Tyrone Groh | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (original) (raw)
Papers by Tyrone Groh
Proxy War
In this chapter, the book explains how war has a way of confounding policy. Barriers influence a ... more In this chapter, the book explains how war has a way of confounding policy. Barriers influence a state’s decision to intervene in the affairs of another state, but the nature and interpretation of those barriers change as the structure of the world order changes. The need for proxy intervention remains, but the conditions under which it operates have changed. Looking at the changes from a systemic perspective offers some interesting insights. To this end, this chapter asks three questions: (1) How does the order of the international system influence the use of proxy war? (2) How does a state’s position in that order influence its use of proxy war? (3) How does a state’s perception of the barriers affect the choice to engage in proxy war? Looking at these questions leads to a model that describes, and potentially predicts, the conditions under which a state will resort to proxy war.
Proxy War, 2019
This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Gov... more This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Government to commit to counterinsurgency efforts against the communist Pathet Lao and therefore cultivated an indigenous proxy in the Hmong. International conditions did not support U.S. involvement at any level, yet the United States gained significant benefits from the arrangement with comparatively small costs. This case represents one of the rare instances when an intervening state supports a proxy that is essentially unaffiliated with the sitting government. Although the Hmong had already begun to band together to fight the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao, it was not until the United States got involved that the Hmong became an influential factor in the Laotian conflict.
Co-Author Bio Student-centered learning (SCL) represents a growing trend in higher education that... more Co-Author Bio Student-centered learning (SCL) represents a growing trend in higher education that emphasizes active learning strategies in lieu of more traditional passive strategies such as lecture. This study explores different techniques under the rubric of SCL to evaluate the utility of selected tools to enhance student knowledge and student learning. Specifically, this study tests the use of student portfolios, flipped classrooms, digital learning strategies, and problem-based learning to enhance a student’s learning experience. Originating as a collaborative effort from a university faculty learning community, this study includes a multidisciplinary look at the effects of SCL approaches in the fields of aviation, security, and intelligence. M. Bennett, A. Boettcher, B. Bowen, T. Crossley, D. Groh, T. Groh, T. Holt Dr. Brent Bowen is a Professor of Aeronautical Science at ERAU-Prescott, AZ and known for his Airline Quality Rating research program now in its 28th year. Michelle ...
In this chapter, the book proposes four general categories that represent the barriers that lead ... more In this chapter, the book proposes four general categories that represent the barriers that lead states to choose indirect intervention: (1) the risk of escalation, (2) a lack of domestic support, (3) a lack of international support, and (4) a lack of capacity. Facing these restrictions, states must decide how much control they desire over the outcome when intervening indirectly. Further, the chapter suggests that proxy war is only one means of indirectly intervening in the affairs of another state and can be broken down into two general types: donated assistance and proxy war. Lastly, the chapter offers a new typology for proxy war (in it to win it, holding action, meddling, and feeding the chaos) and explains how the different types fit into a state’s policy to intervene in the affairs of another state.
This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the... more This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the tense civil war in Angola to protect itself from communist influence. Pretoria wanted to prevent the African National Congress from taking over South Africa by force and to minimize Soviet influence in the region. UNITA received relatively overt support, operated with a high degree of autonomy, and had highly divergent objectives. Although the international community rhetorically opposed South Africa’s involvement in Angola, the actions of the United States and Western Europe reflected a more tacit approval. Domestically, South Africa’s public was reluctantly supportive but only on the condition that the costs remain low. Considering that most states had already rhetorically condemned Pretoria’s government and its foreign policy in southern Africa, it is interesting that states failed to raise the international costs of South Africa’s indirect intervention in Angola.
A Faculty Learning Community (FLC) in any university provides an excellent way for faculty to bot... more A Faculty Learning Community (FLC) in any university provides an excellent way for faculty to both innovate and improve teaching methods and styles. When our FLC, consisting of seven faculty members and two staff members, convened, it became apparent across academic disciplines that undergraduate research warranted emphasis. Undergraduate research integration into curriculum promises benefits: student engagement and development of employer-desired skills such as communication, teamwork, analytical reasoning, and the application of knowledge to real-world settings. This paper details the FLC’s efforts to incorporate more research into seven undergraduate classes by using discovery learning pedagogies and to begin compiling a list of best practices to share with others. The fact that these efforts span different undergraduate grade levels and disciplines offers key insights for any undergraduate program. Further, discussions about the formation and collaboration of the FLC at this uni...
This chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy’... more This chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy’s utility and efficacy. Regardless of how well the proxy appears to fit the need, the reliance on another to pursue interests and objectives means that the intervening state must prepare for the additional costs and challenges associated with working through a third party. This chapter explores how certain conditions and methods lead to maximizing a proxy’s utility and efficacy. Utility refers to the idea that a proxy can do what is needed—that it can perform the tasks necessary to carry out the intervention. Efficacy describes the proxy’s ability to enable the intervening state to accomplish its desired objectives. Therefore, efficacy represents the long-term perspective.
This book provides a more comprehensive, definitive, and rigorous treatment of proxy war. This bo... more This book provides a more comprehensive, definitive, and rigorous treatment of proxy war. This book argues that proxy war can and should remain a useful and effective tool of foreign policy, but that such an endeavor demands better understanding and deliberation. Proxy war serves as a means of indirect intervention when conditions eclipse policies using direct or non-intervention. Indirect intervention, however, is not synonymous with proxy war. Rather, proxy war falls on the spectrum of indirect intervention and includes other options such as simply donating assistance to politically-motivated, local fighters or offering support to mercenary forces from outside the country. Building on this knowledge, policy makers and strategists can better judge how fixed and unchangeable conditions such as the presence of interstate competition, domestic politics, geography, and the characteristics of the international system influence proxy war. More importantly, this book explains the role of ...
Proxy War
This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers ... more This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.
Page 1. WAR ON THE CHEAP? ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PROXY WAR A Dissertation submitted ... more Page 1. WAR ON THE CHEAP? ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PROXY WAR A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of ...
Proxy War
In this chapter, the book explains how war has a way of confounding policy. Barriers influence a ... more In this chapter, the book explains how war has a way of confounding policy. Barriers influence a state’s decision to intervene in the affairs of another state, but the nature and interpretation of those barriers change as the structure of the world order changes. The need for proxy intervention remains, but the conditions under which it operates have changed. Looking at the changes from a systemic perspective offers some interesting insights. To this end, this chapter asks three questions: (1) How does the order of the international system influence the use of proxy war? (2) How does a state’s position in that order influence its use of proxy war? (3) How does a state’s perception of the barriers affect the choice to engage in proxy war? Looking at these questions leads to a model that describes, and potentially predicts, the conditions under which a state will resort to proxy war.
Proxy War, 2019
This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Gov... more This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Government to commit to counterinsurgency efforts against the communist Pathet Lao and therefore cultivated an indigenous proxy in the Hmong. International conditions did not support U.S. involvement at any level, yet the United States gained significant benefits from the arrangement with comparatively small costs. This case represents one of the rare instances when an intervening state supports a proxy that is essentially unaffiliated with the sitting government. Although the Hmong had already begun to band together to fight the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao, it was not until the United States got involved that the Hmong became an influential factor in the Laotian conflict.
Co-Author Bio Student-centered learning (SCL) represents a growing trend in higher education that... more Co-Author Bio Student-centered learning (SCL) represents a growing trend in higher education that emphasizes active learning strategies in lieu of more traditional passive strategies such as lecture. This study explores different techniques under the rubric of SCL to evaluate the utility of selected tools to enhance student knowledge and student learning. Specifically, this study tests the use of student portfolios, flipped classrooms, digital learning strategies, and problem-based learning to enhance a student’s learning experience. Originating as a collaborative effort from a university faculty learning community, this study includes a multidisciplinary look at the effects of SCL approaches in the fields of aviation, security, and intelligence. M. Bennett, A. Boettcher, B. Bowen, T. Crossley, D. Groh, T. Groh, T. Holt Dr. Brent Bowen is a Professor of Aeronautical Science at ERAU-Prescott, AZ and known for his Airline Quality Rating research program now in its 28th year. Michelle ...
In this chapter, the book proposes four general categories that represent the barriers that lead ... more In this chapter, the book proposes four general categories that represent the barriers that lead states to choose indirect intervention: (1) the risk of escalation, (2) a lack of domestic support, (3) a lack of international support, and (4) a lack of capacity. Facing these restrictions, states must decide how much control they desire over the outcome when intervening indirectly. Further, the chapter suggests that proxy war is only one means of indirectly intervening in the affairs of another state and can be broken down into two general types: donated assistance and proxy war. Lastly, the chapter offers a new typology for proxy war (in it to win it, holding action, meddling, and feeding the chaos) and explains how the different types fit into a state’s policy to intervene in the affairs of another state.
This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the... more This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the tense civil war in Angola to protect itself from communist influence. Pretoria wanted to prevent the African National Congress from taking over South Africa by force and to minimize Soviet influence in the region. UNITA received relatively overt support, operated with a high degree of autonomy, and had highly divergent objectives. Although the international community rhetorically opposed South Africa’s involvement in Angola, the actions of the United States and Western Europe reflected a more tacit approval. Domestically, South Africa’s public was reluctantly supportive but only on the condition that the costs remain low. Considering that most states had already rhetorically condemned Pretoria’s government and its foreign policy in southern Africa, it is interesting that states failed to raise the international costs of South Africa’s indirect intervention in Angola.
A Faculty Learning Community (FLC) in any university provides an excellent way for faculty to bot... more A Faculty Learning Community (FLC) in any university provides an excellent way for faculty to both innovate and improve teaching methods and styles. When our FLC, consisting of seven faculty members and two staff members, convened, it became apparent across academic disciplines that undergraduate research warranted emphasis. Undergraduate research integration into curriculum promises benefits: student engagement and development of employer-desired skills such as communication, teamwork, analytical reasoning, and the application of knowledge to real-world settings. This paper details the FLC’s efforts to incorporate more research into seven undergraduate classes by using discovery learning pedagogies and to begin compiling a list of best practices to share with others. The fact that these efforts span different undergraduate grade levels and disciplines offers key insights for any undergraduate program. Further, discussions about the formation and collaboration of the FLC at this uni...
This chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy’... more This chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy’s utility and efficacy. Regardless of how well the proxy appears to fit the need, the reliance on another to pursue interests and objectives means that the intervening state must prepare for the additional costs and challenges associated with working through a third party. This chapter explores how certain conditions and methods lead to maximizing a proxy’s utility and efficacy. Utility refers to the idea that a proxy can do what is needed—that it can perform the tasks necessary to carry out the intervention. Efficacy describes the proxy’s ability to enable the intervening state to accomplish its desired objectives. Therefore, efficacy represents the long-term perspective.
This book provides a more comprehensive, definitive, and rigorous treatment of proxy war. This bo... more This book provides a more comprehensive, definitive, and rigorous treatment of proxy war. This book argues that proxy war can and should remain a useful and effective tool of foreign policy, but that such an endeavor demands better understanding and deliberation. Proxy war serves as a means of indirect intervention when conditions eclipse policies using direct or non-intervention. Indirect intervention, however, is not synonymous with proxy war. Rather, proxy war falls on the spectrum of indirect intervention and includes other options such as simply donating assistance to politically-motivated, local fighters or offering support to mercenary forces from outside the country. Building on this knowledge, policy makers and strategists can better judge how fixed and unchangeable conditions such as the presence of interstate competition, domestic politics, geography, and the characteristics of the international system influence proxy war. More importantly, this book explains the role of ...
Proxy War
This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers ... more This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.
Page 1. WAR ON THE CHEAP? ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PROXY WAR A Dissertation submitted ... more Page 1. WAR ON THE CHEAP? ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PROXY WAR A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of ...