Grace Tadzong-Awasum | University of Essex (original) (raw)

Papers by Grace Tadzong-Awasum

Factors associated with adverse neonatal outcomes of premature babies within their first week of life at the Central Hospital Yaounde, 2024

Background: Globally, an estimated 15 million premature babies are born yearly with over one mill... more Background: Globally, an estimated 15 million premature babies are born yearly with over one million complications-related deaths. In Cameroon, nearly 90,000 premature babies are born yearly, However, with affordable care, about 75 percent of these could survive. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with the adverse neonatal outcome of premature babies within their first week of life in the Yaoundé Central Hospital (YCH). Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on a sample of 113 women whose premature babies were admitted into the newborn intensive care unit (NICU). A structured self-administered questionnaire was used and data was analyzed by SPSS version 21 software. Findings: Three research questions guided the study and were tested at a 0.05 significance level using simple percentages and multiple regression analysis (95 % confidence interval, p-value < 0.05). Premature membrane rupture 81.1 %, amniotic fluid color (green/bloody amniotic fluid) 95.7 % was 7.36 [(95 %, 2.08-10.54; P = 0.030)] and 4.24 [95 %, 3.09-5.69; P = 0.018)] times more likely lead to adverse neonatal outcome. The percentage of prematurity factors such as breech presentation, no colostrum, and no use of kangaroo mother care were (86.4 %), (100.0 %) and (86.4 %) respectively. No intake of colostrum [(RR = 2.52; 95 %, 1.08-5.54; P = 0.004)] no kangaroo mother care [(RR = 0.71; 95 %, 0.28-1.18; P = 0.015)] increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcome in premature babies. For institutional factors, the percentages were placing baby in an incubator 70.0 %, reanimating baby 87.5 %, and baby placed on oxygen 87.7 % with the risk of the event occurring being 10.35 [95 %, 3.99-26.82; P = 0.018)] and 11.04 [95 %, 4.24-15.70; P = 0.047)], respectively.

Grace Tadzong-Awasum, 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that requires urgent action. The... more Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that requires urgent action. The burden is highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where antimicrobial stewardship is reportedly challenged by contextual issues which need to be understood in detail. The objective of this study was to understand health personnel point of view and experiences regarding antimicrobial resistance. A phenomenological qualitative study was used on a sample of seven health personnel (two certified physicians and five registered nurses), who prescribe and administer antimicrobials on a daily basis in Yaounde, Cameroon. Findings were grouped into four major themes: 1) Confirmed clinical overuse of antibiotics following systematic prescription is a major enhancer of antimicrobial resistance, 2) Unregulated overthe-counter sales of antimicrobials render antimicrobial stewardship difficult, 3) Excessive uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in the community for plant and animal farming indirectly promotes antimicrobial resistance and 4) Inadequate follow-up and evaluation of antimicrobial surveillance measures. There is a need to step up anti-microbial surveillance and control strategies, while raising population awareness of the dangers of self-medication and systematic overuse of antibiotics. Improved public health policies on antimicrobial stewardship are needed to reduce the harm caused by antimicrobial resistance.

Grace Tadzong-Awasum, 2023

Healthcare delivery globally is getting more and more complex requiring adequately prepared nurse... more Healthcare delivery globally is getting more and more complex requiring adequately prepared nurses and midwives to meet healthcare demands. University nursing education has contributed to improving healthcare outcomes in many countries. This can be seen through the confidence and competence of nurses and midwives who are prepared to meet the needs of diverse populations. University nursing education in Cameroon is an emerging discipline that has faced lots of criticism amidst a declining workforce and quality of care in most settings. The objective of this study was to identify issues affecting nurses’ and midwives’ decisions to pursue university nursing education. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative study was used to capture the voices of diploma nurses and midwives who were currently pursuing either a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree program. Results: The following three themes emerged from the data 1) The image of the profession and professionals in society affects nurses’ decisions to pursue university nursing education; 2) opportunities and funding for university nursing education are sparse; 3) nurses and midwives with a university education hardly find profitable employment. Conclusion: Nurses and midwives with advanced diplomas are known to deliver quality care such that investing in nurses is investing in the health of the population. However, findings reveal that numerous issues affect nurses’ and midwives’ decisions to pursue university nursing education in Cameroon. Nursing advocacy with competent authorities is required to resolve some of the issues such that university nursing education becomes a reality in the country.
Keywords: University nursing education, nurses, midwives, quality of care, Cameroon

International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences

The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the b... more The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the basis on which nurses can provide holistic care to patients in all settings while enhancing communication and continuity of care. It is therefore the recommended tool for nurses if the quality of care must be improved. However, during the provision of care, nurses the world over are challenged to some extent, especially in low-resource settings. Methods and Materials: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nurses with the nursing process in 4 selected urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon. Results: A qualitative phenomenological research method was adopted, and semi-structured interview guides were used to interview 20 nurses from the 4 hospitals within a period of 4 months running from March 2020 through May 2020. Discussion: The findings revealed that the nursing process is not effectively utilized despite attempted efforts. The following five themes were retained from the analysis of the data: (1) nurses lack adequate knowledge of the nursing process and are consequently unable to implement it successfully; (2) nurses portray negative attitudes towards the nursing process; (3) staff shortage and difficult work environments hinder the implementation of the nursing process; (4) students are unable to translate the theoretical (academic) nursing process into practice during internships at these hospitals, and (5) lack of the necessary resources impedes adequate implementation. Conclusion and recommendations: The findings reveal that the nursing process is not adequately implemented in 4 major urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon, for reasons related to knowledge, as well as human and material resources. This reveals the need to improve the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process, improve the working conditions of nurses and provide enough health care financing that will enable nurses to adequately implement the nursing process.

Women's perspectives on cervical cancer screening in Biyemassi, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2021

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Implementation of the nursing process in Sub-Saharan Africa: An integrative review of literature, 2021

Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and es... more Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and essence of nursing practice. It requires some degree of critical thinking from nurses to ensure improved collaboration, continuity of care and better health outcomes. The objective of this literature review was to identify the issues related to implementation of the nursing process in sub-Saharan African countries. Methodology: The reviewed studies were selected from a series of original studies carried out in sub-Saharan African countries. Literature on implementation of the nursing process was sought from PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, African Index Medicus data bases, and Google Scholar. Findings: Twenty-six articles fitted the inclusion criteria and were retained. The findings reveal an enormous gap in the literature for nursing process implementation. After data analysis, three themes were identified, namely: (1) inadequate knowledge of the nursing process; (2) stressful working conditions; and (3) low staff levels (understaffing). These three issues negatively influence implementation of the nursing process in most sub-Saharan African hospitals. Conclusion and recommendations: Although the nursing process is an essential tool in improving patient and health outcomes, it is not adequately implemented in almost all hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is recommended that nurses, midwives and nursing leaders find ways of improving the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process and advocate for improved working conditions.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Nurses' experiences with the adoption and use of the nursing process in four urban hospitals, 2022

The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the b... more The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the basis on which nurses can provide holistic care to patients in all settings while enhancing communication and continuity of care. It is therefore the recommended tool for nurses if the quality of care must be improved. However, during the provision of care, nurses the world over are challenged to some extent, especially in low-resource settings. Methods and Materials: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nurses with the nursing process in 4 selected urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon. Results: A qualitative phenomenological research method was adopted, and semi-structured interview guides were used to interview 20 nurses from the 4 hospitals within a period of 4 months running from March 2020 through May 2020. Discussion: The findings revealed that the nursing process is not effectively utilized despite attempted efforts. The following five themes were retained from the analysis of the data: (1) nurses lack adequate knowledge of the nursing process and are consequently unable to implement it successfully; (2) nurses portray negative attitudes towards the nursing process; (3) staff shortage and difficult work environments hinder the implementation of the nursing process; (4) students are unable to translate the theoretical (academic) nursing process into practice during internships at these hospitals, and (5) lack of the necessary resources impedes adequate implementation. Conclusion and recommendations: The findings reveal that the nursing process is not adequately implemented in 4 major urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon, for reasons related to knowledge, as well as human and material resources. This reveals the need to improve the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process, improve the working conditions of nurses and provide enough health care financing that will enable nurses to adequately implement the nursing process.

Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rat... more Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rather than view health care as a right with consequent high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women in rural Cameroon regarding health care access and solutions to promote care. Twentyfive women from a community in rural Cameroon aged 21-77 years participated in this study. The Participatory action research (PAR) method guided this study with five phases: problem identification, action planning, action taking, evaluation and dissemination. Data from two phases were analyzed using Leininger's phases of qualitative data analysis. Four major themes informed the first phase of the Participatory action research (PAR): Women execute and promote folk practices; live in abject poverty; have little to no voice and/or power in their rural community; and desire to be better informed on how to care for themselves. Findings revealed the need to educate women, improve social status and make changes in their community.

Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and es... more Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and essence of nursing practice. It requires some degree of critical thinking from nurses to ensure improved collaboration, continuity of care and better health outcomes. The objective of this literature review was to identify the issues related to implementation of the nursing process in sub-Saharan African countries. Methodology: The reviewed studies were selected from a series of original studies carried out in sub-Saharan African countries. Literature on implementation of the nursing process was sought from PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, African Index Medicus data bases, and Google Scholar. Findings: Twenty-six articles fitted the inclusion criteria and were retained. The findings reveal an enormous gap in the literature for nursing process implementation. After data analysis, three themes were identified, namely: (1) inadequate knowledge of the nursing process; (2) stressful working conditions; and (3) low staff levels (understaffing). These three issues negatively influence implementation of the nursing process in most sub-Saharan African hospitals. Conclusion and recommendations: Although the nursing process is an essential tool in improving patient and health outcomes, it is not adequately implemented in almost all hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is recommended that nurses, midwives and nursing leaders find ways of improving the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process and advocate for improved working conditions.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Access to care by women in rural Cameroon: A participatory action research, 2021

Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rat... more Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rather than view health care as a right with consequent high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women in rural Cameroon regarding health care access and solutions to promote care. Twenty-five women from a community in rural Cameroon aged 21-77 years participated in this study. The Participatory action research (PAR) method guided this study with five phases: problem identification, action planning, action taking, evaluation and dissemination. Data from two phases were analyzed using Leininger’s phases of qualitative data analysis. Four major themes informed the first phase of the Participatory action research (PAR): Women execute and promote folk practices; live in abject poverty; have little to no voice and/or power in their rural community; and desire to be better informed on how to care for themselves. Findings revealed the need to educate women, improve social status and make changes in their community.
Keywords: Rural communities, access to health care, women, Cameroon, culture, care
Introduction

International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences

Thesis Chapters by Grace Tadzong-Awasum

Women's perspectives on cervical cancer screening in Biyemassi, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2021

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Factors associated with adverse neonatal outcomes of premature babies within their first week of life at the Central Hospital Yaounde, 2024

Background: Globally, an estimated 15 million premature babies are born yearly with over one mill... more Background: Globally, an estimated 15 million premature babies are born yearly with over one million complications-related deaths. In Cameroon, nearly 90,000 premature babies are born yearly, However, with affordable care, about 75 percent of these could survive. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with the adverse neonatal outcome of premature babies within their first week of life in the Yaoundé Central Hospital (YCH). Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on a sample of 113 women whose premature babies were admitted into the newborn intensive care unit (NICU). A structured self-administered questionnaire was used and data was analyzed by SPSS version 21 software. Findings: Three research questions guided the study and were tested at a 0.05 significance level using simple percentages and multiple regression analysis (95 % confidence interval, p-value < 0.05). Premature membrane rupture 81.1 %, amniotic fluid color (green/bloody amniotic fluid) 95.7 % was 7.36 [(95 %, 2.08-10.54; P = 0.030)] and 4.24 [95 %, 3.09-5.69; P = 0.018)] times more likely lead to adverse neonatal outcome. The percentage of prematurity factors such as breech presentation, no colostrum, and no use of kangaroo mother care were (86.4 %), (100.0 %) and (86.4 %) respectively. No intake of colostrum [(RR = 2.52; 95 %, 1.08-5.54; P = 0.004)] no kangaroo mother care [(RR = 0.71; 95 %, 0.28-1.18; P = 0.015)] increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcome in premature babies. For institutional factors, the percentages were placing baby in an incubator 70.0 %, reanimating baby 87.5 %, and baby placed on oxygen 87.7 % with the risk of the event occurring being 10.35 [95 %, 3.99-26.82; P = 0.018)] and 11.04 [95 %, 4.24-15.70; P = 0.047)], respectively.

Grace Tadzong-Awasum, 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that requires urgent action. The... more Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that requires urgent action. The burden is highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where antimicrobial stewardship is reportedly challenged by contextual issues which need to be understood in detail. The objective of this study was to understand health personnel point of view and experiences regarding antimicrobial resistance. A phenomenological qualitative study was used on a sample of seven health personnel (two certified physicians and five registered nurses), who prescribe and administer antimicrobials on a daily basis in Yaounde, Cameroon. Findings were grouped into four major themes: 1) Confirmed clinical overuse of antibiotics following systematic prescription is a major enhancer of antimicrobial resistance, 2) Unregulated overthe-counter sales of antimicrobials render antimicrobial stewardship difficult, 3) Excessive uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in the community for plant and animal farming indirectly promotes antimicrobial resistance and 4) Inadequate follow-up and evaluation of antimicrobial surveillance measures. There is a need to step up anti-microbial surveillance and control strategies, while raising population awareness of the dangers of self-medication and systematic overuse of antibiotics. Improved public health policies on antimicrobial stewardship are needed to reduce the harm caused by antimicrobial resistance.

Grace Tadzong-Awasum, 2023

Healthcare delivery globally is getting more and more complex requiring adequately prepared nurse... more Healthcare delivery globally is getting more and more complex requiring adequately prepared nurses and midwives to meet healthcare demands. University nursing education has contributed to improving healthcare outcomes in many countries. This can be seen through the confidence and competence of nurses and midwives who are prepared to meet the needs of diverse populations. University nursing education in Cameroon is an emerging discipline that has faced lots of criticism amidst a declining workforce and quality of care in most settings. The objective of this study was to identify issues affecting nurses’ and midwives’ decisions to pursue university nursing education. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative study was used to capture the voices of diploma nurses and midwives who were currently pursuing either a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree program. Results: The following three themes emerged from the data 1) The image of the profession and professionals in society affects nurses’ decisions to pursue university nursing education; 2) opportunities and funding for university nursing education are sparse; 3) nurses and midwives with a university education hardly find profitable employment. Conclusion: Nurses and midwives with advanced diplomas are known to deliver quality care such that investing in nurses is investing in the health of the population. However, findings reveal that numerous issues affect nurses’ and midwives’ decisions to pursue university nursing education in Cameroon. Nursing advocacy with competent authorities is required to resolve some of the issues such that university nursing education becomes a reality in the country.
Keywords: University nursing education, nurses, midwives, quality of care, Cameroon

International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences

The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the b... more The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the basis on which nurses can provide holistic care to patients in all settings while enhancing communication and continuity of care. It is therefore the recommended tool for nurses if the quality of care must be improved. However, during the provision of care, nurses the world over are challenged to some extent, especially in low-resource settings. Methods and Materials: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nurses with the nursing process in 4 selected urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon. Results: A qualitative phenomenological research method was adopted, and semi-structured interview guides were used to interview 20 nurses from the 4 hospitals within a period of 4 months running from March 2020 through May 2020. Discussion: The findings revealed that the nursing process is not effectively utilized despite attempted efforts. The following five themes were retained from the analysis of the data: (1) nurses lack adequate knowledge of the nursing process and are consequently unable to implement it successfully; (2) nurses portray negative attitudes towards the nursing process; (3) staff shortage and difficult work environments hinder the implementation of the nursing process; (4) students are unable to translate the theoretical (academic) nursing process into practice during internships at these hospitals, and (5) lack of the necessary resources impedes adequate implementation. Conclusion and recommendations: The findings reveal that the nursing process is not adequately implemented in 4 major urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon, for reasons related to knowledge, as well as human and material resources. This reveals the need to improve the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process, improve the working conditions of nurses and provide enough health care financing that will enable nurses to adequately implement the nursing process.

Women's perspectives on cervical cancer screening in Biyemassi, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2021

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Implementation of the nursing process in Sub-Saharan Africa: An integrative review of literature, 2021

Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and es... more Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and essence of nursing practice. It requires some degree of critical thinking from nurses to ensure improved collaboration, continuity of care and better health outcomes. The objective of this literature review was to identify the issues related to implementation of the nursing process in sub-Saharan African countries. Methodology: The reviewed studies were selected from a series of original studies carried out in sub-Saharan African countries. Literature on implementation of the nursing process was sought from PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, African Index Medicus data bases, and Google Scholar. Findings: Twenty-six articles fitted the inclusion criteria and were retained. The findings reveal an enormous gap in the literature for nursing process implementation. After data analysis, three themes were identified, namely: (1) inadequate knowledge of the nursing process; (2) stressful working conditions; and (3) low staff levels (understaffing). These three issues negatively influence implementation of the nursing process in most sub-Saharan African hospitals. Conclusion and recommendations: Although the nursing process is an essential tool in improving patient and health outcomes, it is not adequately implemented in almost all hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is recommended that nurses, midwives and nursing leaders find ways of improving the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process and advocate for improved working conditions.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Nurses' experiences with the adoption and use of the nursing process in four urban hospitals, 2022

The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the b... more The nursing process is a systematic, scientific process that guides nursing practice. It is the basis on which nurses can provide holistic care to patients in all settings while enhancing communication and continuity of care. It is therefore the recommended tool for nurses if the quality of care must be improved. However, during the provision of care, nurses the world over are challenged to some extent, especially in low-resource settings. Methods and Materials: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nurses with the nursing process in 4 selected urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon. Results: A qualitative phenomenological research method was adopted, and semi-structured interview guides were used to interview 20 nurses from the 4 hospitals within a period of 4 months running from March 2020 through May 2020. Discussion: The findings revealed that the nursing process is not effectively utilized despite attempted efforts. The following five themes were retained from the analysis of the data: (1) nurses lack adequate knowledge of the nursing process and are consequently unable to implement it successfully; (2) nurses portray negative attitudes towards the nursing process; (3) staff shortage and difficult work environments hinder the implementation of the nursing process; (4) students are unable to translate the theoretical (academic) nursing process into practice during internships at these hospitals, and (5) lack of the necessary resources impedes adequate implementation. Conclusion and recommendations: The findings reveal that the nursing process is not adequately implemented in 4 major urban hospitals in Yaounde-Cameroon, for reasons related to knowledge, as well as human and material resources. This reveals the need to improve the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process, improve the working conditions of nurses and provide enough health care financing that will enable nurses to adequately implement the nursing process.

Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rat... more Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rather than view health care as a right with consequent high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women in rural Cameroon regarding health care access and solutions to promote care. Twentyfive women from a community in rural Cameroon aged 21-77 years participated in this study. The Participatory action research (PAR) method guided this study with five phases: problem identification, action planning, action taking, evaluation and dissemination. Data from two phases were analyzed using Leininger's phases of qualitative data analysis. Four major themes informed the first phase of the Participatory action research (PAR): Women execute and promote folk practices; live in abject poverty; have little to no voice and/or power in their rural community; and desire to be better informed on how to care for themselves. Findings revealed the need to educate women, improve social status and make changes in their community.

Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and es... more Background: The nursing process is a necessary guide to understanding the scientific basis and essence of nursing practice. It requires some degree of critical thinking from nurses to ensure improved collaboration, continuity of care and better health outcomes. The objective of this literature review was to identify the issues related to implementation of the nursing process in sub-Saharan African countries. Methodology: The reviewed studies were selected from a series of original studies carried out in sub-Saharan African countries. Literature on implementation of the nursing process was sought from PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, African Index Medicus data bases, and Google Scholar. Findings: Twenty-six articles fitted the inclusion criteria and were retained. The findings reveal an enormous gap in the literature for nursing process implementation. After data analysis, three themes were identified, namely: (1) inadequate knowledge of the nursing process; (2) stressful working conditions; and (3) low staff levels (understaffing). These three issues negatively influence implementation of the nursing process in most sub-Saharan African hospitals. Conclusion and recommendations: Although the nursing process is an essential tool in improving patient and health outcomes, it is not adequately implemented in almost all hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is recommended that nurses, midwives and nursing leaders find ways of improving the acquisition of professional knowledge on the nursing process and advocate for improved working conditions.

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.

Access to care by women in rural Cameroon: A participatory action research, 2021

Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rat... more Women in rural Cameroon have limited access to health care. Women promote folk care practices rather than view health care as a right with consequent high morbidity and mortality rates. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of women in rural Cameroon regarding health care access and solutions to promote care. Twenty-five women from a community in rural Cameroon aged 21-77 years participated in this study. The Participatory action research (PAR) method guided this study with five phases: problem identification, action planning, action taking, evaluation and dissemination. Data from two phases were analyzed using Leininger’s phases of qualitative data analysis. Four major themes informed the first phase of the Participatory action research (PAR): Women execute and promote folk practices; live in abject poverty; have little to no voice and/or power in their rural community; and desire to be better informed on how to care for themselves. Findings revealed the need to educate women, improve social status and make changes in their community.
Keywords: Rural communities, access to health care, women, Cameroon, culture, care
Introduction

International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences

Women's perspectives on cervical cancer screening in Biyemassi, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2021

Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in ... more Cervical cancer is reported to being the 2 nd most frequent cancer for women aged 15-49 years in Cameroon. The World Health Organization recommends that all women are screened at least once within the age group 30-49 years to reduce the chances of developing cervical cancer. However, although there are recommendations around cervical cancer screening, take up of screening is often low especially in low income countries. A qualitative hermeneutic study was undertaken to understand women's perspectives on screening for cervical cancer in order to ensure that preventative measures such as screening are utilized. Five themes emerged from an analysis of the qualitative data: 1.) Women lack information and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, 2) Fear deters women from cervical cancer screening, 3) Feeling of shame and embarrassment limits access, 4) Lack of free services and financial issues impact on take up of cervical screening and 5) Recommendations from women to improve cervical cancer uptake of screening and other interventions. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health in Cameroon provide resources, empower and motivate health care personnel to extend health educational programs into the communities that will target women. There is also a need to either increase free cancer screening sessions or provide subsidies that will reduce the burden of user fee payment.