Rade language (original) (raw)

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Austronesian language spoken in Vietnam

Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

• Area 1
  • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
  • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
  • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
• Area 2
  • Mdhur
  • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

• Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
• Kpă – Adham: 82%
• Kpă – Ktul: 82%
• Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
• Kpă – Blô: 82%
• Kpă – Êpan: 85%
• Kpă – Drao: 81%
• Kpă – Bih: 73%

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

• Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
• Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
• Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
• Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
• Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
• Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
• Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]

The spelling is shown in italics.

Rade consonants[7][8]

| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ | | Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | | | | Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | č /c/ | k /k/ | /ʔ/ | | aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | čh /cʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | | | | voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | | | | implosive | ƀ /ɓ/ | đ /ɗ/ | dj /ʄ/ | | | | | Fricative | | s /s/ | | | h /h/ | | | Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | | | | | Rhotic | | r /r/ | | | | |

• The voiced implosives /ɓ, d, ʄ/ are also described as "preglottalized stops" ([ˀb, ˀd, ˀɟ].[7][a][9]
• According to Đoàn (1993):
  • /ɟ/ is as an affricate [d̠͡ʝ].[7][b]
  • /t, tʰ/ are dental ([t̪, t̪ʰ]).[10]
  • /j/ has slight friction ([j̝]).[10]
  • There is an optional schwa between the bilabial plosives /p, b, ɓ/ and /l, r, h/. Thus pra "scaffold" is pronounced [pᵊrä].[11]
  • /m/ is weakened before most consonants, except before the liquids /l, r/ where there may be a schwa. Compare mčah "broken" [ᵐcäh] and mla "tusk" [mᵊlä].[12]
• When other consonants is followed by /l, r, h/, there may be a schwa or coarticulation. Compare trah "to fish" [tᵊräh], tlao "to laugh" [tläu̯~t͜läu̯], dlao "to scold" [dläu̯~d͜läu̯], dhan "branch" [dhän~dʱän], jhat "bad" [ˀɟhät̚~ˀɟʱät̚], ghang "to roast" [ɡhäŋ~ɡʱäŋ].[13]
• /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
• Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[14]

Rade vowels

| | Front | Central | Back | | | | | | --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | short | long | short | long | short | long | | | High | ĭ /i/ | i /iː/ | ư̆ /ɨ/ | ư /ɨː/ | ŭ /u/ | u /uː/ | | Mid | ê̆ /e/ | ê /eː/ | ơ̆ /ə/ | ơ /əː/ | ô̆ /o/ | ô /oː/ | | Low | ĕ /ɛ/ | e /ɛː/ | ă /a/ | a /aː/ | ŏ /ɔ/ | o /ɔː/ |

• /aː, a/ are central (respectively [ä, ɐ̆]).[15]
• Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
• Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)[_clarification needed_]
• Ih – you
• Ung – husband
• Ñu – her/him
• Diñu – they
• Drei – we
• Khăp – love
• Bi êmut – hate
• idai – younger sibling
• amĭ – mom/mother
• yah – grandma/grandmother
• aê – grandma/grandfather
• Ama – father, dad daddy
• Jhat – ugly, bad
• Siam – pretty
• Siam mniê – beautiful girl
• Jăk – good
• Khăp – love
• Brei – give
• Djŏ – true
• Nao – go
• Kâo – I/me
• anăn – name
• Čar – country
• Čiăng – want/like
• Aê Diê – God
• Blŭ – speak
• Klei blŭ – language
• Bur – rice porridge
• Êmŏng – fat
• Êwang – skinny
• Jŭ – black
• Hriê/hrê – to be from
• Mơ̆ng – from
• Sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
• Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
• Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
• Anak – person
• Hriăm – learn
• Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
• Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuột (city)
• Čih – type/write
• Klei Mi – English
• Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
• loo – A lot
• klei Prăng-xê – French
• _mluk_-crazy

1. ^ The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol [ˀ] in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops /b, d, ɟ/. The phonetic description of /ɓ, d, ʄ/ includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.

2. ^ The author acknowledged the phonetic realization as an affricate ("tắc-xát"), but still treated it as a single phonological stop ("tắc").

3. ^ Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

4. ^ "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.

5. ^ a b c Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [_Vocabulary of Rade Dialects_] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.

6. ^ Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.

7. ^ Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.

8. ^ Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.

9. ^ a b c Đoàn 1993, pp. 7–8.

10. ^ Nguyen 2013, p. 13.

11. ^ Tharp & Buon-ya 1980, p. vi.

12. ^ a b Đoàn 1993, p. 8.

13. ^ Đoàn 1993, pp. 9–10.

14. ^ Đoàn 1993, p. 10.

15. ^ Đoàn 1993, p. 11.

16. ^ Đoàn 1993.

17. ^ Đoàn 1993, p. 17.

• Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [_Rade Phonetics_] (Thesis) (in Vietnamese). Hanoi.
• Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [_Ede Grammar_] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
• Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [_Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary_] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
• Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [_Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak_] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3.
• Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C58. hdl:1885/144435. ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6.

• Alphabet and pronunciation
• ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
• Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede". www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2019-11-21.