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Papers by Anne Hatløy

Human milk is a food that meets all conditions for an infant's nutrition security and is the ... more Human milk is a food that meets all conditions for an infant's nutrition security and is the most important food for more than 10 percent of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (children less than three years of age). Statistics on production of human milk at local and national levels are lacking for Africa. In this paper, the quantity of human milk production in Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe is estimated. The annual production in the urban and rural areas in a county in Mali is estimated at 13 and 17 kilograms per capita, respectively. National annual median production is estimated to be between 144,000 (Mali) and 1.3 million metric tons (Nigeria), and production per capita between 8 (Zimbabwe) and 15 kilograms per year (Mali). In Sub-Saharan Africa, the production of human milk is about 50 percent of that of cow's milk. The paper argues that overlooking human milk production/consumption in data analysis and policymaking has negative consequences for children's ...

Relative Risk Ratios for moderate and severe Stunting among under 5 year children in DR Congo 201... more Relative Risk Ratios for moderate and severe Stunting among under 5 year children in DR Congo 2013–14. (XLSX 17 kb)

Unadjusted odds of stunting among under five children in DR Congo 2013–14. (XLSX 14 kb)

Sample distribution and prevalence of stunting among under 5 year children according to provinces... more Sample distribution and prevalence of stunting among under 5 year children according to provinces; DRC. (XLSX 13 kb)

Additional file 1: Supplementary File – Data collection tool.

Background: Globally, increasing numbers of higher education institutions (HEIs) in non-English-s... more Background: Globally, increasing numbers of higher education institutions (HEIs) in non-English-speaking countries have adopted English as a medium of instruction (EMI), because of the perception that this provides opportunities to attract high calibre students and academic staff, and engage with the international research community. We report an evaluation of a North-South-South collaboration to develop health research capacity in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by establishing a postgraduate programme in nutritional epidemiology at the Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), where English was adopted as the medium of instruction. We report experiences and perceptions of stakeholders, facilitators and students about using EMI. Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted between October-December 2019 among purposively sampled stakeholders (8), facilitators (11) and students (12) involved in the programme from all three partner institutions

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the ... more The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Development Report 2013 team, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Probably the largest group of child workers in the world are child domestic workers (CDW). The In... more Probably the largest group of child workers in the world are child domestic workers (CDW). The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that there are 250 million child workers in the developing world, and that domestic work is the largest worldwide employment category of girls under the age of sixteen (ILO 1998). However, the proportion of CDWs is not known, neither worldwide nor in Haiti. In Haiti, the estimate of CDWs has varied between 100,000 (Dorelien 1990) and 300,000 children under the age of 18 (UNICEF 1999). A common opinion from previous studies has been that CDWs are mainly girls younger than fourteen years of age, with as many as 20% under ten years of age. In 1998, Jean-Robert Cadet published an autobiography tided, Restavec: From Haitian Slave Child to Middle-Class American, describing his life as a "restavek"-a domestic servant or "slave child"-and the general social acceptance of this practice in Haiti (Cadet 1998). The book drew interna...

Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, Jan 14, 2017

Journal of Human Lactation, 1997

Human milk is an invaluable food resource for infants and young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. S... more Human milk is an invaluable food resource for infants and young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Statistics on production of human milk at local and national levels are lacking. In this article, estimates of the quantity of human milk production in Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe were calculated. Annual production in the urban and rural areas in Mali was 13 and 17 kg per capita, respectively. National annual median production ranged from 93,000 (Zimbabwe) to 1.3 million metric tons (Nigeria), and from 9 (Zimbabwe) to 15 kg per capita (Mali). Given a value of (US)$1 per liter, inclusion of human milk in calculations of the gross national product (GNP) for these countries would increase this value by more than 5% for Mali, and nearly 2% for Senegal. Human milk is a significant food source to children in this region and should be included in national food statistics due to its nutritional and economic importance.

Global Public Health, 2009

This article describes the implementation of respondent driven sampling (RDS) in a study conducte... more This article describes the implementation of respondent driven sampling (RDS) in a study conducted in Kono District, Sierra Leone. RDS was used to identify children, under the age of 18 years old, working in the diamond sector of Sierra Leone. This includes children working directly as diamond miners as well as children working in the informal sector connected to the diamond field. The article seeks to postulate that RDS is a suitable method for a rapid approach to a population that is unidentified in size and demonstrate how RDS can reach a study population within a limited period.

Food Chemistry, 1996

The databank currently provides only information on retinol equivalents of foods, not on individu... more The databank currently provides only information on retinol equivalents of foods, not on individual carotenoids. However, within the framework of the so-called total diet studies, analytical data of the content of carotenoids and /?-carotene of about 200 food items (determined by calorimetry and HPLC, respectively) have recently become available. To assess the intake of p-carotene in the Netherlands, efforts have been made to collect information on the content of P-carotene in about 1100 products. For this purpose, data from the Dutch total diet study, as well as data from food composition tables, were used. Comparing several sources, substantial differences wee found for the same products. In conclusion, for a number of crucial food items in the Netherlands there is a need for more analytical data regarding carotenoids and p-carotene. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Sources of variability in tbe intercomparison of food cartenoid content data.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004

Objective: To examine the association between nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity, and to ass... more Objective: To examine the association between nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity, and to assess and compare the determinants for the two constructs in an adult population in rural Mali. Design: Cross-sectional study assessing food intake by a validated 7-day quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Two different dietary diversity indexes were created: food variety score (FVS), a simple count of food items, and diet diversity score (DDS) a count of food groups. Mean adequacy ratio, the mean ratio of intake to recommended intake (each truncated at one) of energy and nine nutrients, was calculated as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. Information on household and individual characteristics, including demography, socioeconomic conditions and food production strategies was obtained using precoded questionnaires. Setting: Bafoulabé district, Kayes region, Western Mali. Subjects: In total, 502 subjects (55% women) aged 15-45 y from 319 different households. Results: Both FVS and DDS had a positive correlation with mean adequacy ratio (MAR). Multivariate analysis (linear regression) showed that the most important factors explaining MAR was the number of milk products, vegetables and green leaves consumed, as well as sex and the number of crops produced in the household. Dietary diversity was associated with socioeconomic status, residence and age. Conclusion: Dietary diversity is useful as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. It is important to examine how various food groups contribute to the nutrient adequacy of the diet in an area. Sponsorship: The Norwegian Research Council and The Strmme Foundation funded the project.

African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 2009

The kind of social stress that a civil war expose the population to makes it easy to assume that ... more The kind of social stress that a civil war expose the population to makes it easy to assume that an increased level of alcohol and drug abuse should be observable in postwar Sierra Leone. This is, however, not the case. As this study reveals, the pattern of alcohol and drug consumption in Sierra majority of the population do not drink very much or use drugs at all, but there is a small minority that who the drinkers are, how many people drink and what characterises drug users in Sierra Leone.

BMC Medical Education, 2021

Background Low- and Middle-income countries (LMIC) face considerable health and nutrition challen... more Background Low- and Middle-income countries (LMIC) face considerable health and nutrition challenges, many of which can be addressed through strong academic leadership and robust research translated into evidence-based practice. A North-South-South partnership between three universities was established to implement a master’s programme in nutritional epidemiology at the Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The partnership aimed to develop academic leadership and research capacity in the field of nutrition in the DRC. In this article we describe the educational approach and processes used, and discuss successes, challenges, and lessons learned. Methods Self-administered questionnaires, which included both open and closed questions, were sent to all graduates and students on the master’s programme to explore students’ experiences and perceptions of all aspects of the educational programme. Quantitative data was analysed using frequencies, and a ...

Unadjusted odds of stunting among under five children in DR Congo 2013–14. (XLSX 14 kb)

Additional file 1: Supplementary File – Data collection tool.

Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, Jan 14, 2017

Journal of Human Lactation, 1997

Global Public Health, 2009

Food Chemistry, 1996

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004

African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 2009

BMC Medical Education, 2021

Fafo-report 2017:24

This report is the outcome of a study commissioned by the World Food Programme as part of its glo... more This report is the outcome of a study commissioned by the World Food Programme as part of its global work on school feeding. It explores the particular challenges posed by humanitarian emergencies, and the ways in which school feeding can play a role in emergency contexts. Based on a desk review of relevant policies and research literature, and interviews with key stakeholders, the report argues for a definition of emergency school feeding as an intervention to ensure children’s protection and food access, in support of educational goals. This approach entails a shift from an activity-centred to a beneficiary-centred intervention, where the needs of child and youth beneficiaries in emergencies guide the ways that activities and modalities are directed and adjusted.

Fafo-report 2018:06, 2018

This report sets out to map and analyse Norwegian development policies relating to efforts to ens... more This report sets out to map and analyse Norwegian development policies relating to efforts to ensure girls’ rights and gender equality. The report asks how the specific concerns and rights of girls and young women figure in Norwegian development cooperation: How do Norwegian authorities’ efforts to ensure gender equality and girls’ rights, cohere with the aims defined in the UN Sustainable Development Goals in Agenda 2030? To what extent are the Norwegian government’s stated aims and commitments followed up in policies and overseas development aid priorities? The report describes the Government’s increased efforts within the education sector. It highlights that the focus on girls’ education and vocational training is not sufficiently integrated into the Government’s support to private sector development and job creation. In addition, the prevention of child labour and early marriage are stated as explicit goals of Norwegian development policies, but are neither embedded in the organisational structure of Norwegian development aid administration, nor given specific funding. Within the health area, reproductive health data tends to render invisible girls 10–14 years of age. Attention to the concerns of adolescents – including the age group 10 to 14 – should be intensified in efforts to promote family planning and sexuality education.

Fafo-report 2017:39, 2017

A scoping study concerning knowledge about trends and sub-variations In this report we take stock... more A scoping study concerning knowledge about trends and sub-variations In this report we take stock of the state of knowledge on gender and education in West Africa. Girls still face many challenges, but their situation is also rapidly changing. We find that the main barriers to girls' education are also barriers to many boys' education. Some of the barriers affect boys and girls differently, but an obstacle unique to girls is the notion that girls should do other things rather than go to school. Barriers are also related to vulnerabilities, like disabilities; unstable or poor urban living conditions, including homelessness; being on the move; and being affected by conflict or violence. New global targets including out-of-school secondary school-aged girls make it more important to understand the local alternative costs of schooling. These are linked to a gendered labour market, marriage practices and changing claims on girls related to the religious revival in the area.

90 prosent av hjernen utvikles før et barn fyller fem år. Barn som får for lite -eller feil -mat ... more 90 prosent av hjernen utvikles før et barn fyller fem år. Barn som får for lite -eller feil -mat de første leveårene, blir ofte merket for livet. I verden i dag, finnes det 159 millioner av dem. Det utgjør hvert fjerde barn under fem år.

Rapport Fafo 2015:55. , 2015

Ce rapport est une analyse des principaux résultats d’une recherche sur les enfants travailleurs ... more Ce rapport est une analyse des principaux résultats d’une recherche sur les enfants travailleurs domestiques en Haïti. L’objectif principal de la recherche est d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension du phénomène du travail domestique des enfants en Haïti, ainsi qu’établir une cartographie (ou « mapping ») des réponses institutionnelles existantes. Les résultats de ce rapport s’appuient sur des données statistiques d’une enquête nationale par questionnaire, administrée auprès des ménages en septembre 2014. Le rapport s’appuie aussi sur les enseignements d’une étude qualitative menée en Haïti en 2014, ainsi que ceux d’une analyse institutionnelle, qui comprend un travail de terrain exécuté en Haïti de mai à septembre 2014. De plus, le rapport s’appuie sur une revue de la littérature scientifique récente, et des travaux politiques sur les enfants travailleurs domestiques en Haïti. La recherche a été lancée par l’UNICEF, le Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail (MAST) d’Haïti, l’Institut du Bien-Être Social et de Recherches (IBESR), l’OIT, l’OIM, l’IRC et la Fondation Terre des Hommes Lausanne. L’étude a été menée avec l’aide de 28 organisations haïtiennes qui ont servi de groupe de référence pour le projet de recherche.

Fafo-report / Rapport Fafo 2015: 20, 2015

Alors que l’importance croissante de l’Islam des salafistes radicaux au nord du Mali est bien con... more Alors que l’importance croissante de l’Islam des salafistes radicaux au nord du Mali est bien connue, la réorientation religieuse qui s’effectue au sud a reçu beaucoup moins d’attention du public. Dans une série de rapports, nous nous concentrons sur les changements de point de vue sur la politique, la religion et les conditions sociales parmi les musulmans au sud du Mali. Les études sont fondées sur des données recueillies au Mali en juin 2014, à la fois au cours d’entrevues approfondies avec des leaders religieux et politiques, et dans une enquête de perception parmi 1210 adultes au sud du Mali. L’étude a été financée par le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Norvégien.

Fafo-report 2015: 19, 2015

Following the advances of militant Islamist groups and the French intervention in Northern Mali i... more Following the advances of militant Islamist groups and the French intervention in Northern Mali in 2012, popular discussions about the spread of “Salafist” versions of Islam have flourished in the Malian web-based media. Claims about the increasing popularity of versions of Islam that originate in the
Arab Middle East, variably referred to as Wahhabism and Salafism in Mali, tend to conflate Muslim reformist movements with “terrorism”. Some of the Islamist groupings in the north, for instance AQIM (Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) claim adherence to Salafism. However, the popularity of
Salafist Islam has also become a subject of popular debate with reference to southern Mali.

As in other countries on the African continent, religion takes up an increasingly large part of public space in Mali. This is seen in the popular appeal of religious associations, the multiplication of religious schools and organisations, an increase in media coverage and the use of media for religious messages, the participation of religious leaders in political debates, and a more active role of women in religious life. However, Islam has become more important in daily life among Muslims in general
– and not only in reformist or religiously conservative circles. Based on data from a quantitative survey of perceptions of religion and politics carried out in Southern Mali in 2014, and data from interviews and conversations during a qualitative fieldwork, this report discusses some of the ways in which the religious scene has changed in recent years. We address what the changes entail in terms of the practice of state secularism, conditions of religious pluralism and women’s participation, and some implications for the engagement with Malian authorities and civil society. A main point is that the religious revival seen in Mali cannot be interpreted as a one-way process of “radicalisation” or adoption of extremist views.