中華 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 中华

| | middle; center | flowery; flourishing; magnificent | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | | trad. (中華) | 中 | 華 | | simp. (中华) | 中 | 华 | | anagram | 華中／华中 | |

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.

First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017[1]).

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, _trad._]

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, _simp._]

From: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5th century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

• Mandarin
  (Pinyin): Zhōnghuá
  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung1 waa4
• Hakka
  (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-fà
  (Hailu, HRS): zhungˋ fa
  (Meixian, Guangdong): zung1 fa2
• Eastern Min (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-huà
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): doeng1 hua2 / dyeng1 hua2
• Southern Min
  (Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-hôa / Tiong-hoa
  (Teochew, Peng'im): dong1 hua5
• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1tson-gho6 / 1tson-gho2

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)+
    * Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá
    * Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
    * Tongyong Pinyin: Jhonghuá
    * Wade–Giles: Chung1-hua2
    * Yale: Jūng-hwá
    * Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonghwa
    * Palladius: Чжунхуа (Čžunxua)
    * Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
    * Jyutping: zung1 waa4
    * Yale: jūng wàh
    * Cantonese Pinyin: dzung1 waa4
    * Guangdong Romanization: zung1 wa4
    * Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    * Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-fà
    * Hakka Romanization System: zungˊ faˇ
    * Hagfa Pinyim: zung1 fa2
    * Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    * Hakka Romanization System: zhungˋ fa
    * Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    * Guangdong: zung1 fa2
    * Sinological IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    * Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-huà
    * Sinological IPA (key): /tyŋ⁵⁵ (h-)ŋua⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    * Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: doeng5 hua2]
    * Sinological IPA (key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/
  • (Putian)
    * Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: doeng5 ngua2]
    * Sinological IPA (key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ (h-)ŋua¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    * Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: dyeng5 hua2]
    * Sinological IPA (key): /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    * Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng1 hua2 [Phonetic: dyeng5 ngua2]
    * Sinological IPA (key): /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ (h-)ŋua¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    * Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa
    * Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ
    * Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa
    * IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/
    * IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
    * IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
    * IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
    * IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    * Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hoa
    * Tâi-lô: Tiong-hua
    * Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaf
    * IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    * Peng'im: dong1 hua5
    * Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong huâ
    * Sinological IPA (key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    * Wugniu: 1tson-gho6
    * MiniDict: tson平 gho去
    * Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1tson-hho3
    * Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    * Wugniu: 1tson-gho2
    * MiniDict: tson平 gho平
    * Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡soŋ⁴⁴ ɦo/

• Middle Chinese: trjuwng hwae

• Old Chinese
  (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/
  (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ ɡʷraː/

中華

1. (formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)
   振興中華／振兴中华 ― zhènxīng Zhōnghuá ― to revitalize China
   中華名小吃／中华名小吃 ― Zhōnghuá míngxiǎochī ― famous Chinese snack
   中華文化／中华文化 ― Zhōnghuá wénhuà ― Chinese culture
   中華文明／中华文明 ― Zhōnghuá wénmíng ― Chinese civilization
   中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛 ― Zhōnghuá shìjì tán ― China Millennium Monument
   • 自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。 [Literary Chinese, _trad._]
     自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。 [Literary Chinese, _simp._]
     From: 362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin
     Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè. [Pinyin]
     Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version[2])
   • 中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, _trad._]
     From: 《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910
     중화의관(을) 아착복(하고) 중화시서(를) 아송독(하니라). 아삼사존중화의체(를) 문역다(하야) 백수상아중화가(하니) 천하인(아) 경이청아중화가(하라).
     Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara]. [Sino-Korean]
     I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.
2. (～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan
3. Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”).
   中華隊／中华队 ― Zhōnghuá duì ― Team Chinese Tapei

• In traditional East Asian thought, 華／华 (Huá) or 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá), often translated as "Chinese", has a philosophical connotation of civilizedness and decorous behavior that transcends a strictly ethnic definition. This is in opposition to "foreigners" or "barbarians", 夷 (yí) or 夷狄 (yídí), whose cultures are uncivilized and lacking in proper morality. Therefore, in certain contexts, other nations of the East Asian cultural sphere could refer to themselves as 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá) in the sense that they were civilized people following the classical traditions first established in Ancient China, without meaning that they saw themselves as Chinese in an ethnic sense.

• Although also used in the formal names of both the Republic and People's Republic of China, the term carries a somewhat broader sense than 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “state of China”) and connotes something like the "nation of the Chinese people" or "land of the Chinese culture".

• (China):

• 中 (abbreviation)

• 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)

• 中原 (Zhōngyuán)

• 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)

• 中華 / 中华

• 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)

• 唐山 (Tángshān)

• 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)

• 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)

• 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)

• 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)

• 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)

• 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)

• 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)

• 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)

• 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)

• 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)

• 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)

• 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)

• 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)

• 華 / 华 (abbreviation)

• 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)

• 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)

• 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)

• 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)

• 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)

• 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)

• 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)

• 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

• 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)

• 中華山 / 中华山 (Zhōnghuáshān)

• 中華帝國 / 中华帝国 (Zhōnghuá Dìguó)

• 中華文化圈 / 中华文化圈 (Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān)

• 中華民國 / 中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó)

• 中華民族 / 中华民族 (Zhōnghuá mínzú)

• 中華民族偉大復興 / 中华民族伟大复兴 (Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng)

• 中華淡竹葉 / 中华淡竹叶 (Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè)

• 中華秋沙鴨 / 中华秋沙鸭 (Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā)

• 中華穿山甲 / 中华穿山甲 (Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ)

• 中華肝吸蟲 / 中华肝吸虫 (zhōnghuá gānxīchóng)

• 中華肝吸蟲病 / 中华肝吸虫病

• 中華臺北 / 中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi)

• 中華航空 / 中华航空 (Zhōnghuá Hángkōng)

• 中華菊頭蝠 / 中华菊头蝠 (Zhōnghuá jútóufú)

• 中華蘇維埃共和國 / 中华苏维埃共和国 (Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó)

• 中華路 / 中华路 (Zhōnghuálù)

• 中華鈰礦 / 中华铈矿 (Zhōnghuá shìkuàng)

• 中華門 / 中华门 (Zhōnghuámén)

• 中華鱘 / 中华鲟 (zhōnghuáxún)

• 大中華 / 大中华 (Dàzhōnghuá)

Others:

• → Indonesian: Tionghoa
• → Zhuang: Cunghvaz

1. ^ Farmer, J. Michael (2017) "Sanguo Zhi Fascicle 42: The Biography of Qiao Zhou", Early Medieval China, 23, 22-41, p. 39
2. ^ Huan Wen "Memorial", translated by Choo J. C. Jessey in "Return To The North? The Debate On Moving The Capital Back To Luoyang" in Schwartz, Campany, Lu & Choo (eds.) (2014) Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. Columbia University Press. pp. 17-31

• (Tokyo) ちゅうか [chúꜜùkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA(key): [t͡ɕɨːka̠]

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (chūka)

1. (Internet slang) product that is made by Chinese company

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (chūka)

1. (Internet slang) made by Chinese company

中(ちゅう)華(か) • (Chūka)

1. (usually in compounds) China, Chinese (adjective)
2. Short for 中華料理 (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”); Chinese
   今晩(こんばん)中華(ちゅうか)するか
   konban chūka suru ka
   Are we having Chinese food tonight?

• 中(ちゅう)華(か)街(がい) (chūkagai, “Chinatown”)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)圏(けん) (chūkaken)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)丼(どんぶり) (chūka donburi), 中(ちゅう)華(か)丼(どん) (chūka don)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)鍋(なべ) (chūka nabe, “wok”)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)思(し)想(そう) (chūka shisō)
• 中(ちゅう)華蕎麦(かそば) (chūka soba)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)台北(タイペイ) (Chūka Taipei)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)饅(まん)頭(じゅう) (chūka manjū, “Chinese steamed bun; mantou”)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)民国(みんこく) (Chūka Minkoku)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)料(りょう)理(り) (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)革命党(かくめいとう) (Chūka Kakumeitō, “Kuomintang”)
• 中(ちゅう)華(か)人民(じんみん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku, “People's Republic of China”)

1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

中華 • (junghwa) (hangeul 중화)

1. hanja form? of 중화 (“China”)

中華

1. chữ Hán form of Trung Hoa (“China”).