だ - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)
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The hiragana character た (ta) with a dakuten (゛).
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
- Forms beginning with だ or で: From the particle で (de) or である (de aru). The lemma form だ itself is a contraction of であ, clipping of である (de aru).
- Forms beginning with な: From classical Japanese なる (naru), whence Modern Japanese な (na, na-inflection ending).
- (auxiliary) Following parts of speech that do not inflect by themselves, including nouns, na-adjectives, adverbs and postpositional phrases.
- to be
彼(かれ)は無(む)実(じつ)だ。
Kare wa mujitsu da.
He is innocent.
冬(ふゆ)休(やす)みは明日(あした)からだ。
Fuyu yasumi wa ashita kara da.
Winter vacation is from tomorrow. (Winter vacation starts from tomorrow.)
私(わたし)が子(こ)供(ども)だった頃(ころ)
watashi ga kodomo datta koro
when I was a child
美(び)人(じん)で優(やさ)しい人(ひと)
bijin de yasashii hito
a person who is beautiful and kind
大(だい)学(がく)生(せい)ならこれくらいはできるはずです。
Daigakusei nara kore kurai wa dekiru hazu desu.
This should be easy for a college student. - should; be obliged to; ought to
汚(お)物(ぶつ)は消(しょう)毒(どく)だ。
Obutsu wa shōdoku da.
The filth should be disinfected.
お代(か)わりだ。
Okawari da.
(Of a second helping) one more please.
二(に)度(ど)と来(く)るんじゃない！
Nido to kuru n ja nai!
Never come again!
- to be
- (auxiliary) Some forms also follow inflectable words.
- です follows _i_-adjectives, as the standard polite terminal form for _i_-adjectives.
遅(おそ)いですね。
Osoi desu ne.
You are too slow. - だろう / でしょう / なら can follow any inflectable word, forming suppletive volitional/polite volitional/conditional forms.
飲(の)むなら乗(の)るな！
Nomu nara noru na!
If you are to drink, don't drive!
彼(かれ)はきっと成(せい)功(こう)するだろう。
Kare wa kitto seikō suru darō.
He will surely succeed.
- です follows _i_-adjectives, as the standard polite terminal form for _i_-adjectives.
- (auxiliary) Not following any words, but used before some conjunctives or in some inflected forms, to represent the aforementioned statement.
山(やま)をなめてはいけない。でないと死(し)んじゃうよ。
Yama o namete wa ikenai. De nai to shinjau yo.
Don't underestimate the difficulty of mountaineering. If you do, you could die.
だ is the only commonly used modern Japanese verb with the terminal form (終止形) distinct from the attributive form (連体形). As relative clauses in Japanese are syntactically equivalent to attributives, relative clauses must end in the attributive form. Thus だ, as a terminal form, cannot appear at the end of a relative clause. The following forms are used instead of だ in such places:
Use の after nouns, adverbs or prepositional phrases. But use な before the nominalizer の.
学(がく)生(せい)のアリス
gakusei no Arisu
Alice, who is a student
ここまでのあらすじ
koko made no arasuji
the plot summary up to now
後(あと)味(あじ)もすっきりなのが特(とく)徴(ちょう)です。
Atoaji mo sukkiri na no ga tokuchō desu.
That the aftertaste is refreshing too is its distinguishing feature.
今日(きょう)は休(やす)みなので早(はや)起(お)きしてなかった。
Kyō wa yasumi na no de hayaoki shite nakatta.
I didn't get up early because it is a holiday today.
- Use な after a na-adjective.
実(じっ)家(か)が裕(ゆう)福(ふく)な友人(ゆうじん)
jikka ga yūfuku na yūjin
a friend whose family is rich
- Alternatively, である can be used when following nouns and denoting the meaning "to be".
学(がく)生(せい)であるアリス
gakusei de aru Arisu
Alice, who is a student
- This word is phonologically an enclitic, similar to particles. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
| Stem forms | ||
|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | だろでは | darode wa |
| Continuative (連用形) | だっで | da'de |
| Terminal (終止形) | だ | da |
| Attributive (連体形) | であるな | de aruna |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | であれなら | de arenara |
| Imperative (命令形) | - | - |
| Key constructions | ||
| Passive | - | - |
| Causative | - | - |
| Potential | - | - |
| Volitional | だろう | darō |
| Negative | ではないじゃない¹でない | de wa naija nai¹de nai |
| Negative continuative | ではなくてじゃなくて¹ | de wa nakuteja nakute¹ |
| Formal | です | desu |
| Perfective | だった | datta |
| Conjunctive | で | de |
| Hypothetical conditional | ならばであれば | narabade areba |
| ¹ Colloquial contraction |
- である (de aru)
- や (ya) (Kansai dialect)
- じゃ (ja) (Some western dialects. Also used in archaic speech in fictional characters or as slang)
- じゃい (jai) (dialect or slang)
- です (desu) (polite)
- ございます (gozaimasu) (humble)
Japanese basic inflections
| Verbs | -i adjectives | nouns and -na adjectives | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonpast | Plain | Affirmative | Use the dictionary form | stem + い (-i) | noun + だ (da)(noun + である (de aru)) |
| Negative | mizenkei + ない (-nai) | stem + くない (-ku nai) | noun + で（は）ない (de [wa] nai) | ||
| Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) | stem + いです (-i desu) | noun + です (desu) | |
| Negative | ren'yōkei + ません (-masen) | stem + くないです (-ku nai desu)stem + くありません (-ku arimasen) | noun + で（は）ないです (de [wa] nai desu)noun + で（は）ありません (de [wa] arimasen) | ||
| Past | Plain | Affirmative | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + た (-ta) | stem + かった (-katta) | noun + だった (datta)(noun + であった (de atta)) |
| Negative | mizenkei + なかった (-nakatta) | stem + くなかった (-ku nakatta) | noun + で（は）なかった (de [wa] nakatta) | ||
| Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ました (-mashita) | stem + かったです (-katta desu) | noun + でした (deshita) | |
| Negative | ren'yōkei + ませんでした (-masen deshita) | stem + くなかったです (-ku nakatta desu)stem + くありませんでした (-ku arimasen deshita) | noun + で（は）なかったです (de [wa] nakatta desu)noun + で（は）ありませんでした (de [wa] arimasen deshita) | ||
| Volitional | Plain | mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + う (-u > -o)mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō) | †stem + かろう (-karō)(stem + いだろう (-i darō)) | noun + だろう (darō)(noun + であろう (de arō)) | |
| Polite | ren'yōkei + ましょう (-mashō) | (stem + いでしょう (-i deshō)) | noun + でしょう (deshō) | ||
| Conjunctive | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + て (-te) | stem + くて (-kute) | noun + で (de)(noun + であって (de atte)) | ||
| Hypothetical conditional | kateikei + ば (-ba) | stem + ければ (-kereba) | (noun + であれば (de areba)) |