Marcelo Tyszler | Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundação Getulio Vargas) (original) (raw)

Papers by Marcelo Tyszler

Research paper thumbnail of The Potential of Food Fortification as an Enabler of More Environmentally Sustainable, Nutritionally Adequate Diets

Nutrients, May 25, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire

Dataset collected in the scope of the Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Sa... more Dataset collected in the scope of the Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Sample size of 3045 household in cocoa growing regionsData collected in Nov/Dec 2016 (Ghana) and Jan/Fev 2017 (Côte d’Ivoire

Research paper thumbnail of O caso Natura: como utilizar bem o comércio eletrônico?

Research paper thumbnail of Can call detail records provide insights into women’s empowerment? A case study from Uganda

CAN call detail records provide insights into women's empowerment? a case study from Uganda The C... more CAN call detail records provide insights into women's empowerment? a case study from Uganda The CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture is a cross-cutting program of the global CGIAR consortium of non-profit research institutes looking into virtually every aspect of food security spanning: genomics, breeding, agroecology, climate science, and the socioeconomic drivers and context of food systems change. The Platform tends to data standards and data sharing, digital innovation strategy and technology transfer, and research into the intersection of digital technologies and agricultural development in emerging regions. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food secure future dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources. https://bigdata.cgiar.org/ The CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) leads action-oriented research to equip decisionmakers with the evidence required to develop food and agricultural policies that better serve the interests of poor producers and consumers, both men and women.

Research paper thumbnail of REG_SANDWICH: Stata module to compute cluster-robust (sandwich) variance estimators with small-sample corrections for linear regression

Statistical Software Components, 2017

reg_sandwich provides cluster-robust variance estimators (i.e., sandwich estimators) for ordinary... more reg_sandwich provides cluster-robust variance estimators (i.e., sandwich estimators) for ordinary and weighted least squares linear regression models. Several adjustments are incorporated to improve small-sample performance. (We like to think of these adjustments as extra cheese, sprouts, bacon, etc. in the middle of the sandwich estimator.) The package includes functions for estimating linear regression models with cluster-robust variance-covariance matrices and for testing single- and multiple-contrast hypotheses based on Wald test statistics. Variance-covariance estimators are based on a version of the bias-reduced linearization estimator proposed by Bell and McCaffrey (2002) and further developed by Tipton and Pustejovsky (2015) and Pustejovsky and Tipton (2016). Tests of single regression coefficients use Satterthwaite corrections. Tests of multiple-contrast hypotheses use an approximation to Hotelling's T-squared distribution.

Research paper thumbnail of Atividades e competências executivas. (Em CD-ROM)

Research paper thumbnail of KIT_LIVINGINCOME: Stata module providing Tables and Bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark

kitli_gap2bm produces tables and bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark, optionally... more kitli_gap2bm produces tables and bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark, optionally per group. kitli_compare2bm produces tables, bar charts and density (kernel smoothened) plots as fractions about the distribution of total household income with the goal of comparing to the benchmark value. Optionally it includes the intrinsic value of food crops produced and consumed at home. If a grouping variable is used, it creates, optionally, a detailed graph per group and a combined graph.

Research paper thumbnail of Findability of gender datasets

The CGIAR Platform for Big data in Agriculture aims at using big data to solve agricultural devel... more The CGIAR Platform for Big data in Agriculture aims at using big data to solve agricultural development problems faster, better and at greater scale. Data has become a valuable global commodity, but it is much more than simply information: in expert hands, it is intelligence. Already, analysts are finding ways to turn big data-the immense stocks of information collected in computers worldwide-into an invaluable resource for planning and decision-making. It is helping accelerate the development of robust responses to some of the most pressing challenges of our time: climate change/variability, food insecurity and malnutrition, and environmental degradation. The smart and effective use of data will be one of the most important tools for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Big data represents an unprecedented opportunity to find new ways of reducing hunger and poverty, by applying datadriven solutions to ongoing research for development impact. About CoP_SED The Community of Practice on socioeconomic data (SED-CoP), led by CIMMYT, aims at bringing together CGIAR centers, academia, not-for-profit research and development organizations and private sector partners willing to tackle major issues related to socioeconomic data. The community works together on strategies to make the data interoperable, in order to enhance the impact and the use of CGIAR-related socioeconomic data for partners in development. This space can be used as a discussion area, share and request relevant information and contribute towards building the community as a whole.

Research paper thumbnail of Article Combining Low Price, Low Climate Impact and High Nutritional Value in One Shopping Basket through Diet Optimization by Linear Programming

Background: This study aims to find diets with low price and low climate impact, yet fulfilling a... more Background: This study aims to find diets with low price and low climate impact, yet fulfilling all nutritional requirements. Methods: Optimization by linear programming. The program constrains 33 nutrients to fulfill Dutch dietary requirements. In a second cycle, the upper boundary for climate impact through greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) is set to 1.6 kg carbon dioxide equivalents/day (CO2eq). In a third cycle, the costs are set on €2.50 as a constraint. The objective function of the optimization maximized the most consumed food products (n = 206) for male and female adults separately (age 31-50). Results: A diet of 63 popular and low priced basic products was found to deliver all required nutrients at an adequate level for both male and female adults. This plant-based, carbohydrate and fiber-rich diet consists mainly of wholegrain bread, potatoes, muesli, open-field vegetables and fruits. The climate impact of this diet is very low (1.59 kg CO2eq/day) compared to the average Dutch diet. By constraining costs, a low carbon diet of €2.59/day is possible. Conclusions: A two-person diet consisting of 63 products and costing €37 per week can simultaneously be healthy and yet have half the average climate impact. Linear programming is a promising tool to combine health and sustainability on both societal and individual levels.

Research paper thumbnail of Article Strategic Voting in Heterogeneous Electorates: An Experimental Study

We study strategic voting in a setting where voters choose from three options and Condorcet cycle... more We study strategic voting in a setting where voters choose from three options and Condorcet cycles may occur. We introduce in the electorate heterogeneity in preference intensity by allowing voters to differ in the extent to which they value the three options. Three information conditions are tested: uninformed, in which voters know only their own preference ordering and the own benefits from each option; aggregate information, in which in addition they know the aggregate realized distribution of the preference orderings and full information, in which they also know how the relative importance attributed to the options are distributed within the electorate. As a general result, heterogeneity seems to decrease the level of strategic voting in our experiment compared to the homogenous preference case that we study in a companion paper. Both theoretically and empirically (with data collected in a laboratory experiment), the main comparative static results obtained for the homogenous case carry over to the present setting with preference heterogeneity. Moreover, information about the realized aggregate distribution of preferences seems to be the element that best explains observed differences in voting behavior. Additional information about the realized distribution of preference intensity does not yield significant further changes.

Research paper thumbnail of Information and Economic Voting 1

Despite the vast literature on economic voting, spanning decades, there is little agreement on th... more Despite the vast literature on economic voting, spanning decades, there is little agreement on the influence of economic considerations on approval of the government and vote choice. Part of the reason for this disagreement is the inherent complexity of the political environment. To isolate the effects of economic considerations we develop a laboratory experiment that allows us to vary these considerations at three levels: the individual, community and national economy. Choices by a policymaker directly affect outcomes at each of these levels, allowing us to test for egotropic, ‘communotropic’, and sociotropic voting. Our design allows us to specifically observe which information is considered relevant by voters and to what extent ‘the economy’ matters. This study offers what we believe to be the first experimental study to explicitly investigate the question of how multiple levels of economic considerations influence vote choice. We observe significantly positive demand for informa...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards a core approach for cross-sectional farm household survey data collection: a tiered setup for quantifying key farm and livelihood indicators

Research paper thumbnail of Uma proposta de regionalização para o Estado de São Paulo a partir do mercado de trabalho

Não faz muito sentido pensar no consumidor final para fins de agregação dos municípios em regiões... more Não faz muito sentido pensar no consumidor final para fins de agregação dos municípios em regiões já que sua distribuído se dá em função da população. É claro que, nesse sentido, a densidade do município e do seu entorno deve influenciar a decisão de localização das empresas mas isso não diz muito com relação a criação de uma região. 2 Esse é o caso de empresas que utilizam recursos naturais como matéria-prima principal. Por exemplo, não faz sentido agregar os municípios onde se extrai bauxita com os municípios com fábricas de alumínio.

Research paper thumbnail of Preference for Efficiency or Confusion? A Note on a Boundedly Rational Equilibrium Approach to Individual Contributions in a Public Good Game

Does the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency account for subjects ’ over-contribution... more Does the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency account for subjects ’ over-contribution in public good games or is this mostly noise? Using a boundedly rational equilibrium approach, we aim at estimating the relative importance of efficiency con-cerns relative to a noise argument. By using data from a VCM experiment with heterogeneous endowments and asymmetric information, we estimate a quantal re-sponse equilibrium (QRE) extension of a model in which subjects have preference for group efficiency. Under the hypothesis of homogeneous population most of the over-contribution seems to be explained by noisy behaviors. A different picture emerges when we introduce cross-subject heterogeneity in concerns for group efficiency. In this case, the majority of the subjects makes contributions that are compatible with the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency. A formal likelihood-ratio test strongly rejects the models not allowing for noise in contributions and homogeneous s...

Research paper thumbnail of Econometria espacial: discutindo medidas para a matriz de ponderação espacial

Research paper thumbnail of White paper: A conceptual model on women and girls' empowerment

This White Paper defines empowerment of women and girls as 'the expansion of choice and stren... more This White Paper defines empowerment of women and girls as 'the expansion of choice and strengthening of voice through the transformation of power relations, so women and girls have more control over their lives and futures'. Empowerment is both a process and an outcome. This White Paper presents a conceptual model on women and girls' empowerment, and has been developed by KIT Gender for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The model is informed by existing empowerment frameworks and approaches. It builds on the long history of theory and practice in women and girls’ empowerment, existing operational frameworks and critical reflections on how these frameworks have been operationalised over the past 20 years and what can be learnt from this wealth of experience. The model asserts that expanding women and girls’ choice and voice engages directly with how power operates as a force in their lives; empowerment challenges disempowerment and the systemic constraints on women’s ...

Research paper thumbnail of Agri-footprint; A life cycle inventory database covering food and feed production and processing

Agri-footprint is a new life cycle inventory database that focuses on the agriculture and food se... more Agri-footprint is a new life cycle inventory database that focuses on the agriculture and food sector. The goal of this database is to support life cycle assessment practitioners to perform high quality assessments. The database contains a methodologically consistent dataset for a large number of crops, crop products, animal systems and animal products. These inventories can be used as secondary data in LCAs. Non-LCA models were used to calculate a wide array of elementary flows (such as land use change, water use, fertilizer application rates), to support assessment on a multitude of environmental issues. To safeguard relevance and data quality, the database will be updated regularly. As the public interest in food LCAs is expected to increase in the near future, Agri-footprint will be a helpful resource for practitioners in this field.

Research paper thumbnail of Just eating healthier is not enough: studying the environmental impact of different diet scenarios for the Netherlands by Linear Programming

Eating healthier or vegetarian and vegan diets are suggested options to reduce the environmental ... more Eating healthier or vegetarian and vegan diets are suggested options to reduce the environmental impact of the current diet. In this paper we investigate different scenarios and assess the reduction of environmental impact after restoring the nutritional adequacy by replacements. We used Linear Programming to find solutions that are as close as possible to the current diet, first without any food groups’ constraints and later by imposing constraints on meat, fish, dairy and eggs. Finally, we use a similar technique to search for the closest diet that achieves the same environmental reduction as the most restricted option (no meat, fish, dairy or eggs), without restrictions on products. We show that it is possible to find less restrictive solutions than vegetarian or vegan diets that satisfy all nutritional requirements and have less environmental impact than the current one. Most important, these are closer to the current diet.

Research paper thumbnail of Future-proof and sustainable healthy diets based on current eating patterns in the Netherlands

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Background To keep global warming <1.5°C as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Clim... more Background To keep global warming <1.5°C as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), eating patterns must change. However, future diets should be modeled at a national level and respect cultural acceptability. Objectives We aimed to identify diets among Dutch adults satisfying nutritional and selected environmental requirements while deviating minimally from the baseline diet among Dutch adults. Methods We calculated per capita food system greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) targets derived from the IPCC 1.5-degree assessment study. Using individual adult dietary intake from the National Food Consumption Survey in the Netherlands (2007–2010) to form a baseline, we used quadratic optimization to generate diets that followed the baseline Dutch diet as closely as possible, while satisfying nutritional goals and remaining below GHGE targets. We considered 12 scenarios in which we varied GHGE targets [2050: 1.11 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO2-eq) per pe...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparing the Performance of Bread and Breakfast Cereals, Dairy, and Meat in Nutritionally Balanced and Sustainable Diets

Frontiers in Nutrition

Objective: To quantify the performance of food products in a sustainable diet based on the balanc... more Objective: To quantify the performance of food products in a sustainable diet based on the balance of their contribution to nutrient intake and environmental impact, within the context of the Dutch diet. Design: While fixing the quantity of a specific food group at different levels, optimized diets that met nutrient requirements and stayed as close as possible to the current Dutch diet were calculated, in order to understand its potential environmental impact and its nutritional quality. Bread & breakfast cereals, dairy, and meat were compared between 0 and 250% of current intake. Their performance is expressed in the relationship between the quantity of these food products and (1) the environmental impact of diets and (2) the nutrient balance of the diets. Setting: The Netherlands. Subjects: Women aged 31-50. Results: The amount of bread & breakfast cereals in the optimized diets were inversely correlated with their environmental impact. The nutrient balance of the optimized diets was maintained despite varying cereal content, with the expected improvement over the current diet. Increasing amounts of dairy in the optimized diet were associated with an increase in environmental impact and meat with a steep increase. The nutrient balance of optimized diets with varying dairy and meat contents was also maintained at high levels, even at 0% content. Conclusions: Bread and breakfast cereals are sources of nutrients with a better environmental performance compared to dairy or meat within the context of the Dutch diet. It is possible to optimize diets for environmental impact whilst maintaining a high nutrient balance.

Research paper thumbnail of The Potential of Food Fortification as an Enabler of More Environmentally Sustainable, Nutritionally Adequate Diets

Nutrients, May 25, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire

Dataset collected in the scope of the Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Sa... more Dataset collected in the scope of the Demystifying the cocoa sector in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Sample size of 3045 household in cocoa growing regionsData collected in Nov/Dec 2016 (Ghana) and Jan/Fev 2017 (Côte d’Ivoire

Research paper thumbnail of O caso Natura: como utilizar bem o comércio eletrônico?

Research paper thumbnail of Can call detail records provide insights into women’s empowerment? A case study from Uganda

CAN call detail records provide insights into women's empowerment? a case study from Uganda The C... more CAN call detail records provide insights into women's empowerment? a case study from Uganda The CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture is a cross-cutting program of the global CGIAR consortium of non-profit research institutes looking into virtually every aspect of food security spanning: genomics, breeding, agroecology, climate science, and the socioeconomic drivers and context of food systems change. The Platform tends to data standards and data sharing, digital innovation strategy and technology transfer, and research into the intersection of digital technologies and agricultural development in emerging regions. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food secure future dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources. https://bigdata.cgiar.org/ The CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) leads action-oriented research to equip decisionmakers with the evidence required to develop food and agricultural policies that better serve the interests of poor producers and consumers, both men and women.

Research paper thumbnail of REG_SANDWICH: Stata module to compute cluster-robust (sandwich) variance estimators with small-sample corrections for linear regression

Statistical Software Components, 2017

reg_sandwich provides cluster-robust variance estimators (i.e., sandwich estimators) for ordinary... more reg_sandwich provides cluster-robust variance estimators (i.e., sandwich estimators) for ordinary and weighted least squares linear regression models. Several adjustments are incorporated to improve small-sample performance. (We like to think of these adjustments as extra cheese, sprouts, bacon, etc. in the middle of the sandwich estimator.) The package includes functions for estimating linear regression models with cluster-robust variance-covariance matrices and for testing single- and multiple-contrast hypotheses based on Wald test statistics. Variance-covariance estimators are based on a version of the bias-reduced linearization estimator proposed by Bell and McCaffrey (2002) and further developed by Tipton and Pustejovsky (2015) and Pustejovsky and Tipton (2016). Tests of single regression coefficients use Satterthwaite corrections. Tests of multiple-contrast hypotheses use an approximation to Hotelling's T-squared distribution.

Research paper thumbnail of Atividades e competências executivas. (Em CD-ROM)

Research paper thumbnail of KIT_LIVINGINCOME: Stata module providing Tables and Bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark

kitli_gap2bm produces tables and bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark, optionally... more kitli_gap2bm produces tables and bar charts of the Gap to the Living Income Benchmark, optionally per group. kitli_compare2bm produces tables, bar charts and density (kernel smoothened) plots as fractions about the distribution of total household income with the goal of comparing to the benchmark value. Optionally it includes the intrinsic value of food crops produced and consumed at home. If a grouping variable is used, it creates, optionally, a detailed graph per group and a combined graph.

Research paper thumbnail of Findability of gender datasets

The CGIAR Platform for Big data in Agriculture aims at using big data to solve agricultural devel... more The CGIAR Platform for Big data in Agriculture aims at using big data to solve agricultural development problems faster, better and at greater scale. Data has become a valuable global commodity, but it is much more than simply information: in expert hands, it is intelligence. Already, analysts are finding ways to turn big data-the immense stocks of information collected in computers worldwide-into an invaluable resource for planning and decision-making. It is helping accelerate the development of robust responses to some of the most pressing challenges of our time: climate change/variability, food insecurity and malnutrition, and environmental degradation. The smart and effective use of data will be one of the most important tools for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Big data represents an unprecedented opportunity to find new ways of reducing hunger and poverty, by applying datadriven solutions to ongoing research for development impact. About CoP_SED The Community of Practice on socioeconomic data (SED-CoP), led by CIMMYT, aims at bringing together CGIAR centers, academia, not-for-profit research and development organizations and private sector partners willing to tackle major issues related to socioeconomic data. The community works together on strategies to make the data interoperable, in order to enhance the impact and the use of CGIAR-related socioeconomic data for partners in development. This space can be used as a discussion area, share and request relevant information and contribute towards building the community as a whole.

Research paper thumbnail of Article Combining Low Price, Low Climate Impact and High Nutritional Value in One Shopping Basket through Diet Optimization by Linear Programming

Background: This study aims to find diets with low price and low climate impact, yet fulfilling a... more Background: This study aims to find diets with low price and low climate impact, yet fulfilling all nutritional requirements. Methods: Optimization by linear programming. The program constrains 33 nutrients to fulfill Dutch dietary requirements. In a second cycle, the upper boundary for climate impact through greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) is set to 1.6 kg carbon dioxide equivalents/day (CO2eq). In a third cycle, the costs are set on €2.50 as a constraint. The objective function of the optimization maximized the most consumed food products (n = 206) for male and female adults separately (age 31-50). Results: A diet of 63 popular and low priced basic products was found to deliver all required nutrients at an adequate level for both male and female adults. This plant-based, carbohydrate and fiber-rich diet consists mainly of wholegrain bread, potatoes, muesli, open-field vegetables and fruits. The climate impact of this diet is very low (1.59 kg CO2eq/day) compared to the average Dutch diet. By constraining costs, a low carbon diet of €2.59/day is possible. Conclusions: A two-person diet consisting of 63 products and costing €37 per week can simultaneously be healthy and yet have half the average climate impact. Linear programming is a promising tool to combine health and sustainability on both societal and individual levels.

Research paper thumbnail of Article Strategic Voting in Heterogeneous Electorates: An Experimental Study

We study strategic voting in a setting where voters choose from three options and Condorcet cycle... more We study strategic voting in a setting where voters choose from three options and Condorcet cycles may occur. We introduce in the electorate heterogeneity in preference intensity by allowing voters to differ in the extent to which they value the three options. Three information conditions are tested: uninformed, in which voters know only their own preference ordering and the own benefits from each option; aggregate information, in which in addition they know the aggregate realized distribution of the preference orderings and full information, in which they also know how the relative importance attributed to the options are distributed within the electorate. As a general result, heterogeneity seems to decrease the level of strategic voting in our experiment compared to the homogenous preference case that we study in a companion paper. Both theoretically and empirically (with data collected in a laboratory experiment), the main comparative static results obtained for the homogenous case carry over to the present setting with preference heterogeneity. Moreover, information about the realized aggregate distribution of preferences seems to be the element that best explains observed differences in voting behavior. Additional information about the realized distribution of preference intensity does not yield significant further changes.

Research paper thumbnail of Information and Economic Voting 1

Despite the vast literature on economic voting, spanning decades, there is little agreement on th... more Despite the vast literature on economic voting, spanning decades, there is little agreement on the influence of economic considerations on approval of the government and vote choice. Part of the reason for this disagreement is the inherent complexity of the political environment. To isolate the effects of economic considerations we develop a laboratory experiment that allows us to vary these considerations at three levels: the individual, community and national economy. Choices by a policymaker directly affect outcomes at each of these levels, allowing us to test for egotropic, ‘communotropic’, and sociotropic voting. Our design allows us to specifically observe which information is considered relevant by voters and to what extent ‘the economy’ matters. This study offers what we believe to be the first experimental study to explicitly investigate the question of how multiple levels of economic considerations influence vote choice. We observe significantly positive demand for informa...

Research paper thumbnail of Towards a core approach for cross-sectional farm household survey data collection: a tiered setup for quantifying key farm and livelihood indicators

Research paper thumbnail of Uma proposta de regionalização para o Estado de São Paulo a partir do mercado de trabalho

Não faz muito sentido pensar no consumidor final para fins de agregação dos municípios em regiões... more Não faz muito sentido pensar no consumidor final para fins de agregação dos municípios em regiões já que sua distribuído se dá em função da população. É claro que, nesse sentido, a densidade do município e do seu entorno deve influenciar a decisão de localização das empresas mas isso não diz muito com relação a criação de uma região. 2 Esse é o caso de empresas que utilizam recursos naturais como matéria-prima principal. Por exemplo, não faz sentido agregar os municípios onde se extrai bauxita com os municípios com fábricas de alumínio.

Research paper thumbnail of Preference for Efficiency or Confusion? A Note on a Boundedly Rational Equilibrium Approach to Individual Contributions in a Public Good Game

Does the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency account for subjects ’ over-contribution... more Does the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency account for subjects ’ over-contribution in public good games or is this mostly noise? Using a boundedly rational equilibrium approach, we aim at estimating the relative importance of efficiency con-cerns relative to a noise argument. By using data from a VCM experiment with heterogeneous endowments and asymmetric information, we estimate a quantal re-sponse equilibrium (QRE) extension of a model in which subjects have preference for group efficiency. Under the hypothesis of homogeneous population most of the over-contribution seems to be explained by noisy behaviors. A different picture emerges when we introduce cross-subject heterogeneity in concerns for group efficiency. In this case, the majority of the subjects makes contributions that are compatible with the hypothesis of preference for (group) efficiency. A formal likelihood-ratio test strongly rejects the models not allowing for noise in contributions and homogeneous s...

Research paper thumbnail of Econometria espacial: discutindo medidas para a matriz de ponderação espacial

Research paper thumbnail of White paper: A conceptual model on women and girls' empowerment

This White Paper defines empowerment of women and girls as 'the expansion of choice and stren... more This White Paper defines empowerment of women and girls as 'the expansion of choice and strengthening of voice through the transformation of power relations, so women and girls have more control over their lives and futures'. Empowerment is both a process and an outcome. This White Paper presents a conceptual model on women and girls' empowerment, and has been developed by KIT Gender for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The model is informed by existing empowerment frameworks and approaches. It builds on the long history of theory and practice in women and girls’ empowerment, existing operational frameworks and critical reflections on how these frameworks have been operationalised over the past 20 years and what can be learnt from this wealth of experience. The model asserts that expanding women and girls’ choice and voice engages directly with how power operates as a force in their lives; empowerment challenges disempowerment and the systemic constraints on women’s ...

Research paper thumbnail of Agri-footprint; A life cycle inventory database covering food and feed production and processing

Agri-footprint is a new life cycle inventory database that focuses on the agriculture and food se... more Agri-footprint is a new life cycle inventory database that focuses on the agriculture and food sector. The goal of this database is to support life cycle assessment practitioners to perform high quality assessments. The database contains a methodologically consistent dataset for a large number of crops, crop products, animal systems and animal products. These inventories can be used as secondary data in LCAs. Non-LCA models were used to calculate a wide array of elementary flows (such as land use change, water use, fertilizer application rates), to support assessment on a multitude of environmental issues. To safeguard relevance and data quality, the database will be updated regularly. As the public interest in food LCAs is expected to increase in the near future, Agri-footprint will be a helpful resource for practitioners in this field.

Research paper thumbnail of Just eating healthier is not enough: studying the environmental impact of different diet scenarios for the Netherlands by Linear Programming

Eating healthier or vegetarian and vegan diets are suggested options to reduce the environmental ... more Eating healthier or vegetarian and vegan diets are suggested options to reduce the environmental impact of the current diet. In this paper we investigate different scenarios and assess the reduction of environmental impact after restoring the nutritional adequacy by replacements. We used Linear Programming to find solutions that are as close as possible to the current diet, first without any food groups’ constraints and later by imposing constraints on meat, fish, dairy and eggs. Finally, we use a similar technique to search for the closest diet that achieves the same environmental reduction as the most restricted option (no meat, fish, dairy or eggs), without restrictions on products. We show that it is possible to find less restrictive solutions than vegetarian or vegan diets that satisfy all nutritional requirements and have less environmental impact than the current one. Most important, these are closer to the current diet.

Research paper thumbnail of Future-proof and sustainable healthy diets based on current eating patterns in the Netherlands

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Background To keep global warming <1.5°C as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Clim... more Background To keep global warming <1.5°C as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), eating patterns must change. However, future diets should be modeled at a national level and respect cultural acceptability. Objectives We aimed to identify diets among Dutch adults satisfying nutritional and selected environmental requirements while deviating minimally from the baseline diet among Dutch adults. Methods We calculated per capita food system greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) targets derived from the IPCC 1.5-degree assessment study. Using individual adult dietary intake from the National Food Consumption Survey in the Netherlands (2007–2010) to form a baseline, we used quadratic optimization to generate diets that followed the baseline Dutch diet as closely as possible, while satisfying nutritional goals and remaining below GHGE targets. We considered 12 scenarios in which we varied GHGE targets [2050: 1.11 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO2-eq) per pe...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparing the Performance of Bread and Breakfast Cereals, Dairy, and Meat in Nutritionally Balanced and Sustainable Diets

Frontiers in Nutrition

Objective: To quantify the performance of food products in a sustainable diet based on the balanc... more Objective: To quantify the performance of food products in a sustainable diet based on the balance of their contribution to nutrient intake and environmental impact, within the context of the Dutch diet. Design: While fixing the quantity of a specific food group at different levels, optimized diets that met nutrient requirements and stayed as close as possible to the current Dutch diet were calculated, in order to understand its potential environmental impact and its nutritional quality. Bread & breakfast cereals, dairy, and meat were compared between 0 and 250% of current intake. Their performance is expressed in the relationship between the quantity of these food products and (1) the environmental impact of diets and (2) the nutrient balance of the diets. Setting: The Netherlands. Subjects: Women aged 31-50. Results: The amount of bread & breakfast cereals in the optimized diets were inversely correlated with their environmental impact. The nutrient balance of the optimized diets was maintained despite varying cereal content, with the expected improvement over the current diet. Increasing amounts of dairy in the optimized diet were associated with an increase in environmental impact and meat with a steep increase. The nutrient balance of optimized diets with varying dairy and meat contents was also maintained at high levels, even at 0% content. Conclusions: Bread and breakfast cereals are sources of nutrients with a better environmental performance compared to dairy or meat within the context of the Dutch diet. It is possible to optimize diets for environmental impact whilst maintaining a high nutrient balance.