Mangrove crab (original) (raw)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Crabs that live on or among mangroves

Red mangrove crab
Neosarmatium meinerti

Mangrove crab

Mangrove crab

Mangrove crab

Mangrove crabs are crabs that live in and around mangroves. They belong to many different species and families and have been shown to be ecologically significant by burying and consuming leaf litter.[1][2][3][4] By shredding and burrowing the leaf litter, mangrove crabs are able to prevent tidal export, which in turn helps retain the nutrients present in their habitats.[5]This makes the nutrients around mangrove trees more available to other organisms, and thus they have an important role in maintaining ecological relationships and processes within their environments.[5] Mangrove crabs have a variety of phylogenies because mangrove crab is an umbrella term that encompasses many species of crabs.[6] Two of the most common families are sesarmid and fiddler crabs.[7] They are omnivorous and are predated on by a variety of mammals and fish.[8][9] They are distributed widely throughout the globe on coasts where mangroves are located.[10][11] Mangrove crabs have wide variety of ecological and biogeochemical impacts due to the biofilms that live in symbiosis with them as well as their burrowing habits.[12][13][14] Like many other crustaceans, they are also a human food source[15] and have been impacted by humans as well as climate change.[16]

Species and distribution

[edit]

Current estimates place the number of mangrove crab species at 481 in 6 different families, with new species being discovered frequently.[6] Mangrove crabs primarily live in the Indo-West Pacific region in mudflats along tropical coasts.[11] The largest habitats for mangrove crabs are in Southeast Asia, South America, and Northern Australia.[10] The distribution of mangrove crabs throughout these regions is often marked by horizontal and vertical zonation patterns, due to their impacts on factors of the mangrove habitats such as oxygen depth into the soil and organic matter decomposition.[17] Their role as propagule predators, or consumers of reproductive units of plants, is also critical in the maintenance of the environments in which they reside in through the broad impacts they have onto the vegetation structure and regeneration.[18] As their name suggests, they are primarily found among mangrove tree forests and form symbiotic relationships with the trees, restricting their habitat to where the trees can grow.[19]

A variety of different species are what makeup the umbrella term of mangrove crabs. The two main crabs that typically dominate mangrove ecosystems are the sesarmid (Grapsidae) and fiddler crabs (Ocypodidae).[7] The main difference between the two crab groups is their foraging habits.[7] The two typical microfauna also have different perturbation effects on the environment's soil and organic matter due to differences in burrow morphology and interactions with the microbial organisms around them.[20] Litter ingested by sesarmid crabs forms fragmented organic material that helps stimulate microbial respiration, in contrast fiddler crabs remove reactive organic carbon.[7] Mangrove crabs are a part of the Animalia kingdom and are put into the Arthropoda phylum, Malacostraca class, and Decapoda order.[21] Mangrove crabs can be classified into six different families: Camptandriidae, Dotillidae, Macrophthalmidae, Ocypodidae, Sesarmidae, and Oziidae.[6]

Types of mangrove crabs

[edit]

Ecology and biogeochemistry

[edit]

When young, mangrove crabs get most of their nutrients from polychaete worms and a multitude of microorganisms found living in the sediments and leaves of their environment.[24] As they grow older mangrove crabs are generally detritivores with their diet consisting of already dead organic material. Mangrove crabs consume a large amount of plant material but are primarily omnivorous.[25] In the mangrove swamp this includes dead leaves and corpses of other crustaceans, even that of their own species.[26] In some cases, mangrove crabs may also eat fresh mangrove leaves.[27] Mangrove crabs are predated on by wading birds, fish, sharks,[9] monkeys, hawks, and raccoons.[8] The larvae of mangrove crabs is a major source of food for juvenile fish in waterways near the crabs.[28] Adult mangrove crabs are food for the crab plover among other protected species.[21] To protect themselves the crabs can climb trees.[29] However, the mangrove crab has also been known to jump off of trees in order to escape avian predation as well.[30] Ultimately, this puts the species more at risk for fish predation and thus, the mangrove crab proves to be vulnerable whether they are up in the trees or residing near the water. Their ability to move around within the mangrove tree habitat does show a sentence of adaptability, which is not present in many other crustacean species, besides notably hermit crabs.[31]

Habitat and ecosystem engineering

[edit]

Mangroves

A mangrove

Mangrove crabs often construct and inhabit burrows in mangrove sediment, preventing factors such as loss of nutrients within their ecosystem while simultaneously promoting decomposition.[32] These burrows aid them in enduring the extremes that can be found in mangroves at high and low tide, allowing them to maintain more constant and ideal temperatures and oxygen levels. These constants can additionally aid other small benthic fauna, like polychaetes and juvenile crabs.[33] Mangrove crabs may plug their burrows at intervals determined by their circadian rhythms,[34] or they may leave them open. The variety in structures and maintenance of these burrows may lead to a variety of different impacts on mangrove sediments, such as increasing or decreasing erodibility.[4] Fiddler crabs generally have very simple 10–40 cm "J-shaped" burrows,[35] while sesarmid crabs that burrow often create complex, branching burrows that can reach over 100 cm in depth.[33] Both types of crab significantly increase the surface area of the sediment and water/air interface to similar extents when scaled for relative abundance.[7] These burrows also result in significant burial and downward travel of mangrove leaves.[36] The burrowing dynamics of mangrove crabs dramatically impacts ecosystems, these dynamics were impacted by both abiotic factors like soil composition, and biotic factors like root depth and tree density.[1] With all of these factors, both species of mangrove crabs have been known as environmental "engineers" due to their adjustments on the availability of resources, modifications to their habitats, and complexity in behaviors.[32]

Mangrove crabs modify particle size, nutrient availability, particle distribution, redox reactions, and organic matter.[7] Mangrove crabs also influence sediment biogeochemistry by altering bacterial community composition and increasing carbon and nutrient cycling through burrowing and associated changes in sediment conditions.[37] Aeration allows for additional microbial decomposition,[14] oxidation of iron, and reduction of sulfur by anaerobic microbes. This leads to extremely high pyrite concentrations in mangrove soils,[38] and removal of sulfides that negatively impact plant growth.[19][39] Surface soils are similarly impacted when mixed by mangrove crab legs.[40]

Depending on its nitrogen content, burial of detritus in crab burrows can stimulate microbial growth and activity and lead to variation in mangrove soils' carbon dioxide efflux, ammonium content, and nitrate content.[7]

The feces of mangrove crabs may help form a coprophagous food chain which contributes to mangrove secondary production.[41][42]

Biofilm endosymbiosis occurs on the gills of some mangrove crabs, namely Aratus pisonii and Minuca rapax.[13] Each species of these mangrove crabs likely have distinct bacterial compositions.[13] These microbial biofilms are locations of nitrogen transformation, particularly nitrogen fixation.[43] This nitrogen fixation has even been found to be enriched within the crab's intestines and sediments, in addition to sulfur associated compounds.[44] These compounds are thought to help the species degrade organic compounds through their roles as terminal electron acceptors in the processes which help the organism produce energy.[44] Bacteria like Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota have been found on mangrove crab carapaces. However, one bacteria that is found within the gills of mangrove crabs regardless of geological location is Illumatobacter[45] which helps the species convert ammonia to amino acids while additionally helping avoid negative side effects of their environment such as toxicity from sulfur compounds and influxes of carbon monoxide.[46] The animal-microbe associations themselves serve as a net nitrogen sink, with nitrogen fixation exceeding nitrogen losses, and thus a source of ammonium and dissolved nitrogen to the environment.[43] Crab bioturbation also alters sediment redox conditions and microbial habitat structure, influencing carbon and nutrient cycling within sediment microbial communities.[47] Another fact which further helps support the increased prevalence of N-fixation in mangrove crab habitats is the abundance of the stable N isotope in fiddler crab associated biofilms, due to the depletion of 15N isotope.[43] Its lower signature indicates a nutritional relationship between the crab species and the microbiota that reside on them. Ultimately, the importance of the biofilm may be dependent on if the crabs live primarily in burrows or outside burrows, in that crabs that live outside burrows may consume their nitrogen from microphytobenthos, while crabs that live inside their burrows may rely more on their associated microbes.[48] All crab species however, can impact the spatial abundance of nitrogen within their environments, through the process of selective grazing and moving around within their habitats depending on mating season, predatory threats, and low tides.[43]

Ideal mangrove crab habitats rely heavily on coastal depth and surface temperature.[10] Climate change due to anthropogenic activities is likely to create fluctuations in these two factors, driving the mangrove crab habitats to higher latitudes.[19] As a result, it is predicted that mangrove habitats will continually shrink for the majority of crab species.[10] Changes in crab population density and distribution may also alter sediment biogeochemical processes, since reduced bioturbation can decrease oxygen penetration and slow carbon and nutrient cycling in mangrove soils.[47] This shrinking of habitat space isolates crab communities and shrinks genetic diversity, making many species more vulnerable to extinction.[19] The species distribution of the crabs will also be affected negatively, since their distribution is often contributed to land use, salinity, and abundance of predators. With the shrinking of habitats and changes in population diversity, the most important factor for preservation is the focus on small, interconnected mangrove sites which could act as a recruitment site of different kinds of organisms, including the mangrove crab population.[49]

Like many other crustaceans, mangrove crabs have historically been caught, prepared and eaten by people all over the world. Crab meat can be prepared simply by boiling the crab either dead or alive until the shell turns from black to red.[50] This practice may be threatened by human activities, however, as microplastics have been found to be abundantly common in the gills of mangrove crabs due to human pollution.[15] This not only negatively affects the health of the crabs, but could affect the health of humans who consume them.[15]

Around 6,000 km2 of mangrove was deforested between 1996 and 2016, usually redeveloped for fish and shrimp aquaculture, rice cultivation, palm oil plantations,[16] and sometimes urbanization.[51] Diversity of mangrove crabs does not seem to be negatively affected in abandoned aquaculture plots, though logging has significant negative effects on mangrove crab diversity.[52]

  1. ^ a b Egawa, Ryohei; Sharma, Sahadev; Nadaoka, Kazuo; MacKenzie, Richard A. (2021-05-05). "Burrow dynamics of crabs in subtropical estuarine mangrove forest". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 252 107244. Bibcode:2021ECSS..25207244E. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107244. ISSN 0272-7714.
  2. ^ Luiz Drude de Lacerda (2002). Mangrove ecosystems: function and management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-42208-0. OCLC 49238708.
  3. ^ Tomas Tomascik (1997). The ecology of the Indonesian seas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850186-2. OCLC 37594550.
  4. ^ a b Botto, F.; Iribarne, O. (August 2000). "Contrasting Effects of Two Burrowing Crabs (Chasmagnathus granulata and Uca uruguayensis) on Sediment Composition and Transport in Estuarine Environments". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 51 (2): 141–151. Bibcode:2000ECSS...51..141B. doi:10.1006/ecss.2000.0642. ISSN 0272-7714.
  5. ^ a b So, Mandy Wing Kwan; Vorsatz, Lyle Dennis; Cannicci, Stefano; Not, Christelle (2023-10-01). "The role of mangrove crabs, the key macrofaunal bioengineers, in microplastic production in tropical coastal forests". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 63 103012. Bibcode:2023RSMS...6303012S. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103012. ISSN 2352-4855.
  6. ^ a b c Sharifian, Sana; Kamrani, Ehsan; Saeedi, Hanieh (August 2020). "Global biodiversity and biogeography of mangrove crabs: Temperature, the key driver of latitudinal gradients of species richness". Journal of Thermal Biology. 92 102692. Bibcode:2020JTBio..9202692S. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102692. ISSN 0306-4565. PMID 32888577. S2CID 221503106.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Kristensen, Erik (February 2008). "Mangrove crabs as ecosystem engineers; with emphasis on sediment processes". Journal of Sea Research. 59 (1–2): 30–43. Bibcode:2008JSR....59...30K. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.004.
  8. ^ a b Warne, Kennedy (2012). Let Them Eat Shrimp: the Tragic Disappearance of the Rainforests of the Sea. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-61091-024-8. OCLC 974227612.
  9. ^ a b "Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata)" (PDF). Information Sheets for Fishing Communities. SPC and LMMA network. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  10. ^ a b c d Sharifian, Sana; Kamrani, Ehsan; Saeedi, Hanieh (2021-10-20). "Global Future Distributions of Mangrove Crabs in Response to Climate Change". Wetlands. 41 (8): 99. Bibcode:2021Wetl...41...99S. doi:10.1007/s13157-021-01503-9. ISSN 1943-6246. S2CID 244593903.
  11. ^ a b Nagelkerken, I.; Blaber, S. J. M.; Bouillon, S.; Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L. G.; Meynecke, J. -O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H. M.; Sasekumar, A.; Somerfield, P. J. (August 2008). "The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review". Aquatic Botany. Mangrove Ecology – Applications in Forestry and Costal Zone Management. 89 (2): 155–185. Bibcode:2008AqBot..89..155N. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007. ISSN 0304-3770.
  12. ^ Christopher Makowski; Charles W. Finkl (2018). Threats to mangrove forests: hazards, vulnerability, and management. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-73016-5. OCLC 1032070688.{{[cite book](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fbook "Template:Cite book")}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ a b c Béziat, Naëma S.; Duperron, Sébastien; Halary, Sébastien; Azede, Catherine; Gros, Olivier (September 2021). "Bacterial ectosymbionts colonizing gills of two Caribbean mangrove crabs". Symbiosis. 85 (1): 105–114. Bibcode:2021Symbi..85..105B. doi:10.1007/s13199-021-00801-4. ISSN 0334-5114. S2CID 238703834.
  14. ^ a b Kristensen, Erik; Holmer, Marianne (2001-02-01). "Decomposition of plant materials in marine sediment exposed to different electron acceptors (O2, NO3−, and SO42−), with emphasis on substrate origin, degradation kinetics, and the role of bioturbation". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 65 (3): 419–433. Bibcode:2001GeCoA..65..419K. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00532-9. ISSN 0016-7037.
  15. ^ a b c Aguirre-Sanchez, Angelica; Purca, Sara; Indacochea, Aldo G. (January 2022). "Microplastic Presence in the Mangrove Crab Ucides occidentalis (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) (Ortmann, 1897) Derived From Local Markets in Tumbes, Peru". Air, Soil and Water Research. 15 11786221221124549: 117862212211245. Bibcode:2022ASWR...1511245A. doi:10.1177/11786221221124549. ISSN 1178-6221.
  16. ^ a b Richards, Daniel R.; Friess, Daniel A. (2016-01-12). "Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (2): 344–349. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..344R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1510272113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4720307. PMID 26712025.
  17. ^ Sharifian, Sana; Kamrani, Ehsan; Saeedi, Hanieh (2020-08-01). "Global biodiversity and biogeography of mangrove crabs: Temperature, the key driver of latitudinal gradients of species richness". Journal of Thermal Biology. 92 102692. Bibcode:2020JTBio..9202692S. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102692. ISSN 0306-4565. PMID 32888577.
  18. ^ Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; Koedam, N.; Satyanarayana, B.; Cannicci, S. (April 2011). "Human hydrographical changes interact with propagule predation behaviour in Sri Lankan mangrove forests". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 399 (2): 188–200. Bibcode:2011JEMBE.399..188D. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.11.012.
  19. ^ a b c d Dehghani, Maryam; Shadi, Ahmad; Gandomi, Yasaman; Ghasemi, Ahmad (2022-10-05). "Health Assessment of Nayband National Park Mangroves and Genetic Diversity of Associated Sesarmid Crab Parasesarma Persicum". Wetlands. 42 (7): 83. Bibcode:2022Wetl...42...83D. doi:10.1007/s13157-022-01617-8. ISSN 1943-6246. S2CID 252695978.
  20. ^ Yang, Yuting; Liang, Qiwen; Peng, Yisheng; Paterson, David M. (February 2025). "Differential mediation of biogeochemical processes through bioturbation by fiddler and sesarmid mangrove crabs". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 211 117431. Bibcode:2025MarPB.21117431Y. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117431. PMID 39662187.
  21. ^ a b J. Seys; G. Moragwa; P. Boera; M. Ngoa (June 1995). "Distribution and abundance of birds in tidal creeks and estuaries of the Kenyan coast between the Sabaki river and Gazi Bay". Scopus. 19: 47–60. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  22. ^ Olafsson, Emil; Buchmayer, Susanne; Skov, Martin W. (December 2002). "The East African decapod crab Neosarmatium meinerti (de Man) sweeps mangrove floors clean of leaf litter". Ambio. 31 (7–8): 569–573. Bibcode:2002Ambio..31..569O. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-31.7.569. ISSN 0044-7447. PMID 12572824.
  23. ^ Giddins, R. L.; Lucas, J. S.; Nielson, M. J.; Richards, G. N. (October 15, 1986). "Feeding ecology of the mangrove crab Neosarmatium smithi (Crustacea: Decapoda: Sesarmidae)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 33: 147–155. Bibcode:1986MEPS...33..147G. doi:10.3354/meps033147.
  24. ^ "Mangrove Crabs: Types, main characteristics and importance". Discovering All Marine Species (in Spanish). 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  25. ^ Erickson, Amy A.; Feller, Ilka C.; Paul, Valerie J.; Kwiatkowski, Lisa M.; Lee, Woody (February 2008). "Selection of an omnivorous diet by the mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii in laboratory experiments". Journal of Sea Research. 59 (1–2): 59–69. Bibcode:2008JSR....59...59E. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2007.06.007.
  26. ^ Mohammed, Saleema (2016). "Goniopsis Cruentata (Mangrove Root Crab)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
  27. ^ Alongi, D. M. (2008). The dynamics of tropical mangrove forests. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4271-3. OCLC 314796863.
  28. ^ A. I. Robertson; D. M. Alongi (1992). Tropical mangrove ecosystems. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 978-1-118-66508-4. OCLC 647036902.
  29. ^ Peter K. L. Ng; Richard Corlett; Hugh T. W. Tan (2011). Singapore biodiversity: an encyclopedia of the natural environment and sustainable development. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet in association with Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research. ISBN 978-981-4260-08-4. OCLC 719429723.
  30. ^ Yeager, Lauren A.; Stoner, Elizabeth W.; Peters, Joseph R.; Layman, Craig A. (February 2016). "A terrestrial-aquatic food web subsidy is potentially mediated by multiple predator effects on an arboreal crab". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 475: 73–79. Bibcode:2016JEMBE.475...73Y. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.10.017.
  31. ^ Kricher, John (2015). A Neotropical Companion: an Introduction to the Animals, Plants, and Ecosystems of the New World Tropics. Illustrated by Andrea S. LeJeune. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6691-5. OCLC 900344180.
  32. ^ a b Kristensen, Erik (February 2008). "Mangrove crabs as ecosystem engineers; with emphasis on sediment processes". Journal of Sea Research. 59 (1–2): 30–43. Bibcode:2008JSR....59...30K. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.004.
  33. ^ a b Thongtham, Nalinee; Kristensen, Erik (2003). "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mangrove Crab (Neoepisesarma versicolor) Burrows in the Bangrong Mangrove Forest, Phuket, Thailand; With Emphasis on Behavioural Response to Changing Environmental Conditions". Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment (hal-03205157): 141–151.
  34. ^ de la Iglesia, Horacio O.; Rodríguez, Enrique M.; Dezi, Rubén E. (1994-05-01). "Burrow plugging in the crab Uca uruguayensis and its synchronization with photoperiod and tides". Physiology & Behavior. 55 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90079-5. ISSN 0031-9384. PMID 8022913.
  35. ^ Lim, Shirley S. L. (2006). "Fiddler Crab Burrow Morphology: How Do Burrow Dimensions and Bioturbative Activities Compare in Sympatric Populations of Uca vocans (Linnaeus, 1758) and U. annulipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)?". Crustaceana. 79 (5): 525–540. Bibcode:2006Crust..79..525L. doi:10.1163/156854006777584241. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20107679.
  36. ^ Micheli, Fiorenza (1993-10-15). "Feeding ecology of mangrove crabs in North Eastern Australia: mangrove litter consumption by Sesarma messa and Sesarma smithii". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 171 (2): 165–186. Bibcode:1993JEMBE.171..165M. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(93)90002-6. ISSN 0022-0981.
  37. ^ Booth, Jenny Marie; Fusi, Marco; Marasco, Ramona; Mbobo, Tumeka; Daffonchio, Daniele (2019-03-06). "Fiddler crab bioturbation determines consistent changes in bacterial communities across contrasting environmental conditions". Scientific Reports. 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40315-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6403291. PMID 30842580.
  38. ^ Holmer, Marianne; Kristensen, Erik; Banta, Gary; Hansen, Kim; Jensen, Mikael Hjorth; Bussawarit, Nipuvan (1994). "Biogeochemical Cycling of Sulfur and Iron in Sediments of a South-East Asian Mangrove, Phuket Island, Thailand". Biogeochemistry. 26 (3): 145–161. Bibcode:1994Biogc..26..145H. doi:10.1007/BF00002904. ISSN 0168-2563. JSTOR 1469192. S2CID 97990426.
  39. ^ Smith, Thomas J.; Boto, Kevin G.; Frusher, Stewart D.; Giddins, Raymond L. (November 1991). "Keystone species and mangrove forest dynamics: the influence of burrowing by crabs on soil nutrient status and forest productivity". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 33 (5): 419–432. Bibcode:1991ECSS...33..419S. doi:10.1016/0272-7714(91)90081-L.
  40. ^ Kristensen, Erik; Alongi, Daniel M. (2006). "Control by Fiddler Crabs (Uca vocans) and Plant Roots (Avicennia marina) on Carbon, Iron, and Sulfur Biogeochemistry in Mangrove Sediment". Limnology and Oceanography. 51 (4): 1557–1571. Bibcode:2006LimOc..51.1557K. doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1557. ISSN 0024-3590. JSTOR 3841131. S2CID 2381983.
  41. ^ Lee, Sy (1997). "Potential trophic importance of the faecal material of the mangrove sesarmine crab Sesarma messa". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 159: 275–284. Bibcode:1997MEPS..159..275L. doi:10.3354/meps159275. ISSN 0171-8630.
  42. ^ Gillikin, David Paul; Tack, Jurgen; De Grave, Sammy (2001). "The Occurrence of the Semi-Terrestrial Shrimp Merguia Oligodon (De Man, 1888) in Neosarmatium Smithi H. Milne Edwards, 1853 Burrows in Kenyan Mangroves". Crustaceana. 74 (5): 505–507. Bibcode:2001Crust..74..505G. doi:10.1163/156854001750243081. ISSN 0011-216X.
  43. ^ a b c d Zilius, Mindaugas; Bonaglia, Stefano; Broman, Elias; Chiozzini, Vitor Gonsalez; Samuiloviene, Aurelija; Nascimento, Francisco J. A.; Cardini, Ulisse; Bartoli, Marco (2020-08-18). "N2 fixation dominates nitrogen cycling in a mangrove fiddler crab holobiont". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13966. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013966Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70834-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7435186. PMID 32811860.
  44. ^ a b Tongununui, Prasert; Kuriya, Yuki; Murata, Masahiro; Sawada, Hideki; Araki, Michihiro; Nomura, Mika; Morioka, Katsuji; Ichie, Tomoaki; Ikejima, Kou; Adachi, Kohsuke (2021-12-31). Fusi, Marco (ed.). "Mangrove crab intestine and habitat sediment microbiomes cooperatively work on carbon and nitrogen cycling". PLOS ONE. 16 (12) e0261654. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1661654T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261654. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8719709. PMID 34972143.
  45. ^ Matsumoto, Atsuko; Kasai, Hiroaki; Matsuo, Yoshihide; Shizuri, Yoshikazu; Ichikawa, Natsuko; Fujita, Nobuyuki; Ōmura, Satoshi; Takahashi, Yōko (September 2013). "Ilumatobacter nonamiense sp. nov. and Ilumatobacter coccineum sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 9): 3404–3408. Bibcode:2013IJSEM..63.3404M. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.047316-0. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 23524358.
  46. ^ Fusi, Marco; Ngugi, David K.; Marasco, Ramona; Booth, Jenny Marie; Cardinale, Massimiliano; Sacchi, Luciano; Clementi, Emanuela; Yang, Xinyuan; Garuglieri, Elisa; Fodelianakis, Stilianos; Michoud, Grégoire; Daffonchio, Daniele (2023-08-24). "Gill-associated bacteria are homogeneously selected in amphibious mangrove crabs to sustain host intertidal adaptation". Microbiome. 11 (1) 189. doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01629-4. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 10463870. PMID 37612775.
  47. ^ a b Sarker, Subrata; Masud‐Ul‐Alam, Md; Hossain, M. Shahadat; Rahman Chowdhury, Sayedur; Sharifuzzaman, Sm (May 2021). "A review of bioturbation and sediment organic geochemistry in mangroves". Geological Journal. 56 (5): 2439–2450. doi:10.1002/gj.3808. ISSN 0072-1050.
  48. ^ Gao, Xueqin; Lee, Shing Yip (2022). "Feeding Strategies of Mangrove Leaf-Eating Crabs for Meeting Their Nitrogen Needs on a Low-Nutrient Diet". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9 872272. Bibcode:2022FrMaS...972272G. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.872272. hdl:10072/419423. ISSN 2296-7745.
  49. ^ Stiepani, Johann; Gillis, Lucy Gwen; Chee, Su Yin; Pfeiffer, Martin; Nordhaus, Inga (September 2021). "Impacts of urbanization on mangrove forests and brachyuran crabs in Penang, Malaysia". Regional Environmental Change. 21 (3) 69. Bibcode:2021REnvC..21...69S. doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01800-3. ISSN 1436-3798.
  50. ^ De Cock, Andrée; Forio, Marie Anne Eurie; De Meulenaer, Bruno; Tack, Filip; Dominguez-Granda, Luis; Goethals, Peter L.M. (2023-02-01). "The nutritional quality of the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis), harvested at two reserves in the Guayas estuary". Food Chemistry. 401 134105. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134105. hdl:1854/LU-8766631. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 36108382. S2CID 252099001.
  51. ^ Stiepani, Johann; Gillis, Lucy Gwen; Chee, Su Yin; Pfeiffer, Martin; Nordhaus, Inga (2021-06-18). "Impacts of urbanization on mangrove forests and brachyuran crabs in Penang, Malaysia". Regional Environmental Change. 21 (3): 69. Bibcode:2021REnvC..21...69S. doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01800-3. ISSN 1436-378X.
  52. ^ Geist, Simon Joscha; Nordhaus, Inga; Hinrichs, Saskia (2012-01-01). "Occurrence of species-rich crab fauna in a human-impacted mangrove forest questions the application of community analysis as an environmental assessment tool". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 96: 69–80. Bibcode:2012ECSS...96...69G. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.10.002. ISSN 0272-7714.