. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 359.
15. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 362.
16. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, p. 370.
17. ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2015, pp. 358–371.

• Asmah Haji Omar (2015). Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu [_Genealogy of Malay_] (in Malay) (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (published 23 October 2015). ISBN 9789836298263.

• Hendon, Rufus S. (1966). The Phonology and Morphology of Ulu Muar Malay: (Kuala Pilah District, Negri Sembilan, Malaya). Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 70. New Haven: Dept. of Anthropology, Yale University.

• A list of terms in Negeri Sembilan's Malay dialect Archived 15 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Malay)