Rainer Schulze | University of Essex (original) (raw)
Papers by Rainer Schulze
How the Holocaust Looks Now, 2006
For many years, visitors to Bergen-Belsen saw mass graves, testimony to the fact that some 50,000... more For many years, visitors to Bergen-Belsen saw mass graves, testimony to the fact that some 50,000 concentration camp prisoners and 20,000 prisoners-of-war had died there. However, there was virtually no information about the camps which had existed there during the Nazi period, nor about the crimes which had caused the death of so many thousands of people, nor about the fact that in the immediate vicinity a camp was set up for the survivors which existed until 1950. The Gedenkstatte, or memorial, established after the war to remember the dead, was not able to fulfil this role and it was initially not even intended to do this. The mass graves remained silent witnesses. The struggle for preserving the memory of Bergen-Belsen in a comprehensive and meaningful way began immediately after the liberation. Only now, more than sixty years later, will a new memorial site and museum finally meet this obligation to those who died and suffered there.1
Reviews in History, 2016
The 70th anniversary of the Allied victory over the Nazi regime and of the liberation of the camp... more The 70th anniversary of the Allied victory over the Nazi regime and of the liberation of the camps led to a renewed interest in the Nazi rule over much of Europe and, even more so, in the Holocaust. Unsurprisingly, a number of new studies were and still are being published, many of which discuss the meaning that the Holocaust holds for us today. One of these studies is Dan Stone's The Liberation of the Camps, an important and insightful history of the long and protracted process of rehabilitation that the survivors of the camps faced after they were liberated from the hold of the SS. Dan Stone, Professor of Modern History at Royal Holloway, University of London, is a well-known expert in the field of Holocaust and comparative genocide studies. His latest book is largely based on survivor testimony, both written and oral, collected in the immediate postwar period (for example, by the American psychologist David P. Boder) when no 'Holocaust narrative' yet existed, and throughout the 70-year period since the liberation of the camps, when the understanding of the Holocaust, including that of the survivors, became increasingly differentiated and sophisticated. The survivor testimonies are complemented and contextualised by accounts from liberators and relief workers as well as official reports and documents by government agencies and relief organisations.
The Kosovo conflict is usually seen – and remembered – as a conflict between ethnic Serbs and eth... more The Kosovo conflict is usually seen – and remembered – as a conflict between ethnic Serbs and ethnic Albanians. It was the escalating armed conflict between these two ethnic groups following the revoking of Kosovo’s autonomy by the Milosevic regime in Bel-grade in 1989 which led to NATO’s military intervention in the spring of 1999. However, this focus on the Serbi-an-Albanian confrontation meant that the fate of the Ro-ma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in this conflict has been largely overlooked. Both within Kosovo and outside, their experiences and memories remain widely unconnected to the wider narrative and collective memory of the conflict, even though the Roma consti-tuted a significant proportion of the overall population and one upon whom the conflict had an enormous im-pact.
Holocaust Studies, 2006
A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British tro... more A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British troops in April 1945. However, at first this happened primarily outside Germany. At the site of the former camp itself visitors saw little more than the mass graves of those who died there. It was only in the early 1960s that the slow and difficult process of recovering memory began. In October 2000 work began on a major transformation of the Gedenkstätte (memorial). A new Documentation and Information Centre will house a permanent exhibition documenting not only the history of the concentration camp, but also that of the prisoner-of-war and displaced persons camps which existed there. At the same time, a new landscape design will aid understanding of the historic layout of the site.
Holocaust Studies, 2006
A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British tro... more A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British troops in April 1945. However, at first this happened primarily outside Germany. At the site of the former camp itself visitors saw little more than the mass graves of those who died there. It was only in the early 1960s that the slow and difficult process of recovering memory began. In October 2000 work began on a major transformation of the Gedenkstätte (memorial). A new Documentation and Information Centre will house a permanent exhibition documenting not only the history of the concentration camp, but also that of the prisoner-of-war and displaced persons camps which existed there. At the same time, a new landscape design will aid understanding of the historic layout of the site.
The Disentanglement of Populations, 2011
German Studies Review, 2003
Towards a History and Theory of Representation: Shaping the Memories of the Holocaust - The Liber... more Towards a History and Theory of Representation: Shaping the Memories of the Holocaust - The Liberation of Dachau and Buchenwald: Speechlessness and the First Images - Representations in Dachau and Buchenwald Until Today: A German-German Comparison - Auschwitz, Yad Vashem and Washington, DC: An Overview.
National Identities, 2006
Journal of Contemporary History, 2004
... Two of the essays in Christoph Klefimann's volume The Divided Past take up some ... more ... Two of the essays in Christoph Klefimann's volume The Divided Past take up some of ... memories which can be transformed into shared or common memories of a social group and ... sources, and they should not be afraid of their contradictory messages - as Konrad H. Jarausch ...
Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2005
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was set up in spring 1943 on Himmlerís orders with the designate... more Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was set up in spring 1943 on Himmlerís orders with the designated purpose of holding Jews who were to be (temporarily) exempted from deportation to the extermination camps in the East so that they could be exchanged for German civilians held abroad. However, the number of Jews for whom Bergen-Belsen actually proved to be the antechamber to freedom was limited. The British Foreign Office bears some responsibility for this. It regarded proposals from Nazi Germany for such exchanges as blackmail, and giving in to it as unacceptable. It also insisted that the most important task of the anti-Hitler-coalition, and best chance for saving Jews from extermination, was a quick and unconditional victory over Nazi Germany. Instead of pushing for serious negotiations to secure the release of as many Jews as possible, the British Foreign Office played for time. It seems highly likely that a larger number of Jews held at Bergen-Belsen could have been saved if the negotiations about exchange had been conducted with a greater sense of urgency.
American Journal of International Law, 1974
Culture and Organization, 2017
This book brings together different perspectives on gender identity and sexual orientation. This ... more This book brings together different perspectives on gender identity and sexual orientation. This book is rooted in the deepest and most personal part of our being, which is reflected in our interactions with the external world and organisations. This book is about who we are, how others see us, how we see others and what differences gender and sexuality make in our lives. The focus is on exploring and understanding matters in relation to the LGBT+ community (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and all other gender identities and sexual orientations that individuals may identify with) from different perspectives, experiences, narratives and subjects. The angle adopted here offers different perspectives on both private and professional lives, because gender identity permeates everything we do, the way we understand ourselves and the world around us. The lens used here is that of inclusion, with the aid of an open mind, in order to access unspoken realities, unknown (hi)stories and to share private experiences that too often remain silenced. We recommend reading this book to everyone ? members of the LGBT+ community, friends, parents, teachers and students. Because we are all different, and we are all unique at the same time. We recommend reading this book to people interested in understanding more about gender identity and sexual orientation, and to those who want to explore the intersection between private and public life, in and ?out? groups, home and life experiences, inclusion and discrimination. We recommend reading this book to people who are questioning their assumptions and understandings, and to those who believe in equality as a fundamental social principle in order to value and respect others. We dissuade readers from thinking in binaries (e.g. male or female, gay or straight) and from using a permanent marker to label others. You might need an eraser.
How the Holocaust Looks Now, 2006
For many years, visitors to Bergen-Belsen saw mass graves, testimony to the fact that some 50,000... more For many years, visitors to Bergen-Belsen saw mass graves, testimony to the fact that some 50,000 concentration camp prisoners and 20,000 prisoners-of-war had died there. However, there was virtually no information about the camps which had existed there during the Nazi period, nor about the crimes which had caused the death of so many thousands of people, nor about the fact that in the immediate vicinity a camp was set up for the survivors which existed until 1950. The Gedenkstatte, or memorial, established after the war to remember the dead, was not able to fulfil this role and it was initially not even intended to do this. The mass graves remained silent witnesses. The struggle for preserving the memory of Bergen-Belsen in a comprehensive and meaningful way began immediately after the liberation. Only now, more than sixty years later, will a new memorial site and museum finally meet this obligation to those who died and suffered there.1
Reviews in History, 2016
The 70th anniversary of the Allied victory over the Nazi regime and of the liberation of the camp... more The 70th anniversary of the Allied victory over the Nazi regime and of the liberation of the camps led to a renewed interest in the Nazi rule over much of Europe and, even more so, in the Holocaust. Unsurprisingly, a number of new studies were and still are being published, many of which discuss the meaning that the Holocaust holds for us today. One of these studies is Dan Stone's The Liberation of the Camps, an important and insightful history of the long and protracted process of rehabilitation that the survivors of the camps faced after they were liberated from the hold of the SS. Dan Stone, Professor of Modern History at Royal Holloway, University of London, is a well-known expert in the field of Holocaust and comparative genocide studies. His latest book is largely based on survivor testimony, both written and oral, collected in the immediate postwar period (for example, by the American psychologist David P. Boder) when no 'Holocaust narrative' yet existed, and throughout the 70-year period since the liberation of the camps, when the understanding of the Holocaust, including that of the survivors, became increasingly differentiated and sophisticated. The survivor testimonies are complemented and contextualised by accounts from liberators and relief workers as well as official reports and documents by government agencies and relief organisations.
The Kosovo conflict is usually seen – and remembered – as a conflict between ethnic Serbs and eth... more The Kosovo conflict is usually seen – and remembered – as a conflict between ethnic Serbs and ethnic Albanians. It was the escalating armed conflict between these two ethnic groups following the revoking of Kosovo’s autonomy by the Milosevic regime in Bel-grade in 1989 which led to NATO’s military intervention in the spring of 1999. However, this focus on the Serbi-an-Albanian confrontation meant that the fate of the Ro-ma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in this conflict has been largely overlooked. Both within Kosovo and outside, their experiences and memories remain widely unconnected to the wider narrative and collective memory of the conflict, even though the Roma consti-tuted a significant proportion of the overall population and one upon whom the conflict had an enormous im-pact.
Holocaust Studies, 2006
A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British tro... more A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British troops in April 1945. However, at first this happened primarily outside Germany. At the site of the former camp itself visitors saw little more than the mass graves of those who died there. It was only in the early 1960s that the slow and difficult process of recovering memory began. In October 2000 work began on a major transformation of the Gedenkstätte (memorial). A new Documentation and Information Centre will house a permanent exhibition documenting not only the history of the concentration camp, but also that of the prisoner-of-war and displaced persons camps which existed there. At the same time, a new landscape design will aid understanding of the historic layout of the site.
Holocaust Studies, 2006
A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British tro... more A rich cultural memory of Bergen-Belsen developed immediately after its liberation by British troops in April 1945. However, at first this happened primarily outside Germany. At the site of the former camp itself visitors saw little more than the mass graves of those who died there. It was only in the early 1960s that the slow and difficult process of recovering memory began. In October 2000 work began on a major transformation of the Gedenkstätte (memorial). A new Documentation and Information Centre will house a permanent exhibition documenting not only the history of the concentration camp, but also that of the prisoner-of-war and displaced persons camps which existed there. At the same time, a new landscape design will aid understanding of the historic layout of the site.
The Disentanglement of Populations, 2011
German Studies Review, 2003
Towards a History and Theory of Representation: Shaping the Memories of the Holocaust - The Liber... more Towards a History and Theory of Representation: Shaping the Memories of the Holocaust - The Liberation of Dachau and Buchenwald: Speechlessness and the First Images - Representations in Dachau and Buchenwald Until Today: A German-German Comparison - Auschwitz, Yad Vashem and Washington, DC: An Overview.
National Identities, 2006
Journal of Contemporary History, 2004
... Two of the essays in Christoph Klefimann's volume The Divided Past take up some ... more ... Two of the essays in Christoph Klefimann's volume The Divided Past take up some of ... memories which can be transformed into shared or common memories of a social group and ... sources, and they should not be afraid of their contradictory messages - as Konrad H. Jarausch ...
Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2005
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was set up in spring 1943 on Himmlerís orders with the designate... more Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was set up in spring 1943 on Himmlerís orders with the designated purpose of holding Jews who were to be (temporarily) exempted from deportation to the extermination camps in the East so that they could be exchanged for German civilians held abroad. However, the number of Jews for whom Bergen-Belsen actually proved to be the antechamber to freedom was limited. The British Foreign Office bears some responsibility for this. It regarded proposals from Nazi Germany for such exchanges as blackmail, and giving in to it as unacceptable. It also insisted that the most important task of the anti-Hitler-coalition, and best chance for saving Jews from extermination, was a quick and unconditional victory over Nazi Germany. Instead of pushing for serious negotiations to secure the release of as many Jews as possible, the British Foreign Office played for time. It seems highly likely that a larger number of Jews held at Bergen-Belsen could have been saved if the negotiations about exchange had been conducted with a greater sense of urgency.
American Journal of International Law, 1974
Culture and Organization, 2017
This book brings together different perspectives on gender identity and sexual orientation. This ... more This book brings together different perspectives on gender identity and sexual orientation. This book is rooted in the deepest and most personal part of our being, which is reflected in our interactions with the external world and organisations. This book is about who we are, how others see us, how we see others and what differences gender and sexuality make in our lives. The focus is on exploring and understanding matters in relation to the LGBT+ community (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and all other gender identities and sexual orientations that individuals may identify with) from different perspectives, experiences, narratives and subjects. The angle adopted here offers different perspectives on both private and professional lives, because gender identity permeates everything we do, the way we understand ourselves and the world around us. The lens used here is that of inclusion, with the aid of an open mind, in order to access unspoken realities, unknown (hi)stories and to share private experiences that too often remain silenced. We recommend reading this book to everyone ? members of the LGBT+ community, friends, parents, teachers and students. Because we are all different, and we are all unique at the same time. We recommend reading this book to people interested in understanding more about gender identity and sexual orientation, and to those who want to explore the intersection between private and public life, in and ?out? groups, home and life experiences, inclusion and discrimination. We recommend reading this book to people who are questioning their assumptions and understandings, and to those who believe in equality as a fundamental social principle in order to value and respect others. We dissuade readers from thinking in binaries (e.g. male or female, gay or straight) and from using a permanent marker to label others. You might need an eraser.