Tarifit (original) (raw)

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Zenati Berber language of northern Morocco

Tarifit
Riffian, Tarifiyt
Tmaziɣt Tarifit Tarifect
Pronunciation	[θmæzɪχt][θæɾɪfɪθ][θaɾɪfəʃt]
Native to	Northern Morocco, Melilla
Region	Rif Mountains
Ethnicity	Riffians
Native speakers	1.2 million (2024)[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic BerberNorthernZenatiTarifit
Writing system	Latin,[2] Tifinagh,[2] Arabic[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rif
Glottolog	tari1263

Tarifit (endonym: Tmaziɣt [θmæzɪχt] or Tarifit [θæɾɪfɪθ] / Tarifect [θaɾɪfəʃt]) also known as Riffian, is a Zenati Berber language spoken in the Rif region in northern Morocco. It is spoken natively by some 1,200,000[3][4] Riffians, comprising 3.2% of the population of Morocco,[1] primarily in the Rif provinces of Nador, Al Hoceima and Driouch.

The traditional autonym of the language is Tmaziɣt (Tamazight), a term that is widely used, albeit in different forms, among Berber speaking groups all over northern Africa. Tarifit / Tarifect, as a linguistic term, is a new coinage, developed when it became more and more relevant to distinguish it from other Berber varieties.[2][5]

Young man speaking Riffian Berber, recorded in Cuba.

Riffian is a Zenati Berber language,[6] consisting of various sub-dialects specific to each clan. It is spoken primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco.

Geographic distribution

[edit]

Percent of Rif-Berber speakers in Morocco by census 2004 Based on data found Here [1]

Riffian is spoken mainly in the Moroccan Rif on the Mediterranean coast and in the Rif mountains, with a large minority in the Spanish autonomous city of Melilla.[7] There are also speakers of Riffian in Morocco outside the Rif region, notably in the rest of Moroccan cities where they compose a minority. The neighbour state of Algeria is also home to Rif minorities. A Riffian-speaking community exists in the Netherlands and Belgium as well as to a lesser extent other European countries.[8][9]

There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Riffian Berber; this can easily be seen using the dialect Atlas (Lafkioui, 1997), however Riffian compose a single language with its own phonetical innovations distinct from other Berber languages. Majority of them are spoken in Northern Morocco, this includes the varieties of Al Hoceima, Temsamane, Nador, Ikbadene (including Iznasen) and the more southernly variety in the Taza province. Besides Riffian, two other related and smaller Berber languages are spoken in North Morocco: the Sanhaja de Srair and the Ghomara languages. They are only distantly related to Riffian and are not mutually intelligible with it.[5]

Linguistic map of western Algeria showing Berber-speaking areas

A few Riffian dialects are spoken, or used to be spoken, in western Algeria, particularly in settlements established by Riffian emigrants from the 19th century onward, such as Bethioua.[10][11]

Riffian dialectal groups according to Mena B. Lafkioui

There is no consensus on what varieties are considered Riffian and not, the difference of opinion mainly lie in the easternmost dialects of the Iznasen and the westernmost dialects of Senhaja de Sraïr and Ketama.[5] Dialects include West-Riffian (Al Hoceima), Central-Riffian (Nador) and East-Riffian (Berkane). Iznasen (Beni Znassen) is counted as a dialect in Kossman (1999), but Blench (2006) classifies it as one of the closely related Mzab–Wargla languages.

Lafkioui (2020) argues that the Berber varieties of the Rif area (North, Northwest, and Northeast Morocco), – including the varieties of the Senhaja (westernmost group) and of the Iznasen (easternmost group) – form a language continuum with 5 stable core aggregates:

• Western Rif Berber: cities such as Ketama and Taghzout.
• West-Central Rif Berber: cities such as Al Hoceima, Targuist, Imzouren.
• Central Rif Berber: cities such as Nador, Midar and Kassita.
• East-Central Rif Berber: cities such as Al Aaroui, Driouch and Ain Zohra.
• Eastern Rif Berber: cities such as Berkane and Ras Kebdana.

They cut across the traditionally used groupings of Senhaja, Rif, Iznasen which are in fact ethnonyms and hold no classification value of any kind, neither do they correspond to the sociolinguistic landscape of the Rif area, which shows considerable complexity.[12]

Lexical differences[5]

| | Western (Senhaja) | West-Central | Central | East-Central | Eastern | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------- | | Cat | amcic | amcic | mucc | miccew | mucc | | Chick | asiwsiw, afullus | afiǧus, fiǧus | fiǧus | iceḵʷcew, icewcew | iceḵʷcew, icewcew | | Ram | abeɛɛac | abeɛɛac, iḵerri, iḵaari | icaari, acaari, acraa | iḵaari, aḵraa | iḵerri | | Land | tamazirt | tamurt, tamuat | tammuat | tammuat, tamuat | tammurt | | Woman | tameṭut, tamɣart | tamɣart, tamɣaat | tamɣaat, tameṭṭut, tameṭut | tamɣaat, tameṭut | tamɣart, tameṭṭut, tameṭut |

| | Front | Central | Back | | | --------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | | High | i | | u | | Mid | | (ə) | | | Low | | a | |

• A mid-central vowel /ə/ can occur in lax positions.
• Lax allophones of /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪ, æ, ʊ].
• In the vicinity of pharyngealized consonants, /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪˤ, ɑˤ, ʊˤ].
• Vowels lengthen in closed final syllables, e.g. tisit [θɪsɪˑθ] 'mirror'.

All consonants except for /ŋ/, /tʃ/ and /ʔ/ have a geminate counterpart. Most of the time, a geminate is only different from its plain counterpart because of its length. Spirantized consonants have long stops as their geminate counterparts, e.g. yezḏeɣ [jəzðəʁ] 'he lives' vs. izeddeɣ [ɪzədːəʁ] 'he always lives'. There are only a few phonotactic exceptions to this, e.g. in verb suffixes before vowel-initial clitics, ṯessfehmeḏḏ-as [θəsːfəɦməðːæs]. A few consonants have divergent geminated counterparts; ḍ (/dˤ/ and /ðˤ/) to ṭṭ (/tˤː/), w (/w/) to kkʷ (/kːʷ/), ɣ (/ʁ/) to qq (/qː/), and ř (/r/) to ǧ (/dʒː/). There are some exceptions to this. This is most common with ww, e.g. acewwaf [æʃəwːæf] 'hair', and rarely occurs with ɣɣ and ḍḍ e.g. iɣɣed [ɪʁːəð] 'ashes', weḍḍaạ [wədˤːɑˤ] 'to be lost'. /dʒ/ and /dʒː/ are allophonic realizations of the same phoneme, both are common.[2]

Consonants (Iqeřɛiyen variety)[2] | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | | | | | | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | | ---------------------------------------- | | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | lab. | | | | | | | | Nasal | m | | | | n | | | | | ŋ | | | | | | | Plosive | voiceless | p | pˤ | | | t | tˤ | tʃ | | | k | kːʷ | q | | ʔ | | voiced | b | | | | d | dˤ | dʒ | | | g | gːʷ | | | | | | Fricative | voiceless | f | | θ | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | ç | x ~ χ | ħ | | | | | voiced | β | | ð | ðˤ | z | zˤ | ʒ | | (ʝ) | ɣ ~ ʁ | ʕ | ɦ | | | | | Approximant | | | | | l | lˤ | | | j | | w | | | | | | Flap | | | | | ɾ | ɾˤ | | | | | | | | | | | Trill | | | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | | | |

Notes:

• /ʝ/ has become /j/ in most of Central Riffian e.g. ayenduz [æjəndʊz] instead of aɡ̠enduz [æʝəndʊz] 'calf'.
• /ç/ has mostly become /ʃ/ in Central Riffian and only occurs in a few words, e.g. seḵsu [səçsʊ] 'couscous'.
• Pharyngealization is a spreading feature, it may spread to a whole word.
• The only pharyngealized consonants common in Berber roots are /dˤ/, /ðˤ/, /zˤ/ and /rˤ/; the others seem to mainly occur in words of Arabic and Spanish origin.
• /ʃˤ/ seems to only occur in the nouns ucca [ʊˤʃˤ:ɑˤ] 'greyhound' and mucc [mʊˤʃˤ:] 'cat'.
• /ŋ/ occurs exclusively before the consonant /w/, it may be an assimilatory variant of n.
• Labialization only occurs with the geminates /kːʷ/ and /gːʷ/.

There are quite a few assimilations that occur with the feminine suffixes t and ṯ.[2]

ḇ + ṯ = fṯ/ft (e.g. tajeǧeft < tajeǧeḇṯ 'gown/djellaba')

z + ṯ = sṯ/st (e.g. talwist < talwizṯ 'gold coin')

ẓ + ṯ = ṣṯ/ṣt (e.g. tayạạẓiṣt < tayạạẓiẓṯ 'hare')

j + ṯ = cṯ/ct (e.g. taɛejjact < taɛejjajṯ 'dust')

ɣ + ṯ = xṯ/xt (e.g. tmazixt < tmaziɣt 'Berber language')

ɛ + ṯ = ḥṯ/ḥt (e.g. tqubeḥt < tqubeɛṯ 'little bird')

There are also other assimilations.

ḏ + ṯ = tt (e.g. tabritt < tabriḏṯ 'path')

d + ṯ = tt (e.g. a t-tawi < a d-ṯawi 'she will bring here')

ḍ + ṯ = ṭṭ (e.g. tyaẓiṭṭ < tyaẓiḍṯ 'hen')

m + ṯ = nt (e.g. taxxant < taxxamṯ 'small room')

ř + ṯ = č (e.g. tameǧač < tameǧařṯ 'egg')

Spirantized consonants become stops after the consonant 'n', this occurs between words as well.

qqimen da < qqimen ḏa 'they sit here'

tilifun tameqqṛant < tilifun ṯameqqṛant 'the big phone'

Zenati sound shifts

[edit]

The initial masculine a- prefix is dropped in certain words, e.g., afus 'hand' becomes fus, and afiɣaṛ 'snake' becomes fiɣạṛ. This change, characteristic of Zenati Berber varieties, distances Riffian from neighbouring dialects such as Atlas-Tamazight and Shilha.[5]

In the history of Western and Central Riffian /l/ has become /r/ in a lot of words. In most dialects there is no difference in this consonant (ř) and in original r, but in some dialects it is more clearly distinguished by the fact that ř is trilled while r is a tap. The difference becomes clearer when they are preceded by a vowel, because only original r has a heightening effect on the vowel preceding it e.g. aři [æɾɪ] vs ari [aɾɪ]. This sound shift has affected other consonants as well.

• /l/ in other dialects corresponds to 'ř' (/r/) in Riffian (e.g. ul > uř 'heart')
• The geminate equivalent, (/lː/) in other dialects corresponds to 'ǧ' (/dʒː/) in Riffian (e.g. yelli > yeǧi 'my daughter'). It is underlyingly řř.
• /lt/ in other dialects corresponds to 'č' (/tʃ/) in Riffian (e.g. weltma > wečma 'my sister'). It is underlyingly řt.

These sound shifts do not occur in the easternmost Riffian dialects of Icebdanen and Iznasen and the westernmost dialects.[5]

Postvocalic /r/ preceding a consonantal coda is vocalized, as in taddart > taddaat 'house/home'. Thus in tamara 'hard work/misery' the /r/ is conserved because it precedes a vowel. These sound shifts do not occur in the easternmost Riffian dialects of Icebdanen and Iznasen and the westernmost dialects beyond Ayt Waayaɣeř.[5]

Like other Berber languages, Riffian has been written with several different systems over the years. Unlike the nearby Tashelhit (Shilha), Riffian Berber has little written literature before the twentieth century. The first written examples of Riffian Berber start appearing just before the colonial period. Texts like R. Basset (1897) and S. Biarnay (1917) are transcribed in the Latin alphabet but they are transcribed in a rather deficient way. Most recently (since 2003), Tifinagh has become official throughout Morocco. The Berber Latin alphabet continues to be the most used writing system online and in most publications in Morocco and abroad.[2]

Tarifiyt has two genders, masculine and feminine. In countable nouns with Berber affixes, gender is derivative: in principle, every masculine noun has a feminine counterpart. Gender derivation is relatively straightforward. The feminine is derived from the masculine form by adding an element /t-/ to the prefix, and a suffix /-t/, as in most Berber languages. With humans and higher animals, masculine and feminine mark natural gender,[2] e.g.

aḥenjia (M) 'boy' → taḥenjiat (F) 'girl'

ayyaw (M) 'grandson' → tayyawt (F) 'granddaughter'

asaadun (M) 'male mule' → tasaadunt (F) 'female mule'

afunas (M) 'ox' → tafunast (F) 'cow'

For a few basic items there exist suppletive pairs, e.g.

aayaz (M) 'man' → tamɣaat (F) 'woman'

amyan (M) 'he-goat' → tɣaṭṭ (F) 'she-goat'

icarri (M) 'ram' → tixsi (F) 'ewe'

yis (M) 'horse' → řɛawda (F) 'mare'

Tarifiyt countable nouns distinguish a singular from a plural. Masculine plurals generally take the prefix /i-/, feminines /ti-/, and take the suffix /-en/ in the masculine and /-in/ in the feminine,[2] e.g.

axxam (SG) 'room' → ixxamen (PL) 'rooms'

tafunast (SG) 'cow' → tifunasin (PL) 'cows'

A few nouns have suppletive plurals:

uma (SG) 'my brother' → ayetma (PL) 'my brothers'

učma (SG) 'my sister' → issma (PL) 'my sisters'

Nouns with Berber affixes distinguish two forms, which are related to the syntactic context and function of the noun, "Free State" and "Annexed State". The Annexed State is used for subjects placed after the verb, after all prepositions except ař and břa, as a posttopic put in extraposition to the central clause and after a few prenominal elements. The Annexed State is formed as follows: in masculines, initial /a/ becomes /we/ and initial /i/ becomes /ye/. In feminines, initial /ta/ usually becomes /te/ and initial /ti/ also usually becomes /te/,[2] e.g.

asnus → wesnus 'donkey foal (M)'

tasnust → tesnust 'donkey foal (F)'

isnas → yesnas 'donkey foals (M)'

tisnas → tesnas 'donkey foal (F)'

In the Annexed State of the masculine, the high vowels u and i are used instead of the semivowels w and y when the noun stem starts with a consonant followed by a vowel (including schwa). The feminine AS prefix does not have schwa under this condition. This has to do with the constraint on schwa in open syllables,[2] e.g.

afunas → ufunas 'bull'

tafunast → tfunast 'cow'

ifunasen → ifunasen 'bulls'

tifunasin → tfunasin 'cows'

Sources:[2][13]

Sources:[2][13]

Tarifit has loaned a fair amount of its vocabulary from Arabic, Spanish and French.[14] Around 51.7% of the vocabulary of Tarifit is estimated to have been borrowed (56.1% of nouns and 44.1% of verbs).[15] All loaned verbs follow Riffian conjugations, and some loaned nouns are Berberized as well. A lot of loans are not recognizable because of sound shifts that have undergone, e.g. ǧiřet [dʒːɪrəθ] 'night' (Arabic: al-layla), hřec [ɦrəʃ] 'sick' (Arabic: halaka).

Examples of words loaned from Classical/Moroccan Arabic

[edit]

• ddenya: 'world' (orig. al-dunyā الدنيا)
• tayezzaat: 'island' (orig. jazīra جزيرة)
• řebḥaa: 'ocean' (orig. al-baḥr البحر)
• lwalidin: 'parents' (orig. al-wālidayn الوالدين)
• ḥseb: 'to count' (orig. ḥasaba حسب)

Examples of words loaned from Spanish

[edit]

• familiya: 'family' (orig. familia)
• tpabut: 'duck' (orig. pavo)
• ṣpiṭạạ: 'hospital' (orig. hospital)
• pṛubaa: 'to try' (orig. probar)
• arrimaa: 'to land' (orig. arrimar)

Examples of words loaned from French

[edit]

• maamiṭa: 'pot' (orig. marmite)
• furciṭa: 'fork' (orig. fourchette)
• ṣuṣis: 'sausage' (orig. saucisse)
• fumaḍa: 'cream' (orig. pommade)
• jjarḍa: 'garden' (orig. jardin)

Examples of words loaned from Latin

[edit]

• faacu: 'eagle' (orig. falco)
• aqninni: 'rabbit' (orig. cuniculus)
• fiřu: 'thread' (orig. filum)
• aɣaṛṛabu: 'boat' (orig. carabus)
• asnus: 'donkey foal' (orig. asinus)

From 'An introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco)' by Khalid Mourigh and Maarten Kossmann: Sirkuḷasyun (trafic)[2]

Ssalamuɛlikum.

peace.upon.you(PL)

A: Ssalamuɛlikum.

A‍: peace.upon.you(PL)

A: Hello.

Waɛlikumssalam.

and.upon.you(PL).peace

B: Waɛlikumssalam.

B‍: and.upon.you(PL).peace

B: Hello.

A: Teẓṛid lakṣiḍa-nni yewqɛen?

A‍: you(SG).saw accident-that happening

A: Did you see the (car) crash that happened?

B: Lla, sřiɣ xas waha.

B‍: no i.heard on.it only

B: No, I only heard about it.

Wezɣenɣan.

zeghanghane(AS)

A: Tewqeɛ deggʷ brid n Wezɣenɣan.

A‍: it(F).happened in road(AS) of zeghanghane(AS)

A: It happened on the Zeghanghane road.

B: Wah, lakṣiḍa d tameqqṛant.

B‍: yes accident PRED big(F:SG:FS)

B: Yeah, it was a big (car) crash.

A: Abrid ibelleɛ maṛṛa.

A‍: road(FS) it.is.closed all

A: The whole road is closed.

B: Immut din ca n yijjen?

B‍: he.died there some of one(M:AS)

B: Did anybody die there?

A: Wah, yemmut ijjen waayaz d mmi-s, msakin.

A‍: yes he.died one man(AS) and son-his poor.guys

A: Yes, one man and his son died, the poor guys.

B: Mamec temsaa?

B‍: how it(F).happened

B: How did it happen?

A: Yesḥạạq ssṭupp uca tudef daysen ijjen ṭṭumubin.

A‍: he.burned traffic.light then it(F).entered in.them(M) one car

A: He crossed the red light and then a car hit them.

ten-yạạḥem

them(M:DO)-he.has.mercy

B: Tuɣa itazzeř ɛini. Iwa, a ten-yạạḥem sid-ạạbbi.

B‍: PAST he.runs probably well AD them(M:DO)-he.has.mercy sir-lord

B: He was probably speeding. Well, may them rest in peace.

A: Ttḥawař waha, din aṭṭas n ṭṭumubinat.

A‍: be.careful! only there much(FS) of cars

A: Just be careful. There are many cars.

B: A wah, yewseɣ uqedduḥ.

B‍: o yes it(M).is.many tin.can(AS)

B: Yes, there are many tin cans (i.e. cars).

AS: annexed state FS: free state AD: the particle 'a(d)' "non-realized"

1. ^ a b Gauthier, Christophe. "كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024". Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (in French). Retrieved 23 December 2024.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Maarten Kossmann; Khalid Mourigh (2020). An introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco). Ugarit Verlag. ISBN 9783868353075.
3. ^ Maaroufi, Youssef. "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004". Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (in French). Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
4. ^ "Population légale des régions, provinces, préfectures, municipalités, arrondissements et communes du Royaume d'après les résultats du RGPH 2014" (Xls). Morocco. Haut Commissariat au Plan. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Mena Lafkioui (2007). Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-395-2.
6. ^ Tarifit at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
7. ^ "CpM moción regular Tamazight Melilla tomando ejemplo Bable Asturias". 14 April 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2017.{{[cite web](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fweb "Template:Cite web")}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
8. ^ Gazzah, Miriam (2008). Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and Identification Processes of Dutch-Moroccan Youth. ISIM Dissertations. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-485-0649-1. It is estimated that roughly 60 to 80 % of the Moroccans in the Netherlands trace their roots back to the mountainous Rif area (Benali and Obdeijn 2005: 211) and speak a Berber language (Douwes et al. 2005: 29). [...] This has produced a rather heterogeneous Dutch-Moroccan population, which consists of Moroccan Berbers and non-Berbers, some speaking a Berber language and Moroccan-Arabic (and Dutch), others speaking only a Berber language (and Dutch), and later generations only speaking Dutch (Chafik 2004: 129). [...] The Berbers from the Rif speak Tarifit.
9. ^ Mourigh, Khalid; Kossmann, Maarten (2019). An Introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco). Ugarit-Verlag. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-86835-307-5. According to the most recent census data, Tarifiyt is spoken by 4.0 % of the Moroccan population, which amounts to about 1.35 million people. One may add to this number sizeable communities outside Morocco, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Spain.
10. ^ Destaing, Edmond (1907). Leroux, Ernest (ed.). Etude sur le dialecte Berbère des Beni-Snous (in French).
11. ^ Biarnay, Samuel (1910). Étude sur les Bet'-t'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu.
12. ^ B. Lafkioui, Mena. "Rif Berber: From Senhaja to Iznasen. A qualitative and quantitative approach to classification". ResearchGate. Mena B. Lafkioui. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
13. ^ a b Serhoual, Mohammed (2002). Dictionnaire tarifit-français (PhD thesis). Université Abdelmalk Essaidi.
14. ^ Kossmann, Maarten (2009), Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.), Tarifiyt Berber, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
15. ^ Kossmann, Maarten (2009). Loanwords in Tarifiyt, a Berber language of Morocco. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110218435.

• Biarnay, Samuel (1911). Etude sur le dialecte des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu. Alger: A. Jourdan. OCLC 458532850.
• Biarnay, Samuel (1917). Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif: Lexique, textes et notes de phonétique (in French). Paris: Leroux.
• Cadi, Kaddour (1987). Système verbal rifain: forme et sens ; linguistique tamaziqht (Nord Marocain). Études ethno-linguistiques Maghreb-Sahara. Paris: Peeters. ISBN 978-2-85297-195-0.
• Colin, Georges Séraphin (1929). "Le parler berbère des Gmara" (PDF). Hespéris. 9: 43–58.
• Kossmann, Maarten (2000). Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental. M. S. - Ussun amazigh. Paris: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-0892-5.
• Lafkioui, Mena (2007). Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif (in French). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-395-2.
• McClelland, Clive (1996). "Interrelations of Prosody, Clause Structure and Discourse Pragmatics in Tarifit Berber". Faculty Dissertations.
• McClelland, Clive W. (2000). The Interrelations of Syntax, Narrative Structure, and Prosody in a Berber Language. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-7740-7.
• Mourigh, Khalid; Kossmann, Maarten (2019). An Introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco). Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-307-5.
• Renisio, Amédée (1932). Étude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif, et des Senhaja de Sraïr: grammaire, textes et lexique (in French). Paris: E. Leroux.
• Abarrou, Jamâl (2023). Dictionnaire rifain-français illustré: Le parler d'Ayt Weryaghel (Rif central). Maroc (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-14-032788-9.

• Tarifiyt Berber Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
• INALCO report on Tarifit (fr)