Tai Nuea language (original) (raw)
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Kra–Dai language spoken in Southeast Asia
This article is about the language primarily spoken in Yunnan, China. For language spoken in northeastern Laos, see Neua language.
| Tai Nuea | |
|---|---|
| ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ / ᥖᥭᥰ ᥢᥫᥴTai Le / Tai Ne | |
| Pronunciation | [tai˥.lə˧˥] (Mangshi) or [tɑi˥˧.nə˥] (Menglian) |
| Native to | China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos |
| Region | Southwest China |
| Ethnicity | Tai Nua, Dai |
| Native speakers | (720,000 cited 1983–2007)[1] |
| Language family | Kra–Dai TaiSouthwestern (Thai)NorthwesternTai Nuea |
| Writing system | Tai Le script |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | China (Dehong, co-official) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tdd |
| Glottolog | tain1252 Tai Nua |
| ELP | Tai Neua |
 |
|
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Buddhist scriptures in Tai Nuea
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, pronounced [tai˥.lə˧˥] (Mangshi) or ᥖᥭᥰ ᥢᥫᥴ, [tɑi˥˧.nə˥] (Menglian); Chinese: 傣那语; pinyin: Dǎinàyǔ; တဲးနိူဝ်, တႆးၼိူဝ်; Burmese: တိုင်းနေ; Thai: ภาษาไทเหนือ, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a]), also called Dehong Tai (Chinese: 德宏傣语; pinyin: Déhóng Dǎiyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทใต้คง, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ]) and Chinese Shan, is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China, especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province. It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan. It should not be confused with Tai Lü (Xishuangbanna Dai).
Most Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, Tai Nüa pronunciation: [tai˥.lə˧]), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. However, it is not related to Tai Lue, which is pronounced [tai˥.lɯ˥˧] in Tai Nuea. This similarity occurs as the result of a merger between [l] and [n] on initial position in the Mangshi dialect of Tai Nuea. It is pronounced Tai Ne (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥢᥫᥴ, [tɑi˥˧.nə˥]) in Menglian dialect.
Another autonym is [tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ), where [taɯ˧˩] means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and [xoŋ˥] means 'the Hong River' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term [taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥]. It should not be confused with the term ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ([tai˥ taɯ˧˩] or [tɑi˥˧ tɑ˩]) 'Lower Tai' which is a term used by the Tai Nuea people to refer to Shan people.
The language is also known as Tai Mau, Tai Kong and Tai Na (傣那语).[2]
Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into the Dehong (德宏) and Menggeng (孟耿) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers.
- Dehong dialect 德宏土语: 332,000 speakers
- Menggeng dialect 孟耿土语: 209,000 speakers
- Pu'er City 普洱市 / Simao District 思茅地区: Menglian 孟连, Jinggu 景谷, Lancang 澜沧, Zhenyuan 镇沅, Ximeng 西盟, Jingdong 景东, Simao 思茅, Pu'er 普洱, Mojiang 墨江
- Baoshan District 保山地区: Changning 昌宁
- Lincang District 临沧地区: Gengma 耿马, Lincang 临沧, Shuangjiang 双江, Cangyuan 沧源, Yongde 永德, Zhenkang 镇康, Yunxian 云县, Fengqing 风庆. A separate traditional script is still in use in Mengding Township 勐定镇 and Lincang 临沧. It's identical to old Shan Script but different from the one used in the Dehong area — see Zhou (2001:371).
Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones.
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | | plain | sibilant | | | | | | | | Nasal | [m]ᥛ | [n]ᥢ | | | [ŋ]ᥒ | | | | Plosive | tenuis | [p]ᥙ | [t]ᥖ | [t͡s]ᥓ | | [k]ᥐ | [ʔ]ᥟ | | aspirated | [pʰ]ᥚ | [tʰ]ᥗ | ([t͡sʰ])*ᥡ | | ([kʰ])*ᥠ | | | | Fricative | [f]ᥜ | | [s]ᥔ | | [x]ᥑ | [h]ᥞ | | | Approximant | | [l]ᥘ | | [j]ᥕ | [w]ᥝ | | |
Notes:
1. *(kʰ) and (tsʰ) occur in loanwords.
2. The consonant [l] and [n] merged to [l] in the initial position in Mangshi (芒市) dialect but not in Menglian (孟连) dialect.
3. The consonant [pʰ] and [f] merged to [pʰ] in Menglian (孟连) dialect but not in Mangshi (芒市) dialect.
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Nasal | [m]ᥛ | [n]ᥢ | | [ŋ]ᥒ | | Plosive | [p]ᥙ | [t]ᥖ | | [k]ᥐ | | Approximant | [w]ᥝ | | [j]ᥭ | |
Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
| | Front | Central-Back | Back | | | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | High | [i] ⟨◌ᥤ⟩ | [ɯ] ⟨◌ᥪ⟩ | [u] ⟨◌ᥧ⟩ | | Mid | [e] ⟨◌ᥥ⟩ | [ə] ⟨◌ᥫ⟩ | [o] ⟨◌ᥨ⟩ | | Low | [ɛ] ⟨◌ᥦ⟩ | [a] ⟨◌⟩ ~ [aː] ⟨◌ᥣ⟩(Mangshi)[ɑ] ~ [a] (Menglian) | [ɔ] ⟨◌ᥩ⟩ |
| ◌IPA: [a] / [ɑ](closed syllable) | ᥣIPA: [aː] | ᥤIPA: [i] | ᥥIPA: [e] | ᥦIPA: [ɛ] | ᥧIPA: [u] | ᥨIPA: [o](closed syllable) | ᥩIPA: [ɔ] | ᥪIPA: [ɯ] | ᥫIPA: [ə] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ᥭIPA: [ai] | ᥣᥭIPA: [aːi] | ᥧᥭIPA: [ui] | ᥨᥭIPA: [oi] | ᥩᥭIPA: [ɔi] | ᥪᥭIPA: [ɯi] | ᥫᥭIPA: [əi] | |||
| ᥝIPA: [au] | ᥣᥝIPA: [aːu] | ᥤᥝIPA: [iu] | ᥥᥝIPA: [eu] | ᥦᥝIPA: [ɛu] | ᥨᥝIPA: [o](open syllable) | ᥪᥝIPA: [ɯu]* | ᥫᥝIPA: [əu] | ||
| ᥬIPA: [aɯ](Mangshi)IPA: [ɑ](Menglian) |
* Only in Mangshi dialect.
Unchecked syllables
[edit]
Tai Nuea has six tones:
| Classification | Mangshi | Menglian | Tai Le | Tai Le (1963) | Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阴平 | 35 [˧˥] | 55 [˥] | ◌ᥴ | ◌́ | 1 |
| 阳平 | 55 [˥] | 53 [˥˧] | ◌ᥰ | ◌̈ | 2 |
| 阴上 | 31 [˧˩] | 11 [˩] | ◌ᥲ | ◌̀ | 3 |
| 阳上 | 53 [˥˧] | 31 [˧˩] | ◌ᥳ | ◌̇ | 4 |
| 阴去 | 11 [˩] | 35 [˧˥] | ◌ᥱ | ◌̌ | 5 |
| 阳去 | 33 [˧] | ◌ | ◌ | 6 |
Syllables with [p], [t], and [k] final can have only one of three tones in Mangshi (芒市) Dialect or four tones in Menglian (孟连) Dialect.
Mangshi (芒市) Dialect
| Description | Contour | Tai Le | Tai Le (1963) | Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rising | 35 [˧˥] | ◌ᥴ | ◌́ | 7 |
| high falling | 53 [˥˧] | ◌ᥳ | ◌̇ | 8 |
| ◌ | ◌ | |||
| low | 11 [˩] or 21 [˨˩] | ◌ᥱ | ◌̌ | 9 |
In Mangshi (芒市) Dialect, the high falling tone mark (◌ᥳ) is usually left unmarked.
Menglian (孟连) Dialect
| Description | Contour | Tai Le | Tai Le (1963) | Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | 55 [˥] | ◌ᥴ | ◌́ | 7 |
| low falling | 31 [˧˩] | ◌ᥳ | ◌̇ | 8 |
| rising | 35 [˧˥] | ◌ᥱ | ◌̌ | 9 |
| mid | 33 [˧] | ◌ | ◌ | 10 |
Unchecked syllable comparison
| Tai Le | Mangshi (芒市) | Menglian (孟连) | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᥜᥣᥳ | fa4 | pʰa4 | sky |
| ᥘᥣᥝ | laːu6 | lau6 | star |
| ᥢᥛᥳ | lam4 | nɑm4 | water |
| ᥑᥭᥱ | xai5 | xɑi5 | egg |
| ᥢᥣᥰ | la2 | na2 | field |
| ᥜᥨᥢᥴ | fon1 | pʰon1 | rain |
| ᥛᥨᥭᥴ | moi1 | məi1 | frost |
| ᥙᥣᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ | pa3 taɯ3 | pɑ3 tɑ3 | under |
Due to the irregular checked tones correspondence, the Tai Le used will be written in Mangshi dialect.
Checked syllable comparison
| Tai Le | Mangshi (芒市) | Menglian (孟连) | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᥖᥙᥴ | tap7 | tɑp7 | liver |
| ᥘᥨᥐ | lok8 | lok8 | bird |
| ᥞᥐ | hak8 | hɑk8 | love |
| ᥛᥩᥐᥱ | mɔk9 | mɔk9 | flower |
| ᥔᥨᥙᥱ | sop9 | sop9 | mouth |
| ᥚᥐᥴ | pʰak7 | pʰɑk10 | vegetable |
| ᥒᥫᥐ | ŋək8 | ŋək10 | dragon |
| ᥓᥫᥐ | tsək8 | tsək10 | rope |
| ᥓᥥᥙᥱ | tsep9 | tsep10 | pain |
| ᥚᥥᥖᥱ | pʰet9 | pʰet10 | spicy |
| ᥙᥥᥖᥱ | pet9 | pet10 | duck |
| ᥘᥧᥐᥴ | luk7 | luk9 | bone |
| ᥞᥧᥖᥴ | hut7 | hut9 | inhale |
| ᥐᥣᥙ | kaːp8 | kap9 | bite |
The Tai Le script is part of the Mon-Burmese family of writing systems and is closely related to the Ahom script. The script is thought to date back to the 14th century.
The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988, the spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics.
The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters.
The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables.
| ᥐ_k_IPA: [k] | ᥑ_x_IPA: [x] | ᥒ_ng_IPA: [ŋ] |
|---|---|---|
| ᥓ_ts_IPA: [ts] | ᥔ_s_IPA: [s] | ᥕ_y_IPA: [j] |
| ᥖ_t_IPA: [t] | ᥗ_th_IPA: [tʰ] | ᥘ_l_IPA: [l] |
| ᥙ_p_IPA: [p] | ᥚ_ph_IPA: [pʰ] | ᥛ_m_IPA: [m] |
| ᥜ_f_IPA: [f] | ᥝ_v_IPA: [w] | |
| ᥞ_h_IPA: [h] | ᥟ_q_IPA: [ʔ] | |
| ᥠ_kh_IPA: [kʰ] | ᥡ_tsh_IPA: [tsʰ] | ᥢ_n_IPA: [n] |
Vowels and diphthongs
[edit]
Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters:
| ᥣ_a_IPA: [aː] | ᥦ_eh_IPA: [ɛ] | ᥥ_ee_IPA: [e] | ᥤ_i_IPA: [i] | ᥧ_u_IPA: [u] | ᥨ_oo_IPA: [o] | ᥩ_o_IPA: [ɔ] | ᥪ_ue_IPA: [ɯ] | ᥫ_e_IPA: [ə] | ᥬ_aue_IPA: [aɯ] | ᥭ_ai_IPA: [ai] |
|---|
Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with the consonant ᥝ [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j].
In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone.
Tone marks were presented via the third reform (1963) as diacritics. Then the fourth reform (1988) changed them into tone letters. The tone letter is placed at the end of syllable. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones.
the six tones of Tai Nuea[3]
| Number | New (1988) | Old (1963) | Pitch |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | ᥖᥴ | ᥖ́ | mid rise ˨˦ |
| 2. | ᥖᥰ | ᥖ̈ | high fall ˥˧ |
| 3. | ᥖᥱ | ᥖ̌ | low ˩ |
| 4. | ᥖᥲ | ᥖ̀ | low fall ˧˩ |
| 5. | ᥖᥳ | ᥖ̇ | mid fall ˦˧ |
| 6. | ᥖ | ᥖ | mid ˧ |
Only three tones occur in checked syllables [syllables with a final -p, -t or -k]. The sixth tone (mid level) is not written in open syllables, and the third is not written in checked syllables.
Personal Pronouns
| | Singular | Dual | Plural | | | | | | | ----------- | -------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | -------------------- | --------- | -------- | | Mangshi | Menglian | Menglian (formal) | Mangshi | Mangshi | Menglian | | | | 1st person | exclusive | ᥐᥝ (kau6) | ᥐᥬ (kɑ6) | ᥖᥧ ᥑᥬᥲ (tu6 xɑ3) | ᥞᥣᥒᥰ ᥞᥫᥴ (haːŋ2 xə1) | ᥖᥧ (tu6) | ᥖᥧ (tu6) | | inclusive | ᥞᥣᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥰ (haːŋ2 ha2) | ᥞᥝᥰ (hau2) | ᥞᥝᥰ (hɑu2) | | | | | | 2nd person | ᥛᥬᥰ (maɯ2) | ᥛᥬᥰ (mɑ2) | ᥔᥧᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ (su1 tsɑu3) | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ ᥞᥫᥴ (sɔŋ1 xə1) | ᥔᥧᥴ (su1) | ᥔᥧᥴ (su1) | | | 3rd person | ᥛᥢᥰ (man2) | ᥛᥢᥰ (mɑn2) | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ ᥞᥣᥴ (sɔŋ1 xa1) | ᥑᥝᥴ (xau1) | ᥑᥬᥴ (xɑ1) | | |
Other Pronouns
| | Mangshi | Menglian | | | ------------- | --------------------- | -------------------- | | Reflexive | ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ (pɯ1 tsau3) | ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥘᥥᥝ (kɔi2 leu6) | | Interrogative | ᥚᥬᥴ (pʰaɯ1) | ᥙᥧᥱ ᥘᥬ (pu5 lɑ6) | | Everyone | ᥙᥫᥝ (pən6) | ᥙᥫᥝ (pən6) | | Other people | ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥴ (taŋ2 laːi1) | ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥴ (tɑŋ2 lai1) |
Tai Nuea word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.
| | Mangshi | Menglian | | | ---------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | | This | ᥘᥭᥳ (lai4) | ᥢᥭᥳ (nɑi4) | | That | ᥘᥢᥳ (lan4) | ᥢᥢᥳ (nɑn4) | | Here | ᥖᥤ ᥘᥭᥳ (ti6 lai4) | ᥖᥤ ᥢᥭᥳ (ti6 nɑi4) | | There | ᥖᥤ ᥘᥢᥳ (ti6 lan4) | ᥖᥤ ᥢᥢᥳ (ti6 nɑn4) |
Interrogative
| | Mangshi | Menglian | | | ---------- | -------------------------- | ----------------- | | What | ᥔᥒᥴ (saŋ1) | ᥖᥤ ᥔᥒᥴ (ti6 sɑŋ1) | | Why | ᥐᥩᥙ ᥖᥤ ᥔᥒᥴ (kɔp6 ti6 saŋ1) | | | Who | ᥚᥬᥴ (pʰaɯ1) | ᥙᥧᥱ ᥘᥬ (pu5 lɑ6) | | Where | (ᥖᥤ) ᥗᥬᥴ (ti6 thaɯ1) | ᥖᥤᥴ ᥘᥬ (ti1 lɑ6) | | Which | ᥘᥬ (laɯ6) | ᥘᥬ (lɑ6) | | How much | ᥑᥬ (xaɯ6) | ᥑᥬ ᥘᥬ (xɑ6 lɑ6) | | How many | ᥐᥤᥱ (ki5) | ᥐᥤᥱ (ki5) |
Numerals
| | Mangshi | Menglian | | | ---------- | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ | | 0 | ᥘᥤᥢᥳ (lin4) | ᥘᥤᥢᥳ (lin4) | | 1 | ᥘᥫᥒ (ləŋ6) | ᥢᥫᥒ (nəŋ6) | | ᥟᥥᥖᥱ (et9) | ᥟᥥᥖ (et10) | | | 2 | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ (sɔŋ1) | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ (sɔŋ1) | | 3 | ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (saːm1) | ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (sam1) | | 4 | ᥔᥤᥱ (si5) | ᥔᥤᥱ (si5) | | 5 | ᥞᥣᥲ (ha3) | ᥞᥣᥲ (ha3) | | 6 | ᥞᥨᥐᥱ (hok9) | ᥞᥨᥐ (hok10) | | 7 | ᥓᥥᥖᥱ (tset9) | ᥓᥥᥖ (tset10) | | 8 | ᥙᥦᥖᥱ (pɛt9) | ᥙᥦᥖᥱ (pɛt9) | | 9 | ᥐᥝᥲ (kau3) | ᥐᥝᥲ (kɑu3) | | 10 | ᥔᥤᥙᥴ (sip7) | ᥔᥤᥙ (sip10) | | 11 | ᥔᥤᥙᥴ ᥟᥥᥖᥱ (sip7 et9) | ᥔᥤᥙ ᥟᥥᥖ (sip10 et10) | | 20 | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥫᥒ (saːu2 ləŋ6) | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥢᥫᥒ (sau2 nəŋ6) | | 21 | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥟᥥᥖᥱ (saːu2 et9) | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥟᥥᥖ (sau2 et10) | | 25 | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥞᥣᥲ (saːu2 ha3) | ᥔᥣᥝᥰ ᥞᥣᥲ (sau2 ha3) | | 30 | ᥔᥤᥙᥴ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (saːm1 sip7) | ᥔᥤᥙ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (sam1 sip10) | | 100 | ᥙᥣᥐᥱ (paːk9) | ᥙᥣᥐᥱ (pak9) | | 205 | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ ᥙᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥭ ᥞᥣᥲ (sɔŋ1 paːk9 pai6 ha3) | ᥔᥩᥒᥴ ᥙᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥭ ᥞᥣᥲ (sɔŋ1 pak9 pai6 ha3) | | 1000 | ᥞᥥᥒᥴ (heŋ1) | ᥞᥥᥒᥴ (heŋ1) | | 10000 | ᥛᥧᥢᥱ (mun5) | ᥛᥧᥢᥱ (mun5) | | 70006 | ᥓᥥᥖᥱ ᥛᥧᥢᥱ ᥙᥣᥭ ᥞᥨᥐᥱ (tset9 mun5 paːi6 hok9) | ᥓᥥᥖ ᥛᥧᥢᥱ ᥙᥣᥭ ᥞᥨᥐ (tset10 mun5 paːi6 hok10) | | 1st | ᥐᥨᥳ ᥞᥨᥴ (ko4 ho1) | ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥢᥫᥒ (tʰon3 nəŋ6) | | 2nd | ᥐᥨᥳ ᥖᥛᥰ (ko4 tam2) | ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥔᥨᥒᥴ (tʰon3 soŋ1) | | 3rd | ᥐᥨᥳ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (ko4 saːm1) | ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (tʰon3 sam1) | | last | ᥐᥨᥳ ᥔᥧᥖᥴ (ko4 sut7) | ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥔᥧᥖ (tʰon3 sut10) |
ᥛᥬᥰ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ ᥞᥪᥴ?
maɯ2 kin6 xau3 jau4 hi1
you eat rice PERF.PTC INTERR.PTC
Have you eaten? (a common greeting)
ᥐᥝ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥖᥣᥢᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ
kau6 mo1 taan3 xaam2 tai2 taɯ3 xong2
I can speak language Tai De hong
I can speak Dehong Tai/ Tai Nuea.
A Tai Nuea edition of the newspaper 德宏团结报
A textbook printed in the Tai Nuea Language
A public sign in the Tai Nuea and Jingpo language
A board written in Chinese, Tai Nuea, and Jingpo language
Tai Nuea has official status in some parts of Yunnan (China), where it is used on signs and in education. Yunnan People's Radio Station (Yúnnán rénmín guǎngbō diàntái 云南人民广播电台) broadcasts in Tai Nuea. On the other hand, however, very little printed material is published in Tai Nuea in China. However, many signs of roads and stores in Mangshi are in Tai Nuea.
In Thailand, a collection of 108 proverbs was published with translations into Thai and English.[4]
- ^ Tai Nuea at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Revised Proposal for Encoding the Tai Le script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). 2001-10-06 – via unicode.org.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Thawi Swangpanyangkoon and Edward Robinson. 1994. (2537 Thai). Dehong Tai proverbs. Sathaban Thai Suksa, Chulalankorn Mahawitayalai.
- Chantanaroj, Apiradee (2007). A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Tai Nua Speech Varieties (PDF) (Master's thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-02.
- Luo, Yongxian (1998). A Dictionary of Dehong, Southwest China. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C145. hdl:1885/146619. ISBN 9780858834965.
- Teekhachunhatean, Roong-a-roon รุ่งอรุณ ทีฆชุณหเถียร (2000). "Reflections on Tai Dehong Society from Language Point of View". Phaasaa Lae Phaasaasart / Journal of Language and Linguistics. 18 (2): 71–82.
- Zhou, Yaowen 周耀文; Fang, Bolong 方伯龙; Meng, Zunxian 孟尊贤 (1981). "Déhóng Dǎiwén" 德宏傣文 [Dehong Dai]. Mínzú yǔwén 民族语文 (in Chinese). 1981 (3).
- Zhou, Yaowen 周耀文; Luo, Meizhen 罗美珍 (2001). Dǎiyǔ fāngyán yánjiū: Yǔyīn, cíhuì, wénzì 傣语方言硏究 : 语音, 词汇, 文字 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Zhang, Gongjin 张公瑾 (1981). "Dǎiwén jí qí wénxiàn" 傣文及其文献 [The Dai language and Dai Documents]. Zhōngguóshǐ yánjiū dòngtài 中国史研究动态 (in Chinese). 1981 (6).
- Berlie, Jean A. (1993). Neua (Na) in Yunnan (PRC) and the LPDR: A Minority and a "Non-Minority" in the Chinese and Lao Political Systems. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
- Tai Dehong
- Dehong Daiwen jianjie ji zifuji 德宏傣文简介及字符集 Archived 2005-12-02 at the Wayback Machine (Introduction to Dehong Dai with examples; in Chinese)
- Daiyu, Daiwen 傣语、傣文 (in Chinese)
- Yunnan sheng yuyan wenzi wang 云南省语言文字网 (Yunnan province language and writing web; in Chinese)