rau - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

rau

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Raute.

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Raute terms
• IPA(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈraw]

rau

1. inflection of raure:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

• ri

From Latin reus. Compare Italian rio, Romanian rău.

rau (feminine raja)

1. bad

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA(key): /rau/

rau

1. they two, them two (3rd person dual pronoun)
   Rau sa lako mai na turaga kei na marama.
   They two [the gentleman and the lady] are coming.
   Au raici rau tiko na gone.
   I see them two [the children].

• This pronoun refers specifically to exactly two people or things.
• At the beginning of a sentence, it may be preceded by e and appear as e rau or erau.
• It can refer to a specific person along with another without explicitly naming both.
• For more than two people or things, ratou (“they few”, paucal) or ra (“they many”, plural) is used instead.
• Gatty, Ronald (2009), “rau”, in Fijian–English Dictionary‎[2], Suva, Fiji: Ronald Gatty, →ISBN, page 204
• rauh (superseded)
• rauch (obsolete)

From Middle High German rūch, from Old High German rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz. Though etymologically justified, the silent h was abolished in 1996 because rauh was the only word in which it was used after the diphthong -au-. Cognate with Dutch ruig and ruw, English rough (which see).

• IPA(key): /ʁaʊ̯/

rau (strong nominative masculine singular rauer, comparative rauer, superlative am rauesten or am rausten)

1. rough
   • 2010, Der Spiegel‎[3], number 26/2010, page 125:
     Tiere, die in rauem Klima leben, sind oft klüger als ihre Artgenossen aus gemäßigten Breiten, das legen verschiedene Studien nahe.
     Several studies suggest that animals which live in rough climates are often smarter than members of the same species from moderate latitudes.
2. (obsolete) hirsute, hairy

• The spelling rau has been the prescribed spelling since the German spelling reform of 1996 (the Rechtschreibreform). In the affected areas, the previous spelling (rauh) is now less common, and may be regarded as a misspelling.

• anrauen

• aufrauen

• Raubein

• Rauheit

• Raunacht

• “rau”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎[4] (in German)

• “rau” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon

• “rau” in Duden online

• “rau” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.

• IPA(key): /ˈraʊ̯/

• Rhymes: -aʊ̯

• Syllabification: rau

rau

1. rough

• Rauheet, Rauheit
• Boll, Piter Kehoma (2021), “rau”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português, 3rd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch, page 130

From Middle High German rūhe, from Old High German rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with German rau, Dutch ruig, English rough, West Frisian rûch.

• IPA(key): /ræu̯/, [ʀæˑʊ̯]

rau (masculine rauen, neuter raut, comparative méi rau, superlative am rausten)

1. rough
   D'Schuel vun dësem Bam ass ganz rau. ― The bark of this tree is very rough.
2. raw, harsh
   D'Antarktis huet e raue Klima. ― Antarctica has a harsh climate.
3. hoarse, husky
   Si huet eng rau Stëmm. ― She has a husky voice.
4. boorish, uncouth, rough
   Wat e raue Mann! ― What a boorish man!

• rau in the Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire
• IPA(key): /ˈrau/ [ˈɾɐʉ]

Inherited from Proto-Eastern Polynesian *lau, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *lau, from Proto-Polynesian *rau, from Proto-Central Pacific *rau, from Proto-Oceanic *raun, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *raun, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *daun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun (“leaf”) (compare with Malay daun, Tagalog dahon).[1]

Sense of paper may have been from improvising leaves of the korari (Phormium tenax) as writing media.[2][3][4]

rau

1. leaf
2. sheet of paper[5]
   Synonym: pepa
3. page of a book

• raurau

• pukapuka

1. ^ M. Ross, A. Pawley, M. Osmond, editors (2008), The Lexicon of Proto-Oceanic‎[1], volume 3: Plants, Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 103–4
2. ^ Haami, Bradford (2004), Maori and the written word, Huia Publishers, →ISBN, page 19
3. ^ Crawford, James Coutts (1880), Recollections of Travel in New Zealand and Australia, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 31
4. ^ Ballantyne, Tony; Paterson, Lachy; Wanhalla, Angela (2020), Indigenous Textual Cultures: Reading and Writing in the Age of Global Empire, Duke University Press, →ISBN, page 58
5. ^ Taiuru, Karaitiana N. (2006), A Dictionary of Māori Computer related terms, →ISBN, page 224

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀatus, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀaCus (“hundred”) (compare Malay ratus).

rau

1. hundred

• John C. Moorfield (2011), “rau”, in Te Aka: Māori–English, English–Māori Dictionary and Index‎[5], 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, →ISBN
• Tregear, Edward (1891), “rau”, in Maori–Polynesian Comparative Dictionary‎[6], Wellington, New Zealand: Lyon and Blair, page 401

rau

1. alternative form of raw

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *raaw.

rau

1. some kind of malignant spirit

• Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940), “rau”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.

rau

1. leaf

• George W. Grace, Notes on the phonological history of the Austronesian languages of the Sarmi Coast, in Oceanic Linguistics (1971, 10:11-37)

rau

1. (stative) to be over there, somewhere remote but at the same elevation as the speaker and hearer

• The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar (2013, →ISBN, page 695-6

From Proto-Polynesian *rau, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.

rau

1. leaf

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀatus, Proto-Austronesian *ʀaCus. (compare Malay ratus, Māori rau)

rau

1. hundred

• ho'e hanere
• e-tahi te rau

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.

rau

1. leaf

• George W. Grace, Notes on the phonological history of the Austronesian languages of the Sarmi Coast, in Oceanic Linguistics (1971, 10:11-37)

Inherited from Proto-Eastern Polynesian *lau, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *lau, from Proto-Polynesian *rau, from Proto-Central Pacific *rau, from Proto-Oceanic *raun, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *raun, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *daun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun (“leaf”) (compare with Malay daun, Tagalog dahon).[1]

rau

1. leaf

2. ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “lau.1a”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551–9

Likely from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun; compare Malay daun, Sobei rau. Furthermore, Holton and Klamer reconstruct Proto-North Halmahera *soka (“leaf”), which this does not continue.

• IPA(key): [ˈɾa.u]

rau (Jawi راوو)

1. leaf

• rawu
• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890), Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

From Proto-Vietic *-raw.

• (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [zaw˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA(key): [ʐaw˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA(key): [ɹa(ː)w˧˧]

rau • (蔞, 婁)

1. leafy greens, leaf vegetable or culinary herb
2. (by extension) vegetable
   • 2005, Tạ Thu Cúc, Nguyễn Thị Trường, Vương Thị Tuyết, Giáo trình Kỹ thuật trồng rau, NXB Hà Nội:
     Rau thuộc về những nhóm cây hàng năm: cà, ớt, cà chua, các cây trong họ bầu bí và đậu cô ve, v.v.; cây hai năm như rau chân vịt, hành tây, tỏi tây, cải bắp, su hào, cải bao (cải thảo, cải bẹ cuốn) v.v. và cây thân thảo lâu năm như măng mai, măng vầu, măng tre, v.v. được dùng làm thực phẩm.
     Vegetables belong to several plant groups: annuals such as eggplant, chili, tomato, plants in the gourd family, green beans, etc.; biennials such as spinach, onion, leek, cabbage, kohlrabi, Chinese cabbage (napa cabbage, field cabbage for rolling), etc.; and perennial herbaceous plants such as asparagus shoots, bamboo shoots, etc., all of which are used as food.

• chăn rau

• đói ăn rau, đau uống thuốc

• rau cải

• rau càng cua

• rau cỏ

• rau củ

• rau củ quả

• rau diếp

• rau ghém

• rau giá

• rau giấp cá

• rau lang

• rau má

• rau mầm

• rau mùi

• rau muối

• rau muống

• rau ngót

• rau nhút

• rau răm

• rau sam

• rau thơm

• rua

• IPA(key): /ʈau̯˧/

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *kruk (“six”), of Sino-Tibetan origin. Cognate with Iu Mien juqv.[1]

White Hmong cardinal numbers

rau

1. six

From Proto-Hmongic *tru̯eiᶜ (“hoof, claw, nail”), probably borrowed from Middle Chinese 蹢 (MC drjek|tek, “hoof”).[1][2]

rau (classifier: tus)

1. nail, hoof, claw

• rau taw (“toenail”)
• rau tes (“fingernail”)

From Proto-Hmongic *trɔᶜ (“to put on, wear (shoes)”), probably borrowed from Old Chinese 著 (OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ, “to put on, wear, place, apply”).[1][2]

rau

1. to place, to put
   Rau qhov no. ― Put it here.
   Yuav muab rau qhov twg? ― Where shall I put it?
   Muab rau rau hauv. ― Put it inside.
2. to put on or wear (shoes, etc.), to put in place
   Kuv rau khau. ― I put on shoes.
   Nws rau tshuaj. ― He applies medicine.
3. to season, to add ingredients
   Nws rau txuj lom rau cov nqaij. ― She adds ingredients to the meat.

• rau siab (“to apply oneself, persevere”)

| | This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Likely a semantic extension of Etymology 3, from "to put on, apply" > "do action towards" > "towards, in".” | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |

rau

1. toward, to, in, on, at
   Pub rau kuv. ― Give it to me.
   Kuv hais rau koj. ― I speak to you.
   Muab cov nqaij tso rau hauv tub yees. ― Put the meat in the freezer.
   Muab phau ntawv cia rau saum rooj. ― Put the book on the table.
   Nws taw rau daim paib. ― He points at the sign.

• Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979), White Hmong — English Dictionary‎[7], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 275.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ratliff, Martha (2010), Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 282.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25