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Papers by Georges-Jean Pinault
Journal asiatique, 2019
Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Jun 1, 2022
Despite the historical richness of ancient records mentioning or describing Chinese ink since the... more Despite the historical richness of ancient records mentioning or describing Chinese ink since the first centuries CE, the manufacture and use of Chinese inks in early history remain obscure. The characterization of inks from dated ancient manuscripts could not only give us new information on the evolution of the manufacture of inks but also on their use. The purpose of this work was first to optimize and then validate a Pyrolysis-comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCxGC/MS) approach to identify compounds characteristic of ingredients used in the manufacture of contemporary traditional Chinese inksticks. Performance assessment was accomplished by studying the distribution of compounds characteristic of soot and proteinaceous binder and by performing repeatability tests remaining constant from one analysis to the other. A strategic sampling protocol and the optimized Py-GCxGC/MS method was then applied for the first time to characterize ancient inks manufactures from tiny fragments of Tocharian manuscripts (6 th-8 th centuries CE) of the Pelliot Collection stored in the Bibliothèque nationale de France as part of the "History of the Tocharian Texts of the Pelliot Collection" (HisTochText) ERC project. The approach allowed us to distinguish compounds attributable to the ink present from those imputable to the paper support and its preparation. Compounds characteristic of soot as well as of proteinaceous material were identified. Moreover, our data provides conclusive evidence for the use of a wide range of additives in the manufacture of the inks present. Based on the analytical data, this work demonstrates the potential of a Py-GCxGC/MS approach in the characterization of inks from tiny fragments of ancient manuscripts of historical value, making this approach highly relevant to the study of inks manufacture.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Dec 9, 2020
This publication belongs to the research conducted under the HisTochText project. This project ha... more This publication belongs to the research conducted under the HisTochText project. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 788205).
Livret-annuaire, Sep 1, 2022
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Sep 12, 2022
Soit onze pages sur un total de 234 pages pour tout le livre, compte non tenu de la bibliographie... more Soit onze pages sur un total de 234 pages pour tout le livre, compte non tenu de la bibliographie. C'est pour le moins contradictoire avec le titre de l'ouvrage.
Hempen Verlag eBooks, 2014
Reprint of the most significant papers of Emil Sieg (1866-1951) about Tocharian philology, publis... more Reprint of the most significant papers of Emil Sieg (1866-1951) about Tocharian philology, published by himself alone or together with Wilhelm Siegling (1880-1946) and Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Muller. The volume includes the translations of texts in Tocharian A by Emil Sieg. It provides the concordance of translations as well as indices and corrigenda.
This paper presents the study of ink from first millennium manuscripts discovered in the Kucha an... more This paper presents the study of ink from first millennium manuscripts discovered in the Kucha and Dunhuang regions (West China) from the "Pelliot collection" stored at the Biblioth`eque nationale de France (Paris, France). The sixteen analyzed manuscripts written in black ink were selected partly because of their diverse characteristics (script, type, etc.) and partly because of the high possibility for their accurate dating between 4 th to the 8 th century. This period is defined by an important economic growth as well as cultural and artistic activities, facilitated by the fact that Kucha and Dunhuang played a key role in the passage of the Silk Road network connecting China, India and western Central Asia. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies were first employed as they are non-destructive and non-invasive methods. They indicated that the ink present on the manuscripts was composed of soot and protein binder, however they did not provide direct insight on the precise origin of the soot (e.g pine soot or lampblack) and the protein binder used in the fabrication of inks. The analysis of the inked manuscripts by pyrolysiscomprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCxGC-MS)for which only a small amount of sample (microgram quantities) is required-and the exploration of the obtained multivariate datasets combining Hierarchical Clustering and PCA provide invaluable information on Asian inks, their manufacture and use in different historical periods. Our research suggests that the majority of the inks were made with pine soot. Furthermore, our results reveal different chemical signatures that may be indicators of difference in the production of pine soot (use of various species of pine wood, combustion parameters, etc.). Moreover, diverse proteinaceous binders and additives, known to have been used in ancient Chinese ink manufacture to ensure ink's consistency and for their antimicrobial and aromatic properties, were identified.
De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 19, 2022
Colophons have rarely been preserved in Tocharian manuscripts, as the final leaves of pustaka for... more Colophons have rarely been preserved in Tocharian manuscripts, as the final leaves of pustaka format manuscripts are often destroyed or lost. The corpus features, however, a significant number of sub-colophons, i.e. colophons written at the end of the sections of a longer Buddhist work. A particular instance are those colophons of the chapters of the drama about Maitreyasamiti in Tocharian A, that may be compared with the parallel colophons in the Old Uyghur text Maitrisimit nom bitig, translated from Tocharian. In addition to the author and translator names, these colophons contain the name and the number of the chapters. Several colophons have been transmitted with a text containing the names of the donors who sponsored manuscript copy. This mention is frequently accompanied by wishes and words of praise, highlighting the reward donors and their family expect from copying a sacred text. Similar instances are to be found in manuscripts in Tocharian B. In both Tocharian languages, one may observe the development of writing colophons in verse, as a literary practice that certainly gained significance for Buddhist culture in the Tarim Basin during the second half of the first millennium CE.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Nov 18, 2022
L'etymon des noms du "feu" (skr. agni-, lat. ignis, v.sl. ognĭ, lit. ugnis, letton ... more L'etymon des noms du "feu" (skr. agni-, lat. ignis, v.sl. ognĭ, lit. ugnis, letton uguns) est souvent reconstruit sous la forme *(h1)og-ni-/*(h1)eg-ni-, a savoir un derive d'une racine inconnue, qui suivrait la flexion acrostatique. Mais ce point de depart est contredit par la flexion et l'accentuation du nom sanskrit, et n'explique pas les formes du baltique et du slave. L'article discute la typologie des designations du feu et propose une nouvelle etymologie.
Rapportes par Paul Pelliot de son expedition au Turkestan chinois (1906-1909), les manuscrits en ... more Rapportes par Paul Pelliot de son expedition au Turkestan chinois (1906-1909), les manuscrits en koutcheen (ou tokharien B), rameau occidental d'une langue indo-europeenne, ont ete peu publies. Il s'agit en majorite de traductions ou d'adaptations de textes bouddhiques, allant du VI au VIII siecle et provenant, pour certains, de Douldoul-âqour. Ici est publiee une lettre adressee par la communaute d'un monastere a un religieux du " monastere du Prodige " (expose d'une affaire d'escroquerie)
Journal asiatique, 2019
Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Jun 1, 2022
Despite the historical richness of ancient records mentioning or describing Chinese ink since the... more Despite the historical richness of ancient records mentioning or describing Chinese ink since the first centuries CE, the manufacture and use of Chinese inks in early history remain obscure. The characterization of inks from dated ancient manuscripts could not only give us new information on the evolution of the manufacture of inks but also on their use. The purpose of this work was first to optimize and then validate a Pyrolysis-comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCxGC/MS) approach to identify compounds characteristic of ingredients used in the manufacture of contemporary traditional Chinese inksticks. Performance assessment was accomplished by studying the distribution of compounds characteristic of soot and proteinaceous binder and by performing repeatability tests remaining constant from one analysis to the other. A strategic sampling protocol and the optimized Py-GCxGC/MS method was then applied for the first time to characterize ancient inks manufactures from tiny fragments of Tocharian manuscripts (6 th-8 th centuries CE) of the Pelliot Collection stored in the Bibliothèque nationale de France as part of the "History of the Tocharian Texts of the Pelliot Collection" (HisTochText) ERC project. The approach allowed us to distinguish compounds attributable to the ink present from those imputable to the paper support and its preparation. Compounds characteristic of soot as well as of proteinaceous material were identified. Moreover, our data provides conclusive evidence for the use of a wide range of additives in the manufacture of the inks present. Based on the analytical data, this work demonstrates the potential of a Py-GCxGC/MS approach in the characterization of inks from tiny fragments of ancient manuscripts of historical value, making this approach highly relevant to the study of inks manufacture.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Dec 9, 2020
This publication belongs to the research conducted under the HisTochText project. This project ha... more This publication belongs to the research conducted under the HisTochText project. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 788205).
Livret-annuaire, Sep 1, 2022
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Sep 12, 2022
Soit onze pages sur un total de 234 pages pour tout le livre, compte non tenu de la bibliographie... more Soit onze pages sur un total de 234 pages pour tout le livre, compte non tenu de la bibliographie. C'est pour le moins contradictoire avec le titre de l'ouvrage.
Hempen Verlag eBooks, 2014
Reprint of the most significant papers of Emil Sieg (1866-1951) about Tocharian philology, publis... more Reprint of the most significant papers of Emil Sieg (1866-1951) about Tocharian philology, published by himself alone or together with Wilhelm Siegling (1880-1946) and Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Muller. The volume includes the translations of texts in Tocharian A by Emil Sieg. It provides the concordance of translations as well as indices and corrigenda.
This paper presents the study of ink from first millennium manuscripts discovered in the Kucha an... more This paper presents the study of ink from first millennium manuscripts discovered in the Kucha and Dunhuang regions (West China) from the "Pelliot collection" stored at the Biblioth`eque nationale de France (Paris, France). The sixteen analyzed manuscripts written in black ink were selected partly because of their diverse characteristics (script, type, etc.) and partly because of the high possibility for their accurate dating between 4 th to the 8 th century. This period is defined by an important economic growth as well as cultural and artistic activities, facilitated by the fact that Kucha and Dunhuang played a key role in the passage of the Silk Road network connecting China, India and western Central Asia. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies were first employed as they are non-destructive and non-invasive methods. They indicated that the ink present on the manuscripts was composed of soot and protein binder, however they did not provide direct insight on the precise origin of the soot (e.g pine soot or lampblack) and the protein binder used in the fabrication of inks. The analysis of the inked manuscripts by pyrolysiscomprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCxGC-MS)for which only a small amount of sample (microgram quantities) is required-and the exploration of the obtained multivariate datasets combining Hierarchical Clustering and PCA provide invaluable information on Asian inks, their manufacture and use in different historical periods. Our research suggests that the majority of the inks were made with pine soot. Furthermore, our results reveal different chemical signatures that may be indicators of difference in the production of pine soot (use of various species of pine wood, combustion parameters, etc.). Moreover, diverse proteinaceous binders and additives, known to have been used in ancient Chinese ink manufacture to ensure ink's consistency and for their antimicrobial and aromatic properties, were identified.
De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 19, 2022
Colophons have rarely been preserved in Tocharian manuscripts, as the final leaves of pustaka for... more Colophons have rarely been preserved in Tocharian manuscripts, as the final leaves of pustaka format manuscripts are often destroyed or lost. The corpus features, however, a significant number of sub-colophons, i.e. colophons written at the end of the sections of a longer Buddhist work. A particular instance are those colophons of the chapters of the drama about Maitreyasamiti in Tocharian A, that may be compared with the parallel colophons in the Old Uyghur text Maitrisimit nom bitig, translated from Tocharian. In addition to the author and translator names, these colophons contain the name and the number of the chapters. Several colophons have been transmitted with a text containing the names of the donors who sponsored manuscript copy. This mention is frequently accompanied by wishes and words of praise, highlighting the reward donors and their family expect from copying a sacred text. Similar instances are to be found in manuscripts in Tocharian B. In both Tocharian languages, one may observe the development of writing colophons in verse, as a literary practice that certainly gained significance for Buddhist culture in the Tarim Basin during the second half of the first millennium CE.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Nov 18, 2022
L'etymon des noms du "feu" (skr. agni-, lat. ignis, v.sl. ognĭ, lit. ugnis, letton ... more L'etymon des noms du "feu" (skr. agni-, lat. ignis, v.sl. ognĭ, lit. ugnis, letton uguns) est souvent reconstruit sous la forme *(h1)og-ni-/*(h1)eg-ni-, a savoir un derive d'une racine inconnue, qui suivrait la flexion acrostatique. Mais ce point de depart est contredit par la flexion et l'accentuation du nom sanskrit, et n'explique pas les formes du baltique et du slave. L'article discute la typologie des designations du feu et propose une nouvelle etymologie.
Rapportes par Paul Pelliot de son expedition au Turkestan chinois (1906-1909), les manuscrits en ... more Rapportes par Paul Pelliot de son expedition au Turkestan chinois (1906-1909), les manuscrits en koutcheen (ou tokharien B), rameau occidental d'une langue indo-europeenne, ont ete peu publies. Il s'agit en majorite de traductions ou d'adaptations de textes bouddhiques, allant du VI au VIII siecle et provenant, pour certains, de Douldoul-âqour. Ici est publiee une lettre adressee par la communaute d'un monastere a un religieux du " monastere du Prodige " (expose d'une affaire d'escroquerie)
Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A., 2023
This dictionary aims to cover the whole lexicon of Tocharian A, one of the two Tocharian language... more This dictionary aims to cover the whole lexicon of Tocharian A, one of the two Tocharian languages, which form a distinct branch in the Indo-European language family. These languages are documented in manuscripts found mostly in Buddhist monasteries located in the oases of the Tarim Basin, in Xinjiang, China, and dated in the second half of the 1 st millennium CE. The dictionary contains a thesaurus based on all the identified texts in Tocharian A, published as well as unpublished, which are kept in various collections. It covers much more data than the dictionary published by Pavel Poucha in 1955, which was based on the Tocharian A manuscripts from the so-called Turfan collection (Berlin), edited by Emil Sieg and Wilhelm Siegling in 1921. The book includes a thorough revision of the Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Volume 1 (2009), which covered only the beginning of the lexicon (letters A to J). All forms of words, including variants, occurring in the texts are listed separately with reference to the occurrences and a sample of passages in transcription and translation. The meaning of a number of words has been better defined and corrected against previous glossaries. When possible, the lemmas include the corresponding items attested in Tocharian B. The references given for each lemma aim to retrieve the previous secondary literature. Many lemmas contain philological contributions pertaining to the interpretation of critical passages. Much focus has been laid on phraseology and literary parallels with other Buddhist texts from Central Asia. The sources of loanwords, from Tocharian B, Old and Middle Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Old Turkic, and Chinese, are given as much as they can be traced.
Index verborum des Etudes védiques et pâninéennes de Louis Renou, 2013
Index of the words discussed by Louis Renou in the series Etudes védiques et pâninéennes. Compile... more Index of the words discussed by Louis Renou in the series Etudes védiques et pâninéennes. Compiled by Ronan Moreau and Georges-Jean Pinault.
Special issue of the Bulletin d'Etudes Indiennes, n° 30 (2012)
Bibliographie des travaux des Louis Renou, 1997
Bibliography of the works of Louis Renou (1896-1966): books, articles, reviews. Index of the tran... more Bibliography of the works of Louis Renou (1896-1966): books, articles, reviews. Index of the translations of the Rigveda.
A collection of articles by G.-J. Pinault on Vedic and Indo-European. Hard Cover. You will find i... more A collection of articles by G.-J. Pinault on Vedic and Indo-European. Hard Cover. You will find in it etymologies on the name of the god Varuna, on the intermediary zone between Earth and Heaven antariksha, on the difference between nar- and vīra- 'man', on the PIE designation of the close, intimate friend (Greek ḗpios : Vedic āpí-), and many other things.
The volume is available at the site of Book on Demand and soon at Amazon and in book-shops.
Journée Scientifique du 25 janvier. http://www.slp-paris.com/spip.php?article17, 2020
La Journée scientifique de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (samedi 25 janvier 2020) a pour th... more La Journée scientifique de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (samedi 25 janvier 2020) a pour thème « Nouvelles perspectives sur les langues anciennes ». Elle se propose de réunir des linguistes de spécialités diverses autour des questions suivantes : en quoi les études des langues anciennes évoluent-elles ? Quels sont les progrès en termes de données ? En quoi les nouvelles technologies (bases de données, fouille de données, intelligence artificielle) peuvent-elles faire avancer l’étude des langues anciennes ? Quelles sont les nouvelles approches théoriques ? Cette journée couvre un large éventail de langues : latin, grec ancien, élamite, tokharien, hittite, langues germaniques anciennes, lydien.
Lieu : Salle ATHENA, Maison de la Recherche de l’Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, 4 Rue des Irlandais, 75005 Paris 5ème
La dynamique de l'infinitif en indo-européen, 2020
La présente communication se propose de revenir sur la genèse du type de véd. dhyai (av. -diiāi)... more La présente communication se propose de revenir sur la genèse du type de véd. dhyai (av. -diiāi), que la communis opinio se figure comme un cognat du morphème d’infinitif médio-passif gr. -σθαι, bien que tout le détail en diffère et que la phonétique s’y oppose absolument. Le type d’hom. φέρεσθαι « pour emporter » (chez soi) ou « pour être emporté » (par les vents) représente l’adaptation d’un plus ancien *φέρεσ-θι « pour emporter », recaractérisé par la finale adverbiale -αι du type χαμαί « à terre » qui est l’avatar d’un ancien directif/allatif *dʰĝʰ-m-éh2 « en direction de la terre » recaractérisé par la désinence *-i de locatif. La grammaticalisation en médio-passif s’est opérée par focalisation sur l’objet (« ceci est à faire » = « à être fait ») ou sur le causataire (« je te confie ceci à faire »). C’est de façon circulaire qu’on admet un étymon *-dʰyeh2-ey [dat. sg.] pour rendre compte de véd. -dhyai, dont le parèdre *-dʰyeh2-i [loc. sg.] n’est mécaniquement posé qu’afin de conserver l’équation impossible avec gr. -σθαι. L’abandon de cette comparaison ruineuse permet de voir dans le véd. -dhyai (av. -diiāi) le reflet d’indo-ir. *-dʰyā (< *-dʰyeh1) recaractérisé par une finale de datif *-ay empruntée aux autres types d’infinitifs. Le type d’osque sakrafír requiert aussi une finale *-dʰyeh1, dont le tokharien commun *-tsi offre une variante remaniée en pseudo-datif (post-i.-e. *-dʰyey). L’examen des faits védiques conduit à la conclusion que la formation du type śayádhyai « pour gésir » repose sur l’univerbation d’un ancien injonctif volitif ou déontique *ḱey-h2e « je dois gésir », *ḱey-o « qu’il gise » suivi d’un morphème *dʰyeh1 avec univerbation. Les faits italiques s’accordent avec cette reconstruction, ainsi que les données tokhariennes. Le tour hitt. uwalḫuwanzi dāi- « il se dispose à attaquer » (formé sur dāi- « (se) placer » < *dʰéh1-i-, présent de la conjugaison en -ḫi) fournit la clef de ce morphème agglutiné, qui est en propre l’instrumental du néo-nom-racine *dʰíh1- formé sur le degré zéro du thème de présent *dʰéh1-i-, et qui se prolonge dans le véd. dhī́- [fém.] « dessein, projet ». Par permutation des catégories nominales et verbales, le morphème véd. -dhyai, avec ses comparanda en sabellique et tokharien, offre le contrepoint du tour hittite.
Tocharian and Indo-European Studies, 2020
Established in 1987, Tocharian and Indo-European Studies (TIES) is an international scholarly jou... more Established in 1987, Tocharian and Indo-European Studies (TIES) is an international scholarly journal with contributions in English, German and French.
The journal’s central topic is formed by the two closely related languages Tocharian A and B, attested in Central Asian Buddhist manuscripts dating from the second half of the first millennium AD. It focuses on philological and linguistic aspects of Tocharian, and its relation with the other Indo-European languages.
Founded by Jörundur Hilmarsson.
Edited by Birgit Anette Olsen (executive editor), Hannes Fellner, Michaël Peyrot, and Georges-Jean Pinault.