Template:Harvard citation documentation - Wikipedia (original) (raw)

{{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}} is designed to be used to create shortened footnotes, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a complete citation in the references section at the end of the article (see example below). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source.

Common problems and known workarounds are given in the possible issues section below.

There are several related "Harvard" and short footnote templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is below.

Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See WP:CITEVAR.

Also note that certain uses of these templates, i.e. use of {{harv}} without <ref>...</ref> tags around it, were deprecated in September 2020. See the discussion below.

{{{1}}} generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

<ref>{{{{{1}}} | <last1*> | <last2> | <last3> | <last4> | <year*> | p= <page> | loc= <location> }}</ref>

with

<last1> – required; surname of first author or corporate author
<last2>–<last4> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation
<year> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like 2012a
|p= – specific page referenced in the source (alias: |page= )
|pp= – comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source (alias: |pages= )
|loc= – in-source location when |p= and |pp= are inappropriate; may be used to supplement |p= and |pp=; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: |at= )

Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section.

Template {{{1}}} is placed inside <ref>...</ref> tags to create shortened footnotes. Using {{{1}}} outside of <ref>...</ref> tags is deprecated in some contexts.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{{{{1}}}\|Smith	2020	p=25}} More article text.{{{{{1}}}	Smith	2020	p=25}} Still more article text.{{{{{1}}}

The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from |last_N_= or |author_N_= ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from |year= or |date=). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result.

The possible issues section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as large number of authors, no author name, multiple works in the same year, multiple authors with same last name and others.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{{{{1}}}\|Smith	2020
Article text.{{{{{1}}}\|Smith	Jones
Article text.{{{{{1}}}\|Smith	Jones
Article text.{{{{{1}}}\|Smith	Jones

Example	Consensus
The Sun is pretty big. (Miller 2005, p. 1)	Formally deprecated; replace with "The Sun is pretty big.[1]"
The paper by Eek (2020) showed...	Wordy; use "Eek showed...[1]" instead
Eek (p. 35) showed...	Wordy; use "Eek showed...[1]" instead
In 2020, Pelagic et al. found that...	Wordy; use "Pelagic et al. (2020) found that..." instead
Smith (2008) argued...	Acceptable, in contexts where both year and author are encyclopedic information
Smith argued...[1]	May be preferable to the above; no consensus

Markup	Renders as
Some information.{{harvnb\|Smith	2011
"A quote in a secondary source."{{harvtxt\|Smith	2011

Markup	Renders as
Interesting fact.{{efn\|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn	Smith	2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book	last = Smith	date = 2018
Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref\|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn	Smith	2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book	last = Smith	date = 2017

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{harv\|Smith	Jones	Brown	Black	1994	p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal	last = Smith	last2 = Jones	last3 = Brown	last4 = Black	last5 = Davis	last6 = Martinez	last7 = Hsu
Article text.{{harv\|Smith et al.	1995	p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal	last = Smith	last2 = Jones	last3 = Brown	last4 = Black	last5 = Davis	last6 = Martinez	last7 = Hsu	date = 1995	title = Another paper by many scientists	journal = Important Journal

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|BGI	1996	p=429}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book	title = Important Book	date = 1996	publisher = Big Government Institution
Article text.{{sfn \|''Popular Magazine''	1996	p=29}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite magazine	magazine = Popular Magazine	title = An Article by an Anonymous Author	date = 1996

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith	1997	p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal	last = Smith	first = Karen	date = 11 May 1997	title = Smith's 1997 paper
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith	1998	p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal	last = Smith	first = Karen	date = May 1998	title = Smith's 1998 paper

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn \|Big Government Agency	1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite	reference = {{cite report	title=Important Government Report	publisher=Big Government Agency	date=1999 }}	ref = {{harvid
Article text.{{sfn \|A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite	reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.	ref = {{harvid	A particularly unusual citation}} }}	Article text.[1] Notes ^ A particularly unusual citation. References A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.

Templates	Aliases	Example
{{Harvard citation no brackets}}	{{harvnb}}	Smith 2006, p. 25
{{Harvard citation}}	{{harv}}	(Smith 2006, p. 25)
{{Harvard citation text}}	{{harvtxt}}	Smith (2006, p. 25)
{{Harvard citation with colon text}}	{{harvcoltxt}}	Smith (2006:25)
{{Harvard citation with colon}}	{{harvcol}}	(Smith 2006:25)
{{Harvard citation with colon no brackets}}	{{harvcolnb}}	Smith 2006:25
{{Harvard citations}}	{{harvs}}	John Smith (2006, 2007) (and many other forms).
{{Harvard citation year brackets}}	{{harvp}}	Smith (2006), p. 25
{{Harvc}}	{{Citec}}	(Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work)Article text.[1] More article text.[2] Even more article text.[3] References ^ Stout & Johnson 1957. ^ Wadleigh 1957. ^ Stefferud 1957 Sources Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 704186906. Stefferud, A. Preface. In Stefferud (1957). Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. "Trace Elements". In Stefferud (1957). Wadleigh, C. H. "Growth of Plants". In Stefferud (1957).
{{sfn}}	{{Shortened footnote template}}	Article text.[1] ^ Smith 2006, p. 25.
{{Sfnp}}	Article text.[1] ^ Smith (2006), p. 25.
{{Sfnm}}	Article text.[1] ^ Smith, Jones & Brown 2020, p. 15; Smith 2006, p. 50.
{{Sfnmp}}	Article text.[1] ^ Smith, Jones & Brown (2020), p. 15; Smith (2006), p. 50.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith	2007	p=25}} More article text.{{sfn	Smith	2007	p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn
Article text.{{harvnb\|Smith	2008	p=25}}. More article text. Still more article text.{{harvnb	Smith	2008	p=26}}. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book

Markup	Renders as
Article text ({{harvnb\|Smith	2010	p=25}}; {{harvnb	Jones	2010}}).	Article text (Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010).
Article text.{{harvnb\|Smith	2010	p=25}}; {{harvnb	Jones	2010}}	Article text.[1] Notes ^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010
Article text.{{sfnm\|1a1=Smith	1y=2010	1p=25	2a1=Jones	2y=2010}}	Article text.[1] Notes ^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010.
==References== * {{cite book \|last = Smith	first = John	date = 2010	title = Smith's book}} * {{cite book	last = Jones	first = Mary	date = 2010	title = Jones' book}}	References Smith, John (2010). Smith's book. Jones, Mary (2010). Jones' book.

Markup	Renders as
The theory was developed by {{harvs\|txt	first=F. J.	last=Murray	author1-link=F. J. Murray	first2=J.	last2=von Neumann	author2-link=John von Neumann	year=1936	year2=1937	year3=1943}}.	The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943).
The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann\|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid	Murray	von Neumann	1936}}	1936]],[[#{{harvid	Murray	von Neumann	1937}}	1937]],[[#{{harvid	Murray	von Neumann	1943}}	1943]]).
== References == * {{citation \| last1 = Murray	first1 = F. J.	date = 1936	...}} * {{citation	last1 = Murray	first1 = F. J.	date = 1937	...}} * {{citation	last1 = Murray	first1 = F. J.	date = 1943	...}}	References Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), Mathematics Paper Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), Another Mathematics Paper Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), Yet Another Mathematics Paper

Markup	Renders as
{{harvcol\|Smith	2011
{{harvcolnb\|Smith	2011
{{harvcoltxt\|Smith	2011
{{harvcol\|Smith	2011
{{harvcol\|Smith	2011

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfnp\|Smith	2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith	2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

Template:Harvard citation documentation - Wikipedia (original) (raw)

Location in the source text

Hard-coded link names

Parenthetical references are deprecated

Adding a URL for the page or location

A citation inside an explanatory footnote

Multiple lists of inline citations

More than one work in a year

Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1

More than one author with the same last name

Large number of authors

No author name in citation template

Citation has |date= and no |year=

No closing period: |ps=none

Wikilink to citation does not work

Link works but displays a no target error

{{{1}}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work

Other author–date citation templates

Applications of these templates

Implementation notes

Harvard citation wikilink

Using CITEREF directly

Tracking categories

Citation has `|date=` and no `|year=`

No closing period: `|ps=none`