Jelena Dzankic | European University Institute (original) (raw)

Books by Jelena Dzankic

Wartime EU: Consequences of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Enlargement Process, 2023

The European Union (EU) reactivated the enlargement process in response to the Russia-Ukraine war... more The European Union (EU) reactivated the enlargement process in response to the Russia-Ukraine war. That reaction compares to how the EU utilized enlargement following the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. On neither occasion was the inclusion of more states within EU borders a preferred EU working agenda. Instead, the EU is primarily using the lure of enlargement as a stabilization and security-building mechanism without making membership a guaranteed end state. In this paper, we argue that the end-result of the previous phase of enlargement was contextual and that those contextual factors are not present in the case of current candidate states from the Western Balkans or the East- ern Neighborhood. The domestic situation of candidate states is different in complexity from that which characterized successful applicants in the past. The European Union has also changed. As a result, although the Russia-Ukraine war shows the EU react- ing in a familiar sequence of incomplete decision-making, the outcome of this wartime enlargement negotiation process will point in a different direction.

Palgrave, 2019

This book presents a systematic study of the history, theory and policy of investor citizenship a... more This book presents a systematic study of the history, theory and policy of investor citizenship and residence programmes. It explores how states develop new rules of joining their community in response to globalisation and highlights the tension between citizenship policies aimed at migrant integration and those, such as the sale of passports, which create ‘long-distance citizens’. Individual chapters offer insights in the historical relationship between citizenship, money and property; discuss arguments that support and counter the practice of the sale of citizenship; and examine the interests and strategies of the different actors—states, companies, individuals—that constitute the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ sides of the burgeoning citizenship industry. The book provides a global overview of the market for investor citizenship as well as a separate policy analysis of the sale of citizenship and residence in the European Union.

What happens to the citizen when states and nations come into being? How do the different ways in... more What happens to the citizen when states and nations come into being? How do the different ways in which states and nations exist define relations between individuals, groups, and the government? Are all citizens equal in their rights and duties in the newly established polity?

Addressing these key questions in the contested and ethnically heterogeneous post-Yugoslav states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro, this book reinterprets the place of citizenship in the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the creation of new states in the Western Balkans. Carefully analysing the interplay between competing ethnic identities and state-building projects, the author proposes a new analytical framework for studying continuities and discontinuities of citizenship in post-partition, post-conflict states. The book maintains that citizenship regimes in challenged states are shaped not only by the immediate political contexts that generated them, but also by their historical trajectories, societal environments in which they exist, as well as the transformative powers of international and European factors.

The process of reform of public administration has been initiated in 2001, in accordance with the... more The process of reform of public administration has been initiated in 2001, in accordance with the Public Administration Reform Strategy in Montenegro 2002-2009.

However, the fact that Montenegro should further intensify the reforms of the public administration sector was outlined in the 2007 European Commission Progress Report of the EU, which has marked the country’s public administration as ‘weak and inefficient’.

Although the EU has acknowledged that some advancement has been made in this area, further improvements are needed in order to ‘clarify sectoral responsibilities in a manner which permits oversight and transparency.’ Having in mind all of the aforementioned, the purpose of this research is to provide an analysis of the salary schemes, reward system and opportunities for professional advancement in the public administration of Montenegro, both in law and in practice. the process of public administration reform and approximation to EU standards require the establishment of advanced mechanisms for attracting, allocating and rewarding the employees.

ealnost crnogorske tranzicije je obilježena neodložnom potrebom za jačanjem državnih instituciona... more ealnost crnogorske tranzicije je obilježena neodložnom potrebom za jačanjem državnih institucionalnih kapaciteta. ovo se pokazalo kao pitanje od naročitog značaja u svijetlu obaveza crnogorske Vlade u vezi sa integracijom u evropsku uniju (EU), kao što je naznačeno i u Sporazumu o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP), potpisanom u oktobru 2007. godine. Pored opšte poznatih Kopenhaških kriterijuma iz 1993.godine, EU je postavila još jedan zahtjev za reformu pred njene buduće države članice – Madridski kriterijum iz 1995. godine, koji uključuje institucionalnu reformu kao preduslov za članstvo. Madridski kriterijum je usmjeren ka jačanju administrativnog prilagođavanja zemalja koje teže da postanu članice EU. Uspostavljanje novog sloja efikasne javne uprave i pravosudnih struktura smatra se od strane EU garancijom posvećenosti države transponovanju i sprovođenju Acquis Communautaire-a u nacionalni okvir.

Proces reforme javne uprave započet je 2001. godine, u skladu sa Strategijom reforme javne uprave u Crnoj Gori 2002.-2009.1 no, činjenica da Crna Gora treba dalje da intenzivira reforme sektora javne uprave bila je navedena u Izvještaju Evropske komisije (EK) o napretku iz 2007. godine, koji je okarakterisao državnu upravu kao „slabu i neefikasnu.“ Mada je eK konstatovala da je bilo nekih pomaka u ovoj oblasti, dalja poboljšanja su potrebna kako bi se „pojasnile sektorske odgovornosti na način koji dozvoljava nadgledanje i transparentnost.“ Imajući u vidu navedeno, cilj ovog istraživanja je da obezbijedi analizu šema plata, sistema nagrađivanja i mogućnosti za profesionalno usavršavanje u javnoj upravi Crne Gore, u zakonu i praksi.

Book chapters by Jelena Dzankic

This chapter seeks to solve the puzzle of how Montenegro’s foreign policy was gradually shaped fr... more This chapter seeks to solve the puzzle of how Montenegro’s foreign policy was gradually shaped from that of a republic in the FRY to that of an independent state. Given that the developments in Montenegro’s foreign policy were heavily marked by the relationship between Montenegro and Serbia, they can be divided into four periods: (1) foreign policy with Serbia within Yugoslavia before 1996; (2) foreign policy during the period when Montenegro opposed Milos?evic´ (1997–2001); (3) foreign policy within the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2002–2006); and (4) foreign policy after independence (2006–present).

Papers by Jelena Dzankic

The primary focus of EUDO in 2015 has been dedicated to further consolidating the work of the fou... more The primary focus of EUDO in 2015 has been dedicated to further consolidating the work of the four observatories, whilst assuring continuity in the delivery of the main activities of the EUDO platform. Several research projects were conducted, and various conferences, seminars, workshops and other events organized.

The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), created in 1992 and directed by Brigid La... more The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), created in 1992 and directed by Brigid Laffan since September 2013, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research and to promote work on the major issues facing the process of integration and European society.

This Introduction explains the origins of the project of exploring citizenship and citizenship-re... more This Introduction explains the origins of the project of exploring citizenship and citizenship-related issues in the framework of Europeanisation in the new states in South East Europe. It defines the terminology used in the contributions and explains the conceptual underpinnings of the project and the structure of the edited collection. Finally, these introductory remarks also give an overview of the contributions to the special issue of Perspectives on European Politics and Societies entitled, ‘The governance of citizenship practices in the post-Yugoslav states: The impact of Europeanisation.'

This paper has two objectives. First, by mapping investment-based the legal provisions that may r... more This paper has two objectives. First, by mapping investment-based the legal provisions that may result in the direct acquisition of citizenship or residence rights through a pecuniary contribution in all the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, it clears the grounds for further normative inquiries in this issue. Second, it discusses the iterative relationship between European Union (EU) citizenship and investment-based citizenship programmes, taking into account the intuitive conflict between the values inherent in EU citizenship and the opportunity structures that it creates for countries to commodify their membership by exchanging it for investment. The paper starts by a theoretical examination of membership in national and supranational polities in order to discern the links between national and EU citizenship. This is followed by an empirical classification of the different investor and residence programmes in the 28 Member States of the EU, aimed at comparing how different countries regulate access to membership on grounds of wealth. The conclusion to the paper discusses of the effects of investor citizenship and golden residence programmes in the broader EU context, taking into account the unique characteristics of European citizenship.

While a significant amount of attention has been paid in scholarly work to the modes of acquisiti... more While a significant amount of attention has been paid in scholarly work to the modes of acquisition of citizenship at birth, either through territorial attachments (ius soli) or descent (ius sanguinis), far less consideration has been given to the acquisition of citizenship after birth (ius nexi). Even if the notion of ius nexi encapsulates a variety of modes for the acquisition of citizenship through connection to the host state, the one that has recently gained salience in the context of the preferential naturalisation of investors is that of ius pecuniae – i.e., citizenship acquisition driven by money. Although setting a price tag on membership in a community is intuitively disquieting, there has hitherto been little discussion as to why this might be the case. The primary goal of this article is to set out three sets of criteria against which the different mechanisms of preferential naturalisation of investors can be evaluated.
Deploying a critique of the notion of “genuine ties”, we first examine whether the economic utility of the investment to the state can suffice to override some or all other criteria for naturalisation. Then, we look at the preferential treatment of investors in the context of merit-based naturalisation. Finally, we examine how the investment-based ius pecuniae affects the relationship between the members of the polity and naturalised investors and between naturalised investors and other applicants subject to ordinary naturalisation. The analysis suggests that even though all these criteria have pitfalls, the principle that citizenship should instantiate a claim of equality best explains why we are uncomfortable with the idea of selling citizenship.

In Montenegro, the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), the legal successor to the Monten... more In Montenegro, the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), the legal successor to the Montenegrin branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, has uninterruptedly remained in power since the break-up of Yugoslavia. By looking at citizenship policies in Montenegro since the disintegration of Yugoslavia as an ‘image of the nation’ and an ‘image of politics’, this paper maintains that citizenship legislation has been one of the key mechanisms that has enabled the perpetuation of DPS rule. By embedding the ‘image of the nation’ in citizenship legislation, the ruling Montenegrin elite reinforced their political agenda. By entrenching the ‘image of politics’ in citizenship laws, they managed to produce conditions favouring their electoral victories, thus enabling the party’s institutional dominance.

Although there has been significant change in the content of the category of “Montenegrin” identi... more Although there has been significant change in the content of the category of “Montenegrin” identity, the policies adopted by the government of Montenegro within its nation-building project have been only partly successful. This study examines popular support for the policies that have helped to reconstruct Montenegrin identity in the decades following the disintegration of socialist Yugoslavia. The specific focus here is on the symbolic reconstruction of identity parameters in Montenegro after the split of the ruling party in 1997 and the start of political divisions in this tiny Balkan state. Relying on original quantitative and qualitative data, the analysis associates the divide related to the question of statehood with perceptions of identity and shows how the content of “Montenegrin” identity changed as a result of people’s support for or opposition to independence.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and followed by the disintegration of the multinational sociali... more After the fall of the Berlin Wall and followed by the disintegration of the multinational socialist federations, citizenship has gained a central role in the study of the transformation of societies east of the Bernauer Straße. The notion of citizenship epitomises the link between individuals and the state. Unpacking the fine tissue of citizenship, we first realise that we can view it as a legal status, or as a purely legal concept. Defining citizenship in legal terms explains which groups have been included in the state as its full members, and which may have been fully or partly excluded. Such a narrow understanding of citizenship has been much examined in political and socio-legal studies, particular in the context of the evolving and changing post-communist citizenship legislation. Then, we realise that the question of membership in a particular state is intimately related to the rights and duties that an individual has by virtue of his or her status of citizenship. And finally, the notion of citizenship can also be understood in broader, ideational terms because it encapsulates the social, political, and historical milieus of the state.

The two decades of Montenegro's transition that followed the disintegration of Yugoslavia were ma... more The two decades of Montenegro's transition that followed the disintegration of Yugoslavia were marked by the transformation of ambitions of the ruling political elites, which pushed the republic that once sought to be a member in a federal state towards independence. The shift in the agendas of the political elites also caused the change in the meaning of the notions of 'Montenegrin' and 'Serb'. Hence, this paper looks at cleavages that emerged during Montenegro's divide over statehood and identity. It asserts that elite competition in unconsolidated states prompts the emergence of ethno-cultural cleavages, which are necessary for the establishment of identity of political elites and of their followers. The study first identifies the critical junctures for the emergence of functional and structural cleavages in Montenegro and associates these cleavages with the changing political context. It proceeds with the analysis of ethno-cultural cleavages, in arguing that these emerged from the politicisation of historical narratives. The study concludes by arguing that different types of cleavages supported the division over statehood and identity, and that due to the malleable identity in Montenegro, political reinforcement of overlapping cleavages was essential in order to cement ethno-cultural identities to the two camps.

Wartime EU: Consequences of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Enlargement Process, 2023

Palgrave, 2019

This paper examines the relationship between citizenship, participation, cultural and socio-econo... more This paper examines the relationship between citizenship, participation, cultural and socio-economic rights of minorities in Montenegro by focusing on the divergence between policies and their implementation. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, it combines insights from law with ones from social and political studies. The paper is divided into three sequential analytical sections. The first section focuses on the definition of minorities in Montenegro, examining the relation between the status of minority and citizenship. The second section relates the previously analyzed concepts of citizenship and minority to representation and participation. It seeks to examine electoral legislation within the framework of 'authentic representation' of minorities, enshrined in the 2007 Constitution of Montenegro. The final section assesses minority access to cultural (group) and socio-economic (individual) rights. The section brings forward the argument that, despite the existing legal guarantees, many of these rights are too complex to realize in practice, particularly those related to language and education in one's own language.

Abstract: Based on a generational cross-country survey of people born in 1971 and 1991 in all the... more Abstract: Based on a generational cross-country survey of people born in 1971 and 1991 in all the Western Balkans countries, this opinion paper presents the “tip of the iceberg” of the two generations' views on the regional past, present and future. Why these two generations? The 1971 generation was the last Yugoslav generation which lived to see the former system and witnessed its end. These people entered their adulthood as the old system was crumbling over their heads and had to carry the heavy burden of the transition. The ...

LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog, Jan 1, 2012

With the opening of EU accession negotiations, Montenegro is now the frontrunner of EU enlargemen... more With the opening of EU accession negotiations, Montenegro is now the frontrunner of EU enlargement. Jelena Dzankic argues that the country faces many challenges before it can become an EU member, including boosting a flagging economy, tackling corruption and organized crime and the reform of the judiciary. But, she argues accession has also had some positive effects on the country's politics by inducing changes through greater consensus between the ruling coalition and opposition parties.

The traditional explanations of the party system transformations usually rely on domestic factors... more The traditional explanations of the party system transformations usually rely on domestic factors. However, there is growing research on the impact of European integration over party politics. This impact is even greater in Central and Eastern European Countries and Bulgaria is no exception. The Bulgarian party system is fragile and fragmented. It has entered a new phase of transformation since the 2001 elections. This article examines the impact of the European integration over this transformation. The article argues that its impact is significant, since the parties are focused on the European cleavage, and the European party families play a key role in the formulation of their behavior and electoral strategies. Moreover, the paramount importance of membership in the European Union predetermined the other explanatory factors. European integration is the environment for the formation of the contemporary party system in Bulgaria. However, the effects of Europeanization appear not to be only positive. It turns out that along with consolidation of the party system, it provokes rise of populism which hinders professionalization of the Bulgarian political elite and thus, the political process suffers ineffectiveness.

This cross-disciplinary Marie Curie project analyses the effects of party competition on the rela... more This cross-disciplinary Marie Curie project analyses the effects of party competition on the relationship between citizenship and voting rights in post-Yugoslav countries with consolidated (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo) and conflictual (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro) politics of national identity. By empirically tracing processes of change in citizenship and franchise legislation, this project complements the existing research on the policy output in Europe’s new states.

Moreover, this project looks at how the interplay between citizenship and franchise is changed and shaped by party competition in post-Yugoslav space, and contributes to the understanding of Europe’s role in its neighbourhood, and the broader issues related to citizens in the EU and its immediate surroundings.

Leaning on two classics, the speakers depicted the varied authoritarian tendencies and explored t... more Leaning on two classics, the speakers depicted the varied authoritarian tendencies and explored their roots in the region. They concluded that authoritarian tendencies have intensified in many Western Balkan states. While the systems have individual characteristics, they have a number of elements in common. The rise of this new authoritarianism is not only linked to the financial crisis, but also due to a lack of an adequate engagement by external actors, most notably the European Union.

The spread of the global economic crisis enticed many countries to consider attracting investors ... more The spread of the global economic crisis enticed many countries to consider attracting investors to become their citizens. The mushrooming of investor programs, which permit rich individuals to gain residence in the underlying countries and eventually access their citizenship, has become a mechanism of securing an infusion of capital into the struggling economies. The lecture will first look at the relationship between the notion of citizenship and the different types of preferential naturalization of investors: naturalization through residence, discretionary naturalization, and detailed investor citizenship programs. In order to examine whether the economic utility of the investment to the state can suffice to override some or all other criteria for naturalization, we will explore legal and normative dimensions of the notion of “genuine ties” questioning whether preferential treatment of investors can be justified in the context of merit-based naturalization. In the second part of the lecture, the focus will be on classifying investment-based citizenship and residence programs in all the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, and on discussing the implications of investor citizenship and residence programs on the notion of EU citizenship. Starting from a brief theoretical examination of membership in national and supranational polities, we will then compare how different countries regulate access to membership on grounds of wealth.

This chapter explores how the notion of citizenship changes at times of conflict. It argues that ... more This chapter explores how the notion of citizenship changes at times of conflict. It argues that the legal, political, and emotional aspects of citizenship still exist in times of conflict, yet in a different (de-individualised, or collectivized) form. Individual rights become overshadowed by collective claims. Political participation as an expression of political will becomes substituted by participation in wartime activities. Identity rather than representing a passive emotional link between the single individual and the state, becomes community-driven. In order to illustrate its argument, the paper uses examples from the conflict in Africa and the former Yugoslavia.

This talk explores the policy-making process in the European Union.

The European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO) is an independent and interdisciplinary academic ... more The European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO) is an independent and interdisciplinary academic organization fully integrated within the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS). Its declared goals are:
• To translate scientific and academic research on the key issues of European democracy into policy-relevant and publicly-understandable outputs.
• To produce a periodic evaluation of democratic practices within the EU.
• To develop practical suggestions for improving democratic performance in the EU.
• To offer expertise, information, and policy reports on relevant EU institutions.
• To serve as a forum where research results, experiences, ideas, and good practices can be exchanged between scholars and policy-makers.
This annual report was edited by Diego Garzia in collaboration with Jelena Dzankic and Lorenzo Cicchi.