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Papers by Brent Bridgeman

This report presents the findings of a research project funded by and carried out under the auspi... more This report presents the findings of a research project funded by and carried out under the auspices of the Graduate

This document is part of the ETS Head Start , longitudinal study, Disadvantaged Children,and Thei... more This document is part of the ETS Head Start , longitudinal study, Disadvantaged Children,and Their First School Experiences. The present study investigated the.interrelationships 4among status, situational and process variables describing the child's home environment and the relationship of these variables to the child's concurrent cognitive-perceptual performance. Interview and test data collected when study children were 8 1/2 to 9 years of age were examined. The document is divided into chapters on sample characteristics, data Collection and data analysis procedures, description of selected variables, study families in year six, stability and change in family characteristics, relationship of family characteristics to children's cognitive perceptual performance, summary and conclusions. Appendices include year six parent interview materials, and'supplementary tables. (MS) *********************************************************************** Documentsacquired by E...

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, 2017

Applied Measurement in Education, 2020

PLOS ONE

Graduate school programs that are considering dropping the GRE as an admissions tool often focus ... more Graduate school programs that are considering dropping the GRE as an admissions tool often focus on claims that the test is biased and does not predict valued outcomes. This paper addresses the bias issue and provides evidence related to the prediction of valued outcomes. Two studies are included. The first study used data from chemistry (N = 315) and computer engineering (N = 389) programs from a flagship state university and an Ivy League university to demonstrate the ability of the GRE to predict dropout. Dropout prediction for the chemistry programs was both statistically and practically significant for the GRE quantitative (GRE-Q) scores, but not for the verbal or analytical writing scores. In the computer engineering programs, significant dropout prediction by GRE-Q was evident only for domestic students. In the second study, GRE Analytical Writing scores for 217 students were related to writing produced as part of graduate school coursework and relationships were noted that w...

Since its 1947 founding, ETS has conducted and disseminated scientific research to support its pr... more Since its 1947 founding, ETS has conducted and disseminated scientific research to support its products and services, and to advance the measurement and education fields. In keeping with these goals, ETS is committed to making its research freely available to the professional community and to the general public. Published accounts of ETS research, including papers in the ETS Research Report series, undergo a formal peer-review process by ETS staff to ensure that they meet established scientific and professional standards. All such ETS-conducted peer reviews are in addition to any reviews that outside organizations may provide as part of their own publication processes. SAT is a trademark of the College Board. Abstract Anchor tests play a key role in test score equating. We attempt to find, through theoretical derivations, an anchor test with optimal item characteristics. The correlation between the scores on a total test and on an anchor test is maximized with respect to the item pa...

versions of this manuscript. Michael E. Walker is a principal psychometrician and psychometric ma... more versions of this manuscript. Michael E. Walker is a principal psychometrician and psychometric manager at Educational Testing Service (ETS). Brent Bridgeman is a principal research scientist at ETS. Researchers are encouraged to freely express their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in College Board Reports do not necessarily represent official College Board position or policy. The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,600 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®,...

ests can contribute to high-stakes decisions, and may help to open (or close) doors to a desired ... more ests can contribute to high-stakes decisions, and may help to open (or close) doors to a desired education or profession. At stake are personal interests and potential futures. We should therefore not be surprised that the testing and scoring process is surrounded by a range of ideas and suggestions, many claiming to be based on common sense … but much of what goes as common sense is actually based on common misunderstandings, urban legends, or outright nonsense. If the simplistic assumptions underlying the common sense claims were right, then there would be no need for lengthy and/or expensive research studies. But are these claims correct? Let’s take a look at six common claims about tests and compare them to what we have learned from research. 1.

The Companion to Language Assessment, 2013

This chapter charts the history, surveys the current developments, and discusses the future trend... more This chapter charts the history, surveys the current developments, and discusses the future trends in English for academic purposes (EAP) assessments used for admissions to post-secondary English-medium institutions. A historical overview of the origin and growth of EAP assessments used for university admissions is provided, focusing on the evolution of test philosophies and on test content for the various assessments. Current trends of EAP testing in admissions are discussed, focusing on test constructs, delivery method, scoring methods and technologies, and score reporting and interpretation. The chapter reports on current research using the argument-based approach to test validation, and presents exemplary studies addressing validity inferences including domain definition, evaluation, generalization, explanation, extrapolation, and utilization. It concludes with a discussion of future trends and of critical development and research issues to be addressed. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Language for academic purposes; Language for specific purposes

ETS Research Report Series, 1985

Applied Measurement in Education

ETS Research Report Series

Educational Researcher, 1972

... rather than an aid to such discoveries. Brent Bridge man University of Virginia FromAilyn and... more ... rather than an aid to such discoveries. Brent Bridge man University of Virginia FromAilyn and Bacon Inc. New and Recent Selections on Education EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A ...

Educational and psychological measurement, 2015

Research on examinees' response changes on multiple-choice tests over the past 80 years has y... more Research on examinees' response changes on multiple-choice tests over the past 80 years has yielded some consistent findings, including that most examinees make score gains by changing answers. This study expands the research on response changes by focusing on a high-stakes admissions test-the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the GRE revised General Test. We analyzed data from 8,538 examinees for Quantitative and 9,140 for Verbal sections who took the GRE revised General Test in 12 countries. The analyses yielded findings consistent with prior research. In addition, as examinees' ability increases, the benefit of response changing increases. The study yielded significant implications for both test agencies and test takers. Computer adaptive tests often do not allow the test takers to review and revise. Findings from this study confirm the benefit of such features.

Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice

ETS Research Report Series

Journal of Educational Measurement, 1974

This report presents the findings of a research project funded by and carried out under the auspi... more This report presents the findings of a research project funded by and carried out under the auspices of the Graduate

This document is part of the ETS Head Start , longitudinal study, Disadvantaged Children,and Thei... more This document is part of the ETS Head Start , longitudinal study, Disadvantaged Children,and Their First School Experiences. The present study investigated the.interrelationships 4among status, situational and process variables describing the child's home environment and the relationship of these variables to the child's concurrent cognitive-perceptual performance. Interview and test data collected when study children were 8 1/2 to 9 years of age were examined. The document is divided into chapters on sample characteristics, data Collection and data analysis procedures, description of selected variables, study families in year six, stability and change in family characteristics, relationship of family characteristics to children's cognitive perceptual performance, summary and conclusions. Appendices include year six parent interview materials, and'supplementary tables. (MS) *********************************************************************** Documentsacquired by E...

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, 2017

Applied Measurement in Education, 2020

PLOS ONE

Graduate school programs that are considering dropping the GRE as an admissions tool often focus ... more Graduate school programs that are considering dropping the GRE as an admissions tool often focus on claims that the test is biased and does not predict valued outcomes. This paper addresses the bias issue and provides evidence related to the prediction of valued outcomes. Two studies are included. The first study used data from chemistry (N = 315) and computer engineering (N = 389) programs from a flagship state university and an Ivy League university to demonstrate the ability of the GRE to predict dropout. Dropout prediction for the chemistry programs was both statistically and practically significant for the GRE quantitative (GRE-Q) scores, but not for the verbal or analytical writing scores. In the computer engineering programs, significant dropout prediction by GRE-Q was evident only for domestic students. In the second study, GRE Analytical Writing scores for 217 students were related to writing produced as part of graduate school coursework and relationships were noted that w...

Since its 1947 founding, ETS has conducted and disseminated scientific research to support its pr... more Since its 1947 founding, ETS has conducted and disseminated scientific research to support its products and services, and to advance the measurement and education fields. In keeping with these goals, ETS is committed to making its research freely available to the professional community and to the general public. Published accounts of ETS research, including papers in the ETS Research Report series, undergo a formal peer-review process by ETS staff to ensure that they meet established scientific and professional standards. All such ETS-conducted peer reviews are in addition to any reviews that outside organizations may provide as part of their own publication processes. SAT is a trademark of the College Board. Abstract Anchor tests play a key role in test score equating. We attempt to find, through theoretical derivations, an anchor test with optimal item characteristics. The correlation between the scores on a total test and on an anchor test is maximized with respect to the item pa...

versions of this manuscript. Michael E. Walker is a principal psychometrician and psychometric ma... more versions of this manuscript. Michael E. Walker is a principal psychometrician and psychometric manager at Educational Testing Service (ETS). Brent Bridgeman is a principal research scientist at ETS. Researchers are encouraged to freely express their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in College Board Reports do not necessarily represent official College Board position or policy. The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,600 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®,...

ests can contribute to high-stakes decisions, and may help to open (or close) doors to a desired ... more ests can contribute to high-stakes decisions, and may help to open (or close) doors to a desired education or profession. At stake are personal interests and potential futures. We should therefore not be surprised that the testing and scoring process is surrounded by a range of ideas and suggestions, many claiming to be based on common sense … but much of what goes as common sense is actually based on common misunderstandings, urban legends, or outright nonsense. If the simplistic assumptions underlying the common sense claims were right, then there would be no need for lengthy and/or expensive research studies. But are these claims correct? Let’s take a look at six common claims about tests and compare them to what we have learned from research. 1.

The Companion to Language Assessment, 2013

This chapter charts the history, surveys the current developments, and discusses the future trend... more This chapter charts the history, surveys the current developments, and discusses the future trends in English for academic purposes (EAP) assessments used for admissions to post-secondary English-medium institutions. A historical overview of the origin and growth of EAP assessments used for university admissions is provided, focusing on the evolution of test philosophies and on test content for the various assessments. Current trends of EAP testing in admissions are discussed, focusing on test constructs, delivery method, scoring methods and technologies, and score reporting and interpretation. The chapter reports on current research using the argument-based approach to test validation, and presents exemplary studies addressing validity inferences including domain definition, evaluation, generalization, explanation, extrapolation, and utilization. It concludes with a discussion of future trends and of critical development and research issues to be addressed. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Language for academic purposes; Language for specific purposes

ETS Research Report Series, 1985

Applied Measurement in Education

ETS Research Report Series

Educational Researcher, 1972

... rather than an aid to such discoveries. Brent Bridge man University of Virginia FromAilyn and... more ... rather than an aid to such discoveries. Brent Bridge man University of Virginia FromAilyn and Bacon Inc. New and Recent Selections on Education EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: A ...

Educational and psychological measurement, 2015

Research on examinees' response changes on multiple-choice tests over the past 80 years has y... more Research on examinees' response changes on multiple-choice tests over the past 80 years has yielded some consistent findings, including that most examinees make score gains by changing answers. This study expands the research on response changes by focusing on a high-stakes admissions test-the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the GRE revised General Test. We analyzed data from 8,538 examinees for Quantitative and 9,140 for Verbal sections who took the GRE revised General Test in 12 countries. The analyses yielded findings consistent with prior research. In addition, as examinees' ability increases, the benefit of response changing increases. The study yielded significant implications for both test agencies and test takers. Computer adaptive tests often do not allow the test takers to review and revise. Findings from this study confirm the benefit of such features.

Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice

ETS Research Report Series

Journal of Educational Measurement, 1974