Esmaiel Malek | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (original) (raw)
Papers by Esmaiel Malek
Journal of Hydrology, 1990
Malek, E., Bingham, G.E. and McCurdy, G.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration from the margin and moist pl... more Malek, E., Bingham, G.E. and McCurdy, G.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration from the margin and moist playa of a closed desert valley. J. Hydrol., 120: 15-34.
Iran Agricultural Research, Mar 21, 1983
Irrigation Science, Jun 1, 1992
Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when ... more Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when irrigated with saline waste water coming from the evaporation of fresh water in the cooling towers of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah, U.S.A. The primary goal is to dispose of the waste water from the power plant by irrigation and to maximize salt deposition in the soil, maximize crop ET, minimize runoff from the soil surface, and minimize leaching to the ground water. Using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method, alfalfa evapotranspiration was measured at an experimental site for each 20-minute period during the 1989 irrigation season. Using a simplified seasonal water balance, the results showed that cumulative irrigation plus rain was less than evapotranspiration for the 1989 irrigation season. This means that for the long term in addition to irrigation and precipitation some water was withdrawn from the soil for alfalfa crop water requirements (ETa). Short term evaluations showed that because of unforeseen heavy rain (thunder showers) in this mountainous area between irrigations, ET, was occasionally less than irrigation plus rain. This means the excess water was stored in the soil for later use. The average value for ETa/ETp (potential ET) for the 1989 irrigation season was 0.47 but occasionally the ratio was greater than unity. Short-term studies (Hanks et al. 1990 a) indicate that yield and ET, are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline irrigation water is applied. This method of investigation can be applied to any industrial processes which produce waste water. Research was carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa crop irrigated with the cooling water of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah. The cooling water is evaporated as it is recycled in the cooling process until the salinity increases to a point where it is sent to the
Journal of Hydrology, Feb 1, 1993
An experiment was conducted during August and early September 1991 in the middle of an alfalfa fi... more An experiment was conducted during August and early September 1991 in the middle of an alfalfa field in Logan, northern Utah. Twenty-minute values of climatic factors, including soil heat flux at a depth of 8cm Gs~m and average soil temperature at 2 and 6cm, were measured using the Campbell Scientific CS Bowen Ratio System. Knowing the soil moisture content, the values of the surface soil heat flux G~ur were computed. Short term (20 min) evaluations indicated rapid changes of G~ur vs. Gscm. It was shown that in addition to solar and net radiations, cloudiness, wind speed and direction also affect the surface soil heat flux. Statistical analysis showed that daily actual evapotranspiration ET d (measured on a 20 min basis) could be overestimated up to 41% if GMcm were used instead of G,~ in the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method. The results indicated that ET~,/ET~ = 1.154 (based on 20-min calculations for this experiment). The suffixes 2 and I refer to the application ofGsc m and G,~ r in the BREB method, respectively. The ratio for potential evapotranspiration ET v was ETr~/ETr~ = 0.998. This means using the short term Gx ..... instead of G,,,, results in an overestimated ET~. For the 24-h computation of ETp. either G~,m or G,,~ can be used without any serious errors. INTRODUCTION Dealing with the energy budget at any surface, the energy terms, namely the net radiation Rn, the sensible H, latent LE, and soil G~ur heat fluxes, should be measured accurately. For agricultural purposes, the soil heat flux G, is usually measured at some depth below the soil surface. To accomplish this, a soil heat flux plate is buried at least 10ram below the surface (Oke, 1987) to avoid radiative and convective errors. To calculate G~ur, the heat stored or released in the soil layer above the soil heat flux plate should be added to or subtracted from G~.
, usa-matthews-John-abs2-he15-poster Four methods are proposed to complement and upgrade the atmo... more , usa-matthews-John-abs2-he15-poster Four methods are proposed to complement and upgrade the atmospheric monitoring techniques currently being transitioned to the Telescope Array near Delta, Utah from the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) observatory. The four methods include lidar systems for neutral atmosphere and aerosol measurements, multi-wavelength all-sky imaging with CCD cameras, continuous cloud monitoring with ventilated radiation stations, and computational methods for aerosol modeling and atmospheric tomography. This paper reviews the proposed methods and the capabilities they will provide for cosmic ray fluorescence measurements. CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk
93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Jan 9, 2013
Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems: Integrated Perspectives, 1993
The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method was used to continuously estimate 20-minute actual e... more The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method was used to continuously estimate 20-minute actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) in the middle of a 36-ha well-watered alfalfa field from 10 April to 5 October, 1992. Daily totals of ET a were compared with potential evapotranspiration (ET p ) estimated using the modified Penman method. About 90% net radiation (R n ) was utilized for ET a , and the crop coefficient K c = ET a /ET p was 79%. The crop coefficient occasionally was greater than unity. Regression analysis revealed that R n = 0.560R s - 1.317 with r = 0.933 and R n = 0.556R s - 0.830 with r = 0.959 for clear and clear-plus-cloudy sky conditions, respectively, during the season where solar radiation (R s ) and R n are in MJ m -2 . This BREB method is a promising tool for automated irrigation systems in remote areas.
Iran Agricultural Research, 1985
Journal of Hydrology, Jun 1, 1993
An experiment was conducted in a 36 ha alfalfa field in Logan, Utah, USA, during three growth-har... more An experiment was conducted in a 36 ha alfalfa field in Logan, Utah, USA, during three growth-harvest cycles of alfalfa in April-July 1992. A Campbell Scientific (CS) Bowen Ratio System was used to measure continuously 20 min means of micrometeorological elements such as air and dew point temperatures at 1 and 2 m, solar and net radiation, wind speed and direction at 2 m, soil heat fluxes at 8 cm (two locations), and soil temperatures at 2 and 6 cm during the three consecutive growing cycles. The gravimetric method (for 0-10 cm) and the Campbell Pacific Nuclear (CPN) Hydroprobe (for 20-150 cm) were used to measure soil moisture daily at 09:00 h. The 24 h evapotranspiration (LE, using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method) was computed by adding the 20 min mean LE values from 09:00 h until 09:00 h of the next day for comparison with the water balance method. Evapotranspiration measured by the water balance method was 98% of that measured by the Bowen ratio-energy balance method during the experimental period (r = 0.987).
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximising actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
Comparison between the Laser Beam Ceilometer and an Algorithm for Continuous Evaluation of Cloud Base Height and Temperature, and Cloud Coverage at Local Scale, 2015
The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (AS... more The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (ASOS) in major airports in the U.S. to measure the cloud base height and report the sky conditions on an hourly basis or at shorter intervals. These laser ceilometers are fixed-type whose transmitters and receivers point straight up at the cloud (if any) base. They are unable to detect clouds that are not above the sensor. To report cloudiness at the local scale, many of these types of ceilometers are needed. A single cloud hanging over the sensor will cause overcast readings, whereas, a hole in the clouds above the sensor could cause a clear reading to be reported. To overcome this problem, we have set up a ventilated radiation station at Logan-Cache airport, Utah, U.S .A., since 1995. This airport is equipped with one of the above-mentioned ceilometers. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers with fields of view of 150 o), and net radiometer provide continuous measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and net radiation throughout the year. Considering the additional longwave radiation captured by the facing-up pyrgeometer during cloudy skies, coming from the cloud in the wave band (8-13 μm) which the gaseous emission lacks, we developed an algorithm which provides the continuous cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, and percent of skies covered by cloud) at local scale during the day and night throughout the year. Comparisons between the ASOS and the model data during the period June, 2004, are reported in this article. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature and height, and percent of skies covered by cloud and its effects on aviation throughout the year.
Disposal of saline wastewater from electrical power plants, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, U.S.A., si... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, U.S.A., since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximizing actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
Disposal of saline wastewater from electrical power plants, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximising actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
The West Desert Basin (the most arid region of the state of Utah) is one of the sub-basins among ... more The West Desert Basin (the most arid region of the state of Utah) is one of the sub-basins among four located within the Great Salt Lake Basin. The other three sub-basins are: The Bear River, the Utah Lake, and the Weber River. The Great Salt Lake West Desert Basin is a vast desert area of over 49,000 km2 that expands south, west, and north of the Great Salt Lake. The basin has a limited number of perennial streams. The land cover distribution in the basin is: 2% agriculture, 11% forest, 54% rangeland, and 33% desert. We set up two automatic weather stations over a playa (the flat floor of an undrained desert basin that becomes, at times, a shallow lake), approximately 65 km east-west by 130 km north-south, located in Dugway (40o 08\u27 N, 113o 27\u27 W, 1124 m above mean sea level) in the West Desert Basin of Utah, U.S.A., in 1999. These stations measured the radiation budget components, namely: incoming (Rsi) and outgoing (Rso) solar or shortwave radiation, using two Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), the incoming (Rli or atmospheric) and outgoing (Rlo or terrestrial) longwave radiation, using two Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted), during the 2003 B 2004 water year (1 October B 30 September). These sensors were ventilated throughout the year to prevent dew and frost formation. Summation of these components yields the net (Rn) radiation. We also measured the air temperatures and humidity at one and two meters and the soil moisture and temperature (Campbell Sci., Inc., CSI) to evaluate the energy budget components (latent, LE; sensible, H; and the surface soil, Gsur; heat fluxes). The 10-m wind speed (U10) and direction (R.M. Young wind monitor), precipitation (CSI), and the surface temperature (Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, REBS) were also measured. The measurements were taken every two seconds, averaged into 20-min, continuously, throughout the years
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2009
Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scal... more Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), and two CG1 Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted) in Logan, Utah, USA. The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using four CV2 Kipp & Zonen ventilation systems. Ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevent dew, frost and snow accumulation, which otherwise would disturb the measurement. Knowing that available energy (R n) as R n = R siR so + R li-R lo where R si and R so are downward and upward solar radiation, respectively, and R li and R lo as atmospheric and terrestrial, respectively, the effects of cloudiness were evaluated on a daily and annual basis. The results indicate that for the partly cloudy days of 4 and 5 September, 2007, cloudiness caused less available energy (R n) in the amounts of-1.83 MJ•m-2 •d-1 and-3.83 MJ•m-2 •d-1 on these days, respectively. As shown, due to cloudiness at the experimental site, the net radiation loss was 2,804-4,055 =-1,251 MJ•m-2 •y-1 , which indicates a negative feedback due to cloudiness.
GSTF Journal on Aviation Technology, 2015
The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (AS... more The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (ASOS) in major airports in the U.S. to measure the cloud base height and report the sky conditions on an hourly basis or at shorter intervals. These laser ceilometers are fixed-type whose transmitters and receivers point straight up at the cloud (if any) base. They are unable to detect clouds that are not above the sensor. To report cloudiness at the local scale, many of these types of ceilometers are needed. A single cloud hanging over the sensor will cause overcast readings, whereas, a hole in the clouds above the sensor could cause a clear reading to be reported. To overcome this problem, we have set up a ventilated radiation station at Logan-Cache airport, Utah, U.S .A., since 1995. This airport is equipped with one of the above-mentioned ceilometers. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers with fields of view of 150 o), and net radiometer provide continuous measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and net radiation throughout the year. Considering the additional longwave radiation captured by the facing-up pyrgeometer during cloudy skies, coming from the cloud in the wave band (8-13 μm) which the gaseous emission lacks, we developed an algorithm which provides the continuous cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, and percent of skies covered by cloud) at local scale during the day and night throughout the year. Comparisons between the ASOS and the model data during the period June, 2004, are reported in this article. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature and height, and percent of skies covered by cloud and its effects on aviation throughout the year.
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A, 2016
Journal of Hydrology, 1990
Malek, E., Bingham, G.E. and McCurdy, G.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration from the margin and moist pl... more Malek, E., Bingham, G.E. and McCurdy, G.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration from the margin and moist playa of a closed desert valley. J. Hydrol., 120: 15-34.
Iran Agricultural Research, Mar 21, 1983
Irrigation Science, Jun 1, 1992
Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when ... more Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when irrigated with saline waste water coming from the evaporation of fresh water in the cooling towers of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah, U.S.A. The primary goal is to dispose of the waste water from the power plant by irrigation and to maximize salt deposition in the soil, maximize crop ET, minimize runoff from the soil surface, and minimize leaching to the ground water. Using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method, alfalfa evapotranspiration was measured at an experimental site for each 20-minute period during the 1989 irrigation season. Using a simplified seasonal water balance, the results showed that cumulative irrigation plus rain was less than evapotranspiration for the 1989 irrigation season. This means that for the long term in addition to irrigation and precipitation some water was withdrawn from the soil for alfalfa crop water requirements (ETa). Short term evaluations showed that because of unforeseen heavy rain (thunder showers) in this mountainous area between irrigations, ET, was occasionally less than irrigation plus rain. This means the excess water was stored in the soil for later use. The average value for ETa/ETp (potential ET) for the 1989 irrigation season was 0.47 but occasionally the ratio was greater than unity. Short-term studies (Hanks et al. 1990 a) indicate that yield and ET, are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline irrigation water is applied. This method of investigation can be applied to any industrial processes which produce waste water. Research was carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa crop irrigated with the cooling water of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah. The cooling water is evaporated as it is recycled in the cooling process until the salinity increases to a point where it is sent to the
Journal of Hydrology, Feb 1, 1993
An experiment was conducted during August and early September 1991 in the middle of an alfalfa fi... more An experiment was conducted during August and early September 1991 in the middle of an alfalfa field in Logan, northern Utah. Twenty-minute values of climatic factors, including soil heat flux at a depth of 8cm Gs~m and average soil temperature at 2 and 6cm, were measured using the Campbell Scientific CS Bowen Ratio System. Knowing the soil moisture content, the values of the surface soil heat flux G~ur were computed. Short term (20 min) evaluations indicated rapid changes of G~ur vs. Gscm. It was shown that in addition to solar and net radiations, cloudiness, wind speed and direction also affect the surface soil heat flux. Statistical analysis showed that daily actual evapotranspiration ET d (measured on a 20 min basis) could be overestimated up to 41% if GMcm were used instead of G,~ in the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method. The results indicated that ET~,/ET~ = 1.154 (based on 20-min calculations for this experiment). The suffixes 2 and I refer to the application ofGsc m and G,~ r in the BREB method, respectively. The ratio for potential evapotranspiration ET v was ETr~/ETr~ = 0.998. This means using the short term Gx ..... instead of G,,,, results in an overestimated ET~. For the 24-h computation of ETp. either G~,m or G,,~ can be used without any serious errors. INTRODUCTION Dealing with the energy budget at any surface, the energy terms, namely the net radiation Rn, the sensible H, latent LE, and soil G~ur heat fluxes, should be measured accurately. For agricultural purposes, the soil heat flux G, is usually measured at some depth below the soil surface. To accomplish this, a soil heat flux plate is buried at least 10ram below the surface (Oke, 1987) to avoid radiative and convective errors. To calculate G~ur, the heat stored or released in the soil layer above the soil heat flux plate should be added to or subtracted from G~.
, usa-matthews-John-abs2-he15-poster Four methods are proposed to complement and upgrade the atmo... more , usa-matthews-John-abs2-he15-poster Four methods are proposed to complement and upgrade the atmospheric monitoring techniques currently being transitioned to the Telescope Array near Delta, Utah from the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) observatory. The four methods include lidar systems for neutral atmosphere and aerosol measurements, multi-wavelength all-sky imaging with CCD cameras, continuous cloud monitoring with ventilated radiation stations, and computational methods for aerosol modeling and atmospheric tomography. This paper reviews the proposed methods and the capabilities they will provide for cosmic ray fluorescence measurements. CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk
93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Jan 9, 2013
Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems: Integrated Perspectives, 1993
The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method was used to continuously estimate 20-minute actual e... more The Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method was used to continuously estimate 20-minute actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) in the middle of a 36-ha well-watered alfalfa field from 10 April to 5 October, 1992. Daily totals of ET a were compared with potential evapotranspiration (ET p ) estimated using the modified Penman method. About 90% net radiation (R n ) was utilized for ET a , and the crop coefficient K c = ET a /ET p was 79%. The crop coefficient occasionally was greater than unity. Regression analysis revealed that R n = 0.560R s - 1.317 with r = 0.933 and R n = 0.556R s - 0.830 with r = 0.959 for clear and clear-plus-cloudy sky conditions, respectively, during the season where solar radiation (R s ) and R n are in MJ m -2 . This BREB method is a promising tool for automated irrigation systems in remote areas.
Iran Agricultural Research, 1985
Journal of Hydrology, Jun 1, 1993
An experiment was conducted in a 36 ha alfalfa field in Logan, Utah, USA, during three growth-har... more An experiment was conducted in a 36 ha alfalfa field in Logan, Utah, USA, during three growth-harvest cycles of alfalfa in April-July 1992. A Campbell Scientific (CS) Bowen Ratio System was used to measure continuously 20 min means of micrometeorological elements such as air and dew point temperatures at 1 and 2 m, solar and net radiation, wind speed and direction at 2 m, soil heat fluxes at 8 cm (two locations), and soil temperatures at 2 and 6 cm during the three consecutive growing cycles. The gravimetric method (for 0-10 cm) and the Campbell Pacific Nuclear (CPN) Hydroprobe (for 20-150 cm) were used to measure soil moisture daily at 09:00 h. The 24 h evapotranspiration (LE, using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method) was computed by adding the 20 min mean LE values from 09:00 h until 09:00 h of the next day for comparison with the water balance method. Evapotranspiration measured by the water balance method was 98% of that measured by the Bowen ratio-energy balance method during the experimental period (r = 0.987).
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximising actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
Comparison between the Laser Beam Ceilometer and an Algorithm for Continuous Evaluation of Cloud Base Height and Temperature, and Cloud Coverage at Local Scale, 2015
The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (AS... more The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (ASOS) in major airports in the U.S. to measure the cloud base height and report the sky conditions on an hourly basis or at shorter intervals. These laser ceilometers are fixed-type whose transmitters and receivers point straight up at the cloud (if any) base. They are unable to detect clouds that are not above the sensor. To report cloudiness at the local scale, many of these types of ceilometers are needed. A single cloud hanging over the sensor will cause overcast readings, whereas, a hole in the clouds above the sensor could cause a clear reading to be reported. To overcome this problem, we have set up a ventilated radiation station at Logan-Cache airport, Utah, U.S .A., since 1995. This airport is equipped with one of the above-mentioned ceilometers. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers with fields of view of 150 o), and net radiometer provide continuous measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and net radiation throughout the year. Considering the additional longwave radiation captured by the facing-up pyrgeometer during cloudy skies, coming from the cloud in the wave band (8-13 μm) which the gaseous emission lacks, we developed an algorithm which provides the continuous cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, and percent of skies covered by cloud) at local scale during the day and night throughout the year. Comparisons between the ASOS and the model data during the period June, 2004, are reported in this article. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature and height, and percent of skies covered by cloud and its effects on aviation throughout the year.
Disposal of saline wastewater from electrical power plants, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, U.S.A., si... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, U.S.A., since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximizing actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
Disposal of saline wastewater from electrical power plants, 2010
Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since... more Saline wastewater from a coal-fired Utah Power Plant has been applied in central Utah, USA, since 1987, to irrigate various agricultural crops. The primary goals of this research: to dispose of saline wastewater by maximising actual evapotranspiration (ET a) and to prevent contamination of surface and groundwater by eliminating runoff and throughout the years (1987-2005). Plots were established where the effects of irrigation on water and salt budgets and crop yield could be carefully monitored. Results indicate that yield and ET a are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline wastewater is used for irrigation.
The West Desert Basin (the most arid region of the state of Utah) is one of the sub-basins among ... more The West Desert Basin (the most arid region of the state of Utah) is one of the sub-basins among four located within the Great Salt Lake Basin. The other three sub-basins are: The Bear River, the Utah Lake, and the Weber River. The Great Salt Lake West Desert Basin is a vast desert area of over 49,000 km2 that expands south, west, and north of the Great Salt Lake. The basin has a limited number of perennial streams. The land cover distribution in the basin is: 2% agriculture, 11% forest, 54% rangeland, and 33% desert. We set up two automatic weather stations over a playa (the flat floor of an undrained desert basin that becomes, at times, a shallow lake), approximately 65 km east-west by 130 km north-south, located in Dugway (40o 08\u27 N, 113o 27\u27 W, 1124 m above mean sea level) in the West Desert Basin of Utah, U.S.A., in 1999. These stations measured the radiation budget components, namely: incoming (Rsi) and outgoing (Rso) solar or shortwave radiation, using two Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), the incoming (Rli or atmospheric) and outgoing (Rlo or terrestrial) longwave radiation, using two Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted), during the 2003 B 2004 water year (1 October B 30 September). These sensors were ventilated throughout the year to prevent dew and frost formation. Summation of these components yields the net (Rn) radiation. We also measured the air temperatures and humidity at one and two meters and the soil moisture and temperature (Campbell Sci., Inc., CSI) to evaluate the energy budget components (latent, LE; sensible, H; and the surface soil, Gsur; heat fluxes). The 10-m wind speed (U10) and direction (R.M. Young wind monitor), precipitation (CSI), and the surface temperature (Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, REBS) were also measured. The measurements were taken every two seconds, averaged into 20-min, continuously, throughout the years
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2009
Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scal... more Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), and two CG1 Kipp & Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted) in Logan, Utah, USA. The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using four CV2 Kipp & Zonen ventilation systems. Ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevent dew, frost and snow accumulation, which otherwise would disturb the measurement. Knowing that available energy (R n) as R n = R siR so + R li-R lo where R si and R so are downward and upward solar radiation, respectively, and R li and R lo as atmospheric and terrestrial, respectively, the effects of cloudiness were evaluated on a daily and annual basis. The results indicate that for the partly cloudy days of 4 and 5 September, 2007, cloudiness caused less available energy (R n) in the amounts of-1.83 MJ•m-2 •d-1 and-3.83 MJ•m-2 •d-1 on these days, respectively. As shown, due to cloudiness at the experimental site, the net radiation loss was 2,804-4,055 =-1,251 MJ•m-2 •y-1 , which indicates a negative feedback due to cloudiness.
GSTF Journal on Aviation Technology, 2015
The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (AS... more The ground-based laser beam ceilometers are used at the Automated S urface Observing S ystems (ASOS) in major airports in the U.S. to measure the cloud base height and report the sky conditions on an hourly basis or at shorter intervals. These laser ceilometers are fixed-type whose transmitters and receivers point straight up at the cloud (if any) base. They are unable to detect clouds that are not above the sensor. To report cloudiness at the local scale, many of these types of ceilometers are needed. A single cloud hanging over the sensor will cause overcast readings, whereas, a hole in the clouds above the sensor could cause a clear reading to be reported. To overcome this problem, we have set up a ventilated radiation station at Logan-Cache airport, Utah, U.S .A., since 1995. This airport is equipped with one of the above-mentioned ceilometers. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers with fields of view of 150 o), and net radiometer provide continuous measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and net radiation throughout the year. Considering the additional longwave radiation captured by the facing-up pyrgeometer during cloudy skies, coming from the cloud in the wave band (8-13 μm) which the gaseous emission lacks, we developed an algorithm which provides the continuous cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, and percent of skies covered by cloud) at local scale during the day and night throughout the year. Comparisons between the ASOS and the model data during the period June, 2004, are reported in this article. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature and height, and percent of skies covered by cloud and its effects on aviation throughout the year.
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A, 2016