The use of F-specific coliphages to assess effluent treatment and reuse schemes (original) (raw)

Chinivasagam, H.N., Gardner, E.A., Sands, J. and Blackall, P.J. (2008)The use of F-specific coliphages to assess effluent treatment and reuse schemes. Environmental Technology, 29 (5). pp. 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330801984795

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Article Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330801984795

Publisher URL: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/home~db=all

Abstract

This study reports on the use of naturally occurring F-specific coliphages, as well as spiked MS-2 phage, to evaluate a land-based effluent treatment/reuse system and an effluent irrigation scheme. Both the natural phages and the spiked MS-2 phage indicated that the effluent treatment/reuse system (FILTER - Filtration and Irrigated cropping for Land Treatment and Effluent Reuse) achieved a reduction in phage levels over the treatment system by one to two log10. FILTER reduced natural F-specific phage numbers from around 103 to below 102 100-ml-1 and the spiked phage from 105 to around 104 100-ml-1 (incoming compared with outgoing water). In the effluent irrigation scheme, phage spiked into the holding ponds dropped from 106 to 102 100-ml-1 after 168 h (with no detectable levels of natural F-specific phage being found prior to spiking). Only low levels of the spiked phage (102 gm-1) could be recovered from soil irrigated with phage-spiked effluent (at 106 phage 100 ml-1) or from fruits (around 102 phage per fruit) that had direct contact with soil which had been freshly irrigated with the same phage-spiked effluent.

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