Encyclopedia of Life (original) (raw)
c
c3 photosynthetic plant
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q286954
one of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, along with C4 and CAM. This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:\r\n\r\nCO2 + H2O + RuBP → (2) 3-phosphoglycerate\r\n\r\nThis reaction occurs in all plants as the first step of the Calvin–Benson cycle.
c4 photosynthetic plant
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q283604
a photosynthetic process in some plants. It is the first step in extracting carbon from carbon dioxide to be able to use it in sugar and other biomolecules. It is one of three known processes for carbon fixation. The C4 in one of the names refers to the four-carbon molecule that is the first product of this type of carbon fixation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4\_carbon\_fixation
caespitose
http://eol.org/schema/terms/caespitose
growing in clusters or tufts
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caespitose
caffeine
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_27732
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in some organisms, including tea and coffee.
calabrian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Calabrian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
calanque
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000567
A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea.
calcareous ooze
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_02000046
Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr.
calcareous soil
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1722361
soil type containing calcium carbonate
calcareous soil tolerance
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CalcareousSoilTolerance
The relative tolerance of the plant to calcareous soil. Calcareous soil is defined as soil containing sufficient free CaCO3 and other carbonates to effervesce visibly or audibly when treated with cold 0.1M HCl. These soils usually contain from 10 to almost 1000g/kg CaCO3 equivalent.
USDA PLANTS database Characteristics Data Fields. http://plants.usda.gov/charinfo.html
calcite
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_46719
Calcium carbonate (CO3Ca), calcite structure
calcium (ca)
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_22984
calcium carbonate
http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/TUBE\_CALC
calcium carbonate
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_3311
A carbonate salt that has formula CO3Ca
calcium phosphate
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_77635
A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosohate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.
calcium sulfate
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_31346
CaO4S
calcium sulfate dihydrate
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_32583
CaH4O6S
calcium sulfate hemihydrate
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_32584
Ca2H2S2O9
caldera
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000096
A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.
callovian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Callovian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cam photosynthetic plant
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q22283117
Crassulacean acid metabolism. A carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.[1] In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acid malate in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean\_acid\_metabolism
cambisol
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002235
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal.
cambrian period
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cambrian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian series 2 epoch
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianSeries2
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian series 3 epoch
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianSeries3
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian stage 10 age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianStage10
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian stage 3 age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianStage3
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian stage 4 age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianStage4
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cambrian stage 5 age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/CambrianStage5
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
campanian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Campanian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
Campinarana
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q25067050
Open shrubland and savanna in the north of Brazil and in Colombia and Venezuela, with low, sparse vegetation growing on sandy soils mostly within terra firme land in the Amazon. It can be of the ‘forested’ type, similar to a gallery forest, ‘wooded’ where the trees are shorter, and finally ‘grassy-woody’, where it occurs in wet plains near rivers and lakes. Amongst the more frequent plant families are the Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Clusiaceae, Humiriaceae, Marantaceae, Meliaceae and Rapateaceae.
canal
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000014
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation.
cane
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q20660322
Cane is any of various tall, perennial grasses with flexible, woody stalks
canes
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT\_C79627
A long, hollow or pithy, jointed woody stem that usually lives only one or two years.
canopy
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000047
canopy
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01001242
A vegetation layer which is formed by a collection of individual plant crowns, themselves constituting part of the aboveground portion of a plant community.
canyon
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000169
Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope.
capitanian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Capitanian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
capitulum length
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CapitulumLength
capsule fruit
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PO\_0030091
a fruit which develops from a gynoecium and at maturity comprises a dry exocarp, dry mesocarp, and dry endocarp that usually dehisce
carangiform swimming
https://eol.org/schema/terms/carangiform
Body/caudal fin propulsion, with the vast majority of movement is concentrated in the very rear of the body and tail. Carangiform swimmers generally have rapidly oscillating tails.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish\_locomotion#Carangiform
carapace
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BTO\_0001701
A bony or chitinous case or shield covering the back or part of the back of an animal (as a turtle or crab).
carapace length
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CarapaceLength
A 1D measurement of the distance along a straight line connecting the anterior-most point and the posterior-most point of the carapace.
carapace width
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CarapaceWidth
A 1D measurement of the distance along a straight line connecting the left-most point and the right-most point of the carapace.
carbon biomass
http://purl.dataone.org/odo/ECSO\_00001143
The amount of carbon present in biomass
carbon dioxide partial pressure
http://eol.org/schema/terms/pCO2
In a mixture of gases, such as air, CO2 has a partial pressure: the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial\_pressure
carbon fixation
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q21759902
A metabolic process in which carbon (usually derived from carbon dioxide) is incorporated into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates)
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CNRatio
The percentage of organic carbon divided by the percentage of total nitrogen in organic material.
USDA Plants database. Characteristics Data Fields. http://plants.usda.gov/charinfo.html
carboniferous period
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Carboniferous
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
carcass
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002033
The dead body of an animal.
carcharhiniform swimming
https://eol.org/schema/terms/carcharhiniform
Body/caudal fin propulsion, retaining eel-like body movements and exploiting interactions between the sidewash from an anterior median fin with the next posterior fin, increasing its effective angle of attack
carnian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Carnian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
carnivore
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q81875
organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
carnivore
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q81875
organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
Crustacean body sizes
carnivorous plant
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18240
plants that trap and consume animals or protozoans
carnivorous scavenger
http://eol.org/schema/terms/carnivorous\_scavenger
organism that feeds on dead animal material
carr
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000235
A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees.
carrion
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q202994
dead and decaying flesh of an animal
cartilage
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0002418
Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts
catadromous
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON\_03413449
Catadromous fish live in fresh water, breed in the sea; the most remarkable are freshwater eels of genus Anguilla, whose larvae drift on the open ocean, sometimes for months or years, before travelling thousands of kilometres back to their original streams.
catadromous (leaves)
http://eol.org/schema/terms/catadromous
a venation pattern in which the first vein in a given segment arises on the side of the leaf segment toward the base
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-details/?irn=429
cathemeral
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5052479
where activity is distributed approximately evenly throughout the 24 h of the daily cycle, or when significant amounts of activity, particularly feeding and/or traveling, occur within both the light and dark portions of that cycle.
catkin
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PO\_0030119
an inflorescence with a monopodial growth habit, composed at flowering stage of indeterminate, first order inflorescence axes and sessile, unisexual flowers each subtended by conspicuous inflorescence bracts
caudex diameter
http://eol.org/schema/terms/caudexDiameter
the length of a rhizome
caudex height
http://eol.org/schema/terms/caudexHeight
cave
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000067
Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber.
cave entrance
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000102
cave floor
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000019
cave system
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000013
A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages.
cave wall
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002144
cell
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/TAO\_0009000
Minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, usually consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by protoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. Cells are the fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms.
cell depth
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellDepth
A 1D measurement of a single cell. Typically, this is the distance along a straight line connecting the dorsal-most part of the cell to the ventral-most part of the cell. It is perpendicular to the length axis and the width axis.
Created by Anne Thessen
cell diameter
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBA\_0000048
cell length
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellLength
A 1D measurement of a single cell along its longest axis. Typically, this is the distance along a straight line connecting the anterior-most point and the posterior-most point.
Created by Anne Thessen
cell mass
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBA\_1000036
Mass of one cell.
cell maxarea/maxvolume
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellMaxAreaPerMaxVolume
ratio of Maximum Cell Surface Area to Maximum Cell Volume.
Leblanc, K., Arístegui, J., Armand, L., Assmy, P., Beker, B., Bode, A., Breton, E., Cornet, V., Gibson, J., Gosselin, M.-P., Kopczynska, E., Marshall, H., Peloquin, J., Piontkovski, S., Poulton, A. J., Quéguiner, B., Schiebel, R., Shipe, R., Stefels, J., van Leeuwe, M. A., Varela, M., Widdicombe, C., and Yallop, M.: A global diatom database – abundance, biovolume and biomass in the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 5, 147-185, doi:10.5194/essdd-5-147-2012, 2012.
cell minarea/minvolume
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellMinAreaPerMinVolume
ratio of Minimum Cell Surface Area to Minimum Cell Volume.
(Leblanc, K., Arístegui, J., Armand, L., Assmy, P., Beker, B., Bode, A., Breton, E., Cornet, V., Gibson, J., Gosselin, M.-P., Kopczynska, E., Marshall, H., Peloquin, J., Piontkovski, S., Poulton, A. J., Quéguiner, B., Schiebel, R., Shipe, R., Stefels, J., van Leeuwe, M. A., Varela, M., Widdicombe, C., and Yallop, M.: A global diatom database – abundance, biovolume and biomass in the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 5, 147-185, doi:10.5194/essdd-5-147-2012, 2012.)
cell size
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBA\_0000055
cell surface area
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellSurfaceArea
Surface area of a cell.
cell volume
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBA\_0000056
Volume of one cell.
cell width
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CellWidth
A 1D measurement of a single cell. Typically, this is the distance along a straight line connecting the left-most part of the cell to the right-most part of the cell. It is perpendicular to the length axis and the depth axis.
Created by Anne Thessen
cell-sucker
https://eol.org/schema/terms/cell\_sucker
A consumer that feeds by piercing and sucking fluid from individual cells, of either a single celled or a multicelled organism
cellularity
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO\_0001992
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearers consisting cells. [ PATOC:GVG ]
cement
http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/NonSolidCement
component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together.
cenomanian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cenomanian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cenozoic era
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cenozoic
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
central nervous system
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0001017
the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
cephalic shield
https://eol.org/schema/terms/cephalicShield
chitinous or more or less calcified covering of the head region, formed of fused tergites of cephalic somites, commonly having pleura
McLaughlin, P. A. 1980. Comparative morphology of Recent Crustacea. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. [General crustacean morphology]
cephalopod feeder
https://eol.org/schema/terms/cephalopod\_feeder
a carnivore that feeds primarily on cephalopods
cercaria
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BTO\_0005513
A usually tadpole-shaped larval trematode worm that develops in a molluscan host from a redia.
cercarium
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/WBls\_0000708
An infectious life-cycle stage, which can infect by direct skin penetration (e.g. Schistosoma sp.) or ingestion (e.g. Fasciola sp.). Cercariae develop in and emerge from the intermediate invertebrate (snail) host.
cercus length
https://eol.org/schema/terms/cercusLength
Length of the paired appendages on the terminal segment of an arthropod
cerinula
https://species-id.net/zooterms/cerinula\_larva
In Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), pelagic larvae resembling medusae with flagella and a circlet of marginal tentacles
Cerrado
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q278512
tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil
cetaceans
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q160
infraorder of mammals
chalk
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002054
A soft, white, porous limestone.
chalk soil
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00003914
changhsingian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Changhsingian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
channel
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000395
The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks.
chaparral
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000301
A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires.
chattian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Chattian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
chela width
http://eol.org/schema/terms/ChelaWidth
a pincer-like organ terminating certain limbs of some arthropods
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chela\_(organ)
chemosensory system
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0005726
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for sensory perception of chemical stimulus
chemosymbiosis
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q50616418
a symbiosis in which a bacterium provides chemically-derived energy and nutrients, often via the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, to a heterotrophic organism.
chemosymbiotroph
http://eol.org/schema/terms/chemosymbiotroph
A consumer that derives energy from a chemosynthetic symbiont
chemosynthetic habitat
https://eol.org/schema/terms/marineChemosyntheticHabitat
marine environments supporting chemosynthetic life, for instance, hydrothermal vents and seeps, whalefalls
chemotroph
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q747472
organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments
chernozem
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002237
Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter.
chick
http://eol.org/schema/terms/chick
a young bird that leaves the nest soon after hatching and typically walks or hops near its family group until it is able to fly
chiral
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT\_C103207
An object or molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image
chitinases
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q424099
a widely distributed group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of chitin
chlorophyll a concentration
http://eol.org/schema/terms/ChlorophyllAConcentration
concentration of chlorophyll A in seawater at a location where this organism has been observed or collected.
chordotonal organs
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0001038
arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells.
chott
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000271
A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge.
ciliary gliding
http://eol.org/schema/terms/ciliary\_gliding
a type of locomotion in which an animal moves on a secreted layer of mucus, propelled by the beating of cilia. It is characteristic of small, soft-bodied invertebrates.
Martin, G.G. Ciliary gliding in lower invertebrates. Zoomorphologie 91, 249–261 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00999814
ciliary-mucus feeder
http://eol.org/schema/terms/ciliary\_mucus\_feeder
a consumer that feeds using rows of cilia carrying a mucus sheet across some structure while water is passed through or across it
ciliated epidermal cells
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/XAO\_0000031
cell type that has motile cilia and populates the skin of the embryo, arranged in the surface layer of the non-neural ectoderm in an ordered distribution
cinder cone
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000400
A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
cingulum width
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CingulumWidth
A 1D measurement along the shortest axis of a cingulum
Contributed by Anne Thessen
cirque
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000155
A deep natural hollow near the crest of a mountain, usually formed by a glacier.
cisuralian epoch
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cisuralian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
citation
http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation
A bibliographic reference for the resource.
cites appendix i
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CITES\_I
Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.
https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
cites appendix ii
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CITES\_II
Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons. International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention)
https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
cites appendix iii
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CITES\_III
Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention)
https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
city
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000856
Incorporated populated place.
clay
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002982
A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water.
clay sediment
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000120
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers.
clay soil
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002262
clear water
http://eol.org/schema/terms/clearWater
clearing
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000444
An open area in a forest.
cliff
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000087
A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock.
climber
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FLOPO\_0900035
whole plant lianescent or scandent; eg: liana or vine
climbing
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NBO\_0000368
ascending a steep object
cline
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000258
a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance
Clipperton
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q161258
close/approximate
http://eol.org/schema/terms/close
borne close together, but not fused
https://biolwww.usask.ca/rareplants\_sk/root/htm/en/researcher/5\_gloss.php#R
cloud forest
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cloud\_forest
clutch/brood/litter size
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/VT\_0001933
Single birth offspring quantity. The proportion or number of offspring produced from a single pregnancy (mammals) or ovulation (fish) or nesting (birds).
cm
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO\_0000015
A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m.
[database_cross_reference: NIST:NIST]
cm^2
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO\_0000081
cm^2/g
http://eol.org/schema/terms/centimeterSquaredPerGram
cm^3
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO\_0000097
Cubic centimeter. A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml
cnidaria feeder
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cnidaria\_feeder
a carnivore that feeds primarily on cnidarians
co-roost with
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO\_0002801
coastal
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000687
coastal dune
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000416
coastal inlet
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000137
An opening of the sea into the land.
coastal land
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000303
The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features.
coastal plain
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000090
An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast and separated from the interior by other features.
coastal scrubland
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000237
A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast.
coastal water
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002150
coastal wetland
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000230
A wetland associated with the part of the land adjoining or near a sea or ocean.
cobble
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002140
A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm.
cobble sediment
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000115
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm.
coconut plantation
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000118
coefficient of variation
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO\_0000236
a normalized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution of frequency distribution.
http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/STATO/
coenobium
http://eol.org/schema/terms/coenobium
a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis. Research suggests that coenobium formation may be a defense against grazing in some species.
coffee plantation
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000163
coiling
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO\_0001794
wound in a continuous series of loops
cold seep
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000127
A marine benthic biome which is determined by a cold seep.
collecting-gathering
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDOMAL\_0002192
Is the resuspension and removal of particles deposited on or loosely attached to surfaces. [database_cross_reference: ISBN:0-412-40180-0]
collection code
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/collectionCode
The name, acronym, coden, or initialism identifying the collection or data set from which the record was derived.
collection ID
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/collectionID
An identifier for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.
colonial
http://eol.org/schema/terms/Colonial
Colonial organisms are clonal colonies composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. The subunits of colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga Volvox (a coenobium), or multicellular, as in the phylum Bryozoa. The former type may have been the first step toward multicellular organisms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony\_(biology)
colony density
http://eol.org/schema/terms/colonyDensity
in a colonial organism, the number of individuals per area or per volume
Colony size
http://eol.org/schema/terms/colony\_size
number of individuals, cells or modules found within one colony
color
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO\_0000014
common
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5153621
Common species and uncommon species are designations used in ecology to describe the population status of a species. Commonness is closely related to abundance. Abundance refers to the frequency with which a species is found in controlled samples; in contrast, species are defined as common or uncommon based on their overall presence in the environment. A species may be locally abundant without being common.
communication
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT\_C16452
The exchange of information between objects, people, or groups.
competitive
http://eol.org/schema/terms/competitive
Competitors are species that thrive in areas of low intensity stress and disturbance and excel in biological competition. These species are able to outcompete others by most efficiently tapping into available resources. Competitors do this through a combination of favorable characteristics, including rapid growth rate, high productivity and high capacity for phenotypic plasticity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal\_adaptive\_strategy\_theory
compiler
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q29514511
one who brings together dispersed materials
compost
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002170
The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials.
compound
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PO\_0020043
A leaf having two or more distinct leaflets that are evident as such from early in development
compound eyes
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0000018
A light sensing organ composed of multiple ommatidia, visual units consisting of a limited number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, interommatidial pigment cells, and sometimes crystalline cone cells
compound fruit
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q747463
type of fruit composed of two or more similar parts
concave mirror eyes
https://eol.org/schema/terms/concave\_mirror\_eyes
single-chambered eyes in which the image is formed not by a lens but by a concave mirror; the back of the eye contains a mirror that reflects light to the photoreceptors.
https://www.britannica.com/science/photoreception/Single-chambered-eyes#ref278821
concentration
http://edamontology.org/data\_2140
The concentration of a chemical compound
concentration
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO\_0000033
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
concertina
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5158542
movement occurring in snakes and other legless organisms that consists of gripping or anchoring with portions of the body while pulling or pushing other sections in the direction of movement
cone
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cone
coneplushalfsphere minus 40percent
http://eol.org/schema/terms/conePlusHalfSphere-40Percent
Olenina et al 2006
cones
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q22710
Seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants. A type of fruit, usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales, bracts, or bracteoles arranged around a central axis, especially in conifers and cycads.
coniacian age
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Coniacian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
conifer woodland
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000240
A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.
coniferous forest
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000196
A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
conservation dependent
http://eol.org/schema/terms/conservationDependent
The category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001. It was assigned to species or lower taxa which were dependent on conservation efforts to prevent the taxon becoming threatened with extinction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation\_Dependent
conservation management process
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01001171
Conservation-focused active ecosystem management process. An active management process which has the conservation of an ecosystem, or a part thereof, as its primary objective.
conservation status
http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#ConservationStatus
degree of conservation concern as assessed by a government agency or other recognized authority such as IUCN or CITES
consumer
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q72638
contaminated water
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002186
continent
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/continent
The name of the continent in which the Location occurs.
continental island
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000221
An island that lies on a continental shelf.
continental rise
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000274
A slope which bridges a continental slope and an abyssal plain, is formed by the accumulation of sediments transported from a continental slope by processes including turbidity currents, and has a gradient less than a continental slope yet greater than a continental shelf.
continental slope
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000273
A slope which is part of the seafloor and extends from the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break) to the continental rise.
coordinate uncertainty in meters
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/coordinateUncertaintyInMeters
The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.
copepodid
http://eol.org/schema/terms/copepodid
post-naupliar life stage of a copepod. All copepodid stages are characterised by two pairs of unsegmented swimming appendages, and an unsegmented "hind-body" comprising the thorax and the abdomen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepodid#Copepoda
copepodid stage 3
http://eol.org/schema/terms/copepodid3
The third post-naupliar life stage of a copepod. All copepodid stages are characterised by two pairs of unsegmented swimming appendages, and an unsegmented "hind-body" comprising the thorax and the abdomen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepodid#Copepoda)
copepodid stage 4
http://eol.org/schema/terms/copepodid4
The fourth post-naupliar life stage of a copepod. All copepodid stages are characterised by two pairs of unsegmented swimming appendages, and an unsegmented "hind-body" comprising the thorax and the abdomen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepodid#Copepoda)
copepodid stage 5
http://eol.org/schema/terms/copepodid5
The fifth post-naupliar life stage of a copepod. All copepodid stages are characterised by two pairs of unsegmented swimming appendages, and an unsegmented "hind-body" comprising the thorax and the abdomen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepodid#Copepoda)
coprophage
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q320011
an organism that feeds on feces
coprophilous fungi
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5168945
fungi that grow on animal dung
coral bleaching
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568916
Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with this algae crucial for the health of the coral and the reef. The algae provides up to 90% of the coral's energy. Bleached corals continue to live but begin to starve after bleaching; some corals recover.
coraltraits tar gz
coral reef
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000049
The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals.
coral reef back reef
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000145
coral reef crest
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000146
coral reef flat zone
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000144
coral reef fore reef
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000147
coral sand
https://eol.org/schema/terms/coral\_sand
a collection of sand of particles originating in tropical and sub-tropical marine environments from bioerosion of limestone skeletal material of marine organisms. One example of this process is that of parrot fishes which bite off pieces of coral, digest the living tissue, and excrete the inorganic component as silt and sand. The term "coral" in coral sand is used loosely in this sense to mean limestone of recent biological origin; corals are not the dominant contributors of sand particles to most such deposits. Rather, remnant skeletal fragments of foraminifera, calcareous algae, molluscs, and crustaceans can predominate. Because it is composed of limestone, coral sand is acid-soluble. Chemically similar to calcareous ooze, but coarser grained.
corallite
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PORO\_0000232
In cnidarians, term for the external skeleton of a polyp
corallite width
http://eol.org/schema/terms/coralliteWidth
The width of a corallite (skeleton of a single coral polyp), typically measured in association with another trait (e.g., eggs per polyp).
https://coraltraits.org/traits/213
corneal eyes
https://eol.org/schema/terms/corneal\_eyes
Because of the difference in refractive index between air and water (or corneal tissue), a curved cornea is an image-forming lens in its own right. Its focal length is determined by the radius of curvature of the cornea. Many corneal eyes (eg: in land vertebrates) also have lenses, but the lens is flattened and weakened compared with an aquatic lens; most of the refractive power is provided by the cornea. Corneal eyes cannot focus in aquatic habitat.
https://www.britannica.com/science/photoreception/Single-chambered-eyes#ref278820
corticolous lichen
http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q18349014
lichen that grows on bark
corymbose
http://eol.org/schema/terms/corymbose
colonies which have horizontal interlocking branches and also have short upright branchlets, usually used for some Acropora species
http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/glossary/#Glossary\_C
cosmetics
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_64857
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
cosmopolitan
http://eol.org/schema/terms/Cosmopolitan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan\_distribution
cotton plantation
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000288
cotyledon
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PO\_0020030
A vascular leaf formed at the first shoot node of a plant embryo or a seedling
cotype
http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/TaxonName#Cotype
A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.]
counting unit
http://eol.org/schema/terms/CountingUnit
what is being counted, eg: individuals, cells, polyps, colonies
country code
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/countryCode
The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs. Recommended best practice is to use ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 country codes
county
http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/county
The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than stateProvince (county, shire, department, etc.) in which the Location occurs.
cow shed
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00003041
crab feeder
https://eol.org/schema/terms/crab\_feeder
a consumer that feeds primarily on crabs, Brachyura.
crater lake
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00000052
A lake contained within a volcanic crater.
crawler
http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu/terms/MOB\_CRAWL
An organism that moves along via movements of its legs, appendages (e.g. parapodia and chaetae) or muscles
crawling
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NBO\_0000363
Behavior related to the movement resulting by dragging the body close to the ground or substrate
crepuscular
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ECOCORE\_00000078
active primarily during dawn and dusk
cretaceous period
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cretaceous
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
crinoid feeder
https://eol.org/schema/terms/crinoid\_feeder
a carnivore that feeds primarily on crinoids
critically endangered
http://eol.org/schema/terms/criticallyEndangered
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets \r\nany of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria
critically imperiled
https://eol.org/schema/terms/critically\_imperiled
At very high risk of extirpation in the jurisdiction due to very restricted range, very few populations or occurrences, very steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.
http://www.natureserve.org/conservation-tools/conservation-status-assessment
cruising feeder
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cruising
An organism which obtains food by foraging while cruising.
crusher
http://eol.org/schema/terms/crusher
An organism that feeds by crushing other organisms to obtain access to their contents
crustacean feeder
https://eol.org/schema/terms/crustacean\_feeder
a carnivore that feeds primarily on crustaceans
crustose
http://eol.org/schema/terms/crustose
crustlike, growing tight against the substrate
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html
cryogenian period
http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/ics/ischart/Cryogenian
International Chronostratigraphic Chart: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
cryosol
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_00002236
Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes.
culm
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q643397
above-ground stem of a grass or sedge
cuneiform
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cuneiform
wedge-shaped
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform
cursorial
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ECOCORE\_00000039
An evolutionary quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearers morphological and physiological adaptation for running
cushion-like
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1508694
a plant that grows low to the ground, has numerous small leaves and a closed, tightly-packed canopy with dense non-photosynthetic living and dead plant tissues below the canopy
cuticle
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0001002
protective, tough but flexible, non-mineralized outer covering of an organism
cyathozooid
http://eol.org/schema/terms/cyathozooid
the imperfect primary zooid of certain compound tunicates (as those of the genus Pyrosoma) from which the secondary zooids bud
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyathozooid
cycasin
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI\_17074
C8H16N2O7
cylinder
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ID\_0000058
cyphelloid fungi
https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q5200216
group of basidiomycetes that produce minute, cup- or tube-shaped fruiting bodies
cypress swamp
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO\_01000331
A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
From Environment Ontology
cysticercus stage
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON\_0014856
The larval form of any of the Taenia tapeworms