Hugh Gladwin | Florida International University (original) (raw)

Papers by Hugh Gladwin

Human Organization, Dec 1, 1985

This paper places Haitian families migrating to South Florida in a perspective ranging from the m... more This paper places Haitian families migrating to South Florida in a perspective ranging from the macrosystem affecting all Caribbean migrants to the microsystems comprising family strategies and resource/assistance networks provided by family members living in the same community as well as those family members living in other locations. The organization of Haitian extended families has made it possible for them to survive and in some cases prosper under harsh circumstances. For Haitians the meaning of "family" includes a range of kinship and fictive kinship ties which can be called upon for reciprocal support even when family members live in different cities and different communities. Objectively, the Haitian family is not a bounded household; it can function as an extended network. Nodes in these networks can be single people (male or female) or groups of people connected through affinal, consanguineal, or fictive family ties. The network provides the setting in which Haitian family beliefs about reciprocity and hard work for the survival and betterment of oneself and one's family work out into the daily life routines of survival in a new land. Examination of seven family histories shows how some of these patterns work. These cases include the multinational family, women's roles as nodes in migration networks, conflicting claims between spouses about whose relatives are to be assisted, and problems concerning the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

International journal of mass emergencies and disasters, 2001

This paper directly models individual and household hurricane evacuation behavior using ethnograp... more This paper directly models individual and household hurricane evacuation behavior using ethnographic decision tree analysis. This approach uses a set of iterative processes to inductively derive a general decision model from specific individual decision models. To elicit the model described here, below the authors and several graduate students interviewed Miami residents who had been in South Florida during both Hurricanes Andrew in 1992 and Erin in 1995. The resulting model of hurricane evacuation decision processes was then tested with interview data collected from a separate random sample of 954 South Florida residents drawn from areas that were evacuation zones and areas immediately adjacent to them at the time of Hurricane Andrew. The model captures the complexity and messiness of real-life decision-making by including criteria showing how people are constrained by their perceptions of the hurricane, the safety features of their homes, the time they have available to prepare for the hurricane, their age, and the reactions of other family members who are also deciding whether or not to evacuate. By showing the richness of the decision process as well as its messiness, results taken from this model can better inform emergency managers who need to know how people will react to the approach of a hurricane.

Transportation Research Record, 2015

Evacuation is a typical recourse to prevent loss of life if a high storm surge occurs, especially... more Evacuation is a typical recourse to prevent loss of life if a high storm surge occurs, especially in hurricane-prone regions. Bridges are the key locations of bottlenecks. Because of the specific geographic shape and roadway network of Miami Beach, Florida, residents need to evacuate over one of the six major bridges or causeways: MacArthur Causeway, Venetian Causeway, Julia Tuttle Causeway, John F. Kennedy Causeway, Broad Causeway, and Haulover Bridge. A mixed logit model is presented to identify the determining factors for evacuees from Miami Beach in selecting one of these bridges during a major hurricane. The model was developed by using data obtained from a survey that included a hypothetical Category 4 (major) hurricane scenario to reveal the most likely plans for evacuees from this area. The estimation findings suggest that the preference over a given bridge involves a complex interaction of variables, such as distance to reach the evacuation destination, evacuation-specific characteristics (evacuation day, time, mode, and destination), and evacuee-specific characteristics (gender, race, evacuation experience, and living experience). The normally distributed random parameters in the model account for the existence of unobserved heterogeneity across different observations. The findings of this study will help emergency officials and policy makers to develop efficient operational measures and better evacuation plans for a major hurricane by determining different fractions of people taking each of the six bridges.

Aids and Behavior, Aug 13, 2009

Telephone surveys with national probability samples of English-speaking adults have suggested tha... more Telephone surveys with national probability samples of English-speaking adults have suggested that popular support for punitive policies toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) declined in the 1990s, but AIDS-related stigma persists in the United States. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and impact of AIDS-related stigma in non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic communities. A cross-sectional computer-assisted telephone-interview survey was conducted in summer 2003 with African-American, Afro-Caribbean, Haitian, and Hispanic 18-39 year-old residents of 12 high AIDS-incidence areas in Broward County, Florida. Stigma items were adopted from national surveys, but interviews were conducted in Spanish and Haitian Creole as well as in English. Stigma scores were higher than those reported for national samples, especially among Haitians interviewed in Creole. AIDS-related stigma was associated with never receiving an HIV-antibody test (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.99, P = .046), an elevated perception of HIV risk (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.73, P = .045) and a failure to participate in HIV-prevention efforts (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34-0.85, P = .008). Interventions are needed to mitigate the pernicious effects of AIDS-related stigma.

Transportation Research Part C-emerging Technologies, May 1, 2014

This paper presents an agent-based travel demand model system for hurricane evacuation simulation... more This paper presents an agent-based travel demand model system for hurricane evacuation simulation, which is capable of generating comprehensive household activity-travel plans. The system implements econometric and statistical models that represent travel and decision-making behavior throughout the evacuation process. The system considers six typical evacuation decisions: evacuate/stay, accommodation type choice, evacuation destination choice, mode choice, vehicle usage choice, and departure time choice. It explicitly captures the shadow evacuation population. In addition, the model system captures pre-evacuation preparation activities using an activity-based approach. A demonstration study that predicts activity-travel patterns using model parameters estimated for the Miami-Dade area for a hypothetical category-4 hurricane is discussed. The simulation results clearly indicate the model system produces a distribution of choice patterns that is consistent with sample observations and existing literature. The model system also identifies the proportion of the shadow evacuation population and their geographical extent. About 23% of the population outside the designated evacuation zone would evacuate. The shadow evacuation demand is mainly located within 5 km of the coastline. The output demand of the model system works with agent-based traffic simulation tools and conventional trip-based simulation tools.

Many assertions made about indigenous traders, fail to take into account the knowledge systems th... more Many assertions made about indigenous traders, fail to take into account the knowledge systems these traders utilize to function in their market system. One such set of assertions is made about women traders in West Africa, namely that they lack economic ability and motivation, exert ...

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, May 29, 2013

Purpose-In the USA, white children receive psychoactive drugs more often than black or Hispanic c... more Purpose-In the USA, white children receive psychoactive drugs more often than black or Hispanic children. This study investigates whether cultural attitudes statistically mediate differences between American parents' self-identified racial-ethnic group membership and their willingness to medicate children for behavioral problems. Methods-Using data from telephone interviews with 1,145 parents in two Florida counties, structural models tested associations between each group compared with the other, in willingness to medicate children exhibiting different problematic behaviors and hypothesized cultural (familism, fatalism, attitude toward corporal punishment, religiosity, concern about treatment stigma, birth abroad, language of interview) and other mediators (views about medications and causes of children's problems). Respondent gender, age, socioeconomic status, parent-type household, taking psychoactive medication, and having a child with behavioral problems were used as covariates. Results-Race-ethnicity was strongly associated with specific cultural attitudes and views about medications and problems, but only Hispanics distinguished themselves significantly from whites in willingness to medicate children. Across groups, parents who viewed medication favorably and endorsed biomedical causes for problems were more willing to medicate. In Hispanic-white and Hispanic-black comparisons, being interviewed in Spanish was the sole but modest cultural mediator of willingness, and in black-white comparisons, only concern about treatment stigma weakly mediated differences in willingness. Conclusions-These findings provide faint support for a parent-centered cultural explanation of reported prescription differences among youths of different racial-ethnic groups in the USA. However, structural and professional components of a broader cultural hypothesis for such differences, within the USA and between different countries, still require evaluation.

Contemporary Sociology, May 1, 1999

Journal of transportation engineering, Dec 1, 2014

The objectives of this paper are to identify the contributing factors to households’ choice of th... more The objectives of this paper are to identify the contributing factors to households’ choice of the number of vehicles used for evacuation and to develop predictive models of this choice that explicitly consider the constraint imposed by the number of vehicles owned by the household. This constraint is not accommodated by regular ordered response logit models. Data comes from a poststorm survey for Hurricane Ivan. Two models that are variants of the regular Poisson regression model are developed: a Poisson model with exposure and right-censored Poisson regression. The right-censored Poisson model is preferred due to its inherent capabilities, better fit to the data, and superior predictive power. The model and individual variable analyses indicate that households traveling longer distances or evacuating later are more likely to use fewer vehicles. Households with prior hurricane experience and pet owners are more likely to use a greater number of vehicles. Income and distance from the coast are insignificant in the multivariable models, although the individual effect of distance from the coast has a statistically significant bivariate relationship with vehicle usage choice based on the Pearson correlation measure. A method for using the right-censored Poisson model to produce the desired share of vehicle usage is also discussed for generating individual predictions for hurricane evacuation demand simulation.

Transportation Research Record, 2016

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2009

HE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. The 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons awoke the United St... more HE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. The 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons awoke the United States to the potential societal impacts of landfalling Atlantic hurricanes. The toll was greater than $175 billion in damage and about 5,400 deaths throughout the Atlantic Basin. While 2006 and 2007 were quieter, climatologists believe that we are still in a period of increased hurricane activity. Given that crucial hurricane forecasts, especially those for Katrina, were accurate and timely, it is necessary to understand why many people did not or were not able to heed those warnings. In this sense, hurricane disasters are "social constructs"-as much or more manmade than "natural" disasters. Over the last decade, there has been a growing recognition that social and behavioral research is essential to understanding the causes of high societal-impact weather-related disasters. As stated in Pielke and Kimpel's Societal Impacts of Weather report, "It is generally accepted that weather problems are both social and physical phenomena. Research findings from the social sciences have been crucially important in understanding and improving human responses to economic, social, and environmental weather-related risks. Despite the centrality of this research area, it has in the past received too little attention and resources." Pressing meteorological, technological, and social issues that drive the need AFFILIATIONS: GLADWIN AND WILLOUGHBY

Transportation Research Record, 2012

Hurricanes cause some of the worst traffic conditions, affecting evacuees’ ability to reach safet... more Hurricanes cause some of the worst traffic conditions, affecting evacuees’ ability to reach safety before they are subjected to high winds, heavy rain, and flooding. This paper is one of the few to use a panel survey to examine similar household decisions over consecutive hurricanes. The study focuses on Hurricanes Ivan and Katrina, which were of similar strength and followed similar paths, and is fairly comprehensive in the number of traffic-related decisions considered. Contingency tables, binary logit models, and Goodman and Kruskal's gamma measure were used to examine the effects of previous decisions on (a) whether to evacuate, (b) day of departure, (c) destination type and location, (d) number of household vehicles taken, and (e) reason for route selection. Through the statistical analyses, it was discovered that (a) to a great extent, citizens made the same decision to evacuate or stay for Katrina as they did for Ivan, and higher incomes were not significant in changing that decision; (b) some evacuees departed earlier, but most evacuees departed on the last day possible; (c) most evacuees selected the same type of accommodations and made the same inside-the-county-or-parish or out-of-the-county-or-parish decisions in consecutive evacuations; (d) the number of household vehicles used in the evacuation did not decrease; and (e) route guidance as a selection criterion did not depend on previous evacuation experience.

Natural Hazards Review, Aug 1, 2017

AbstractHurricanes often threaten to have catastrophic impacts on the lives of residents in coast... more AbstractHurricanes often threaten to have catastrophic impacts on the lives of residents in coastal areas of the U.S. Timely evacuation limits this impact, but people may choose to evacuate or not ...

The Brookings Institution Cuba Study Group Contents 2-About the poll 3-When do you think that maj... more The Brookings Institution Cuba Study Group Contents 2-About the poll 3-When do you think that major political changes are likely to occur in Cuba? 5-When Fidel Castro was replaced by Raul Castro as Cuba's president, how do you think that affected the possibility for real political change in Cuba? 7-Would you favor or oppose ending current restrictions on sending money to Cuba for Cuban Americans? 8-Would you favor or oppose ending current restrictions on travel to Cuba for Cuban Americans? 9-What about for all Americans? Would you favor or oppose ending current restrictions on travel to Cuba for all Americans? 10-Overall, do you think the U.S. embargo of Cuba has worked very well, well, not very well, or not at all? 12-Do you favor or oppose continuing the U.S. embargo of Cuba? 13-Do you favor or oppose the U.S. re-establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba? 14-Should the U.S. government and the Cuban government engage in direct talks about migration and other critical questions? 15-Are you a U.S. citizen? 16-Are you registered to vote? 17-Are you registered as a Republican, a Democrat, an Independent, or with some other party? 18-In the presidential election, did you vote for John McCain or Barack Obama, or did you not vote for either? 19-In voting for the US Congress House of Representatives, did you vote for the republican or democrat in your district, or was the representative already chosen for your district? 20-Full questionnaire About the poll This survey was done by the Institute for Public Opinion Research of Florida International University. 800 randomly selected Cuban-American respondents were polled in Miami-Dade County, Florida. 500 interviews were done to land-line phones and 300 to cell phones. The survey was done in Spanish and English with all bilingual interviewers. Interviews were completed on December 1, 2008. The margin of error for the overall poll is plus or minus 3.6%. The results reported here are from the tabulations of single response questions. Results from questions involving multiple responses and coding of open-end responses will be released on

This years marks the tenth anniversary of the beginning of the FIU Cuba Poll. Five times since 19... more This years marks the tenth anniversary of the beginning of the FIU Cuba Poll. Five times since 1991 FIU researchers from the Center for Labor Research and Studies, the Institute of Public Opinion Research and the Cuban Research Institute have develop a detailed methodology for measuring the political attitudes of the Cuban-American community in Miami-Dade County. The poll is specifically designed to measure the attitudes of the Cuban-American community towards US/Cuba policy and how these attitudes have an impact on Greater Miami. This year, thanks to the funding by the Christopher Reynolds Foundation and the university's Office of the President., the poll was expanded to include a local, non-Cuban sample as well as a national sample. * On the theme of ethnic relations, most Cubans and local non-Cubans felt that relations between the ethnic groups after the Elian affair were about the same as they were before Elian came and went. Nearly 60% of Cubans and 54 % of local non-Cubans felt that relations had not changed. While 31% of Cubans and 37% of non-Cubans felt that they had worsen.

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