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Background: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a practical, economic and user-... more Background: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a practical, economic and user-friendly screening instrument of emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents. This study was aimed primarily at evaluating the factor structure of the Greek version of the SDQ. Methods: A representative nationwide sample of 1,194 adolescents (11 to 17 years old) completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of the SDQ. Results: CFA supported the original five-factor structure. The modification of the model provided some improvements. Internal consistency was acceptable for total difficulties, emotional symptoms and prosocial behaviour scale, moderate for hyperactivity/inattention scale and inadequate for peer and conduct problems scale. Older adolescents (aged 15 to 17 years) reported more hyperactivity/ inattention and conduct problems than younger ones (aged 11 to 14 years) and girls reported more emotional symptoms and less prosocial behaviour problems than boys. Adolescents of low socioeconomic status (SES) reported more difficulties than those of medium and high SES. Conclusion: The Greek SDQ could be potentially considered as a community-wide screening instrument for adolescents' emotional and behavioural problems.

Brain Research Bulletin, Oct 1, 2002

β-Endorphin (β-END) a product of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) has been demonstrated to play a r... more β-Endorphin (β-END) a product of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of metabolic and autonomic responses. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in cardiovascular control. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory using anesthetized animals investigated the actions of β-END and other POMC derived peptides on sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics. In this study, we determined both the acute and chronic effects of β-END on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious unrestrained rats using radio-telemetry. Animals were instrumented with a radio-telemetry transmitter in the abdominal cavity and the attached catheter inserted into the femoral artery for recording of cardiovascular dynamics and activity. They were subsequently implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas. The acute ICV administration of β-END significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) compared to controls. The cardiovascular responses returned toward control levels after 2 h. In contrast, the chronic infusion of β-END significantly decreased the MAP and HR during both the active and inactive phase. Chronic β-END administration also decreased physical activity. Food intake was increased initially and later declined and water consumption followed a similar pattern. We conclude that in the conscious unrestrained animal the acute administration of β-END increases MAP and HR while the chronic infusion of β-END decreases MAP, HR, physical activity, and stimulate a short-term increase in food and water intake.

Research in Developmental Disabilities, May 1, 2013

Families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often experience serious distress due t... more Families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often experience serious distress due to their child's atypical behaviors, such as dysregulated routines, stereotypies, and self-injurious behaviors (Dominick, Davis, Lainhart, Tager-Flusberg, & Folstein, 2007). A wealth of data has been collected to substantiate the effect of severe symptoms of autism on parents' self-reports of their well-being, including poorer physical health as well as higher reported rates of anxiety and depression (Ingersoll & Hambrick, 2011; Johnson, Frenn, Feetham, & Simpson, 2011; Phetrasuwan & Miles, 2009). However, less is known about how parenting stress in the context of highly atypical behaviors impacts essential elements of family development. The parenting alliance is a construct reflecting that certain aspects of the marital relationship foster the developmental needs of the child (Konold & Abidin, 2001). When couples give each other psychological support, the ability to parent competently is enhanced (Sanders, Nicholson, & Floyd, 1997). The parenting alliance becomes part of a husband and wife's identity, separate from the marital alliance, and includes such aspects as investment in the child, respect for the partner's importance in the child's development, valuing of the judgment of the other parent, and perception of the parental communication as effective (Weissman & Cohen, 1985). An important precursor of parenting stress, the parenting alliance captures the transactional nature of the parenting bond. Its core feature is the appraisal of the resources and weaknesses presented by the other parent. This assessment of the parenting partner has been proposed to act as a stress mediator, much as coping strategies diminish stress responses if they are sufficient to mitigate the effects of the stressor (Abidin, 1992). Thus, for the parents of a special-needs child, the parenting

Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks, Jan 18, 2006

Effect sizes will be routinely reported only once editors promulgate policies that make these pra... more Effect sizes will be routinely reported only once editors promulgate policies that make these practices normatively expected. As Sedlmeier and Gigerenzer (1989) argued, “there is only one force that can effect a change, and that is the same force that helped institutionalize null hypothesis testing as the sine qua non for publication, namely, the editors of the major journals” (p.

Journal of educational research and practice, Jul 1, 2019

A primary motivation for people to behave as they do is the need to belong socially to a group an... more A primary motivation for people to behave as they do is the need to belong socially to a group and to have relevance. A positive learning environment for young students is created when students are recognized and accepted by their peers and their teachers, and studies reveal that in such environments, students perform better academically and tend to have fewer behavioral issues. These environments may also act as a buffer against school dropout rates. This study examined whether teaching prosocial lessons to first-grade students in the southeastern United States would create positive learning environments for children who otherwise may not be recognized and accepted by their peers and also examined the relationship of teacher evaluations of observable classroom behaviors by their students with student recognition by peers. This study confirms the relevance of prosocial lessons in the creation of positive learning environments for young students.

Journal of educational and developmental psychology, Oct 14, 2015

The present study investigated relations among parenting styles and emotion regulation, trait emo... more The present study investigated relations among parenting styles and emotion regulation, trait emotion, and general well-being among 153 emerging adults. Two path models were tested, finding that parenting styles contributed to multiple pathways to emotional regulation. As expected, not only did participants who reported high levels of authoritative parenting endorse high levels of positive emotion, they also reported lower levels of emotional control and emotional self-awareness. These low levels were, in turn, associated with emotional well-being. Permissive parenting positively predicted negative emotion. Because authoritarian parenting did not directly predict trait emotion, a closer examination was conducted, showing that outcomes associated with this parenting style depended upon self-reported emotional control and trait emotion. The findings suggest that the effects of authoritarian parenting depend upon the emotional climate established in the family, a factor that may help to explain variability in outcomes for children of authoritarian parents depending upon socioeconomic status and ethnicity.

Journal of Endocrinology, Oct 1, 1968

The adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), as determined by the secretion of corticoste... more The adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), as determined by the secretion of corticosterone into adrenal vein blood,was measured in hypophysectomized rats in the presence of low and high levels of corticosterone in the peripheral circulation. To ensure that the level of corticosterone was low in the peripheral blood, the animals were hypophysectomized 24 hr. before the experiment, and one adrenal was removed before the start of infusion of ACTH. After the onset of the infusion the effluent from the remaining gland was collected in a receptacle, thus preventing any corticosterone produced under the influence of ACTH from reaching the general circulation. To study the effect of a high level of circulating corticosterone on the adrenal response to ACTH, corticosterone was injected subcutaneously, in beeswax and arachis oil, before the start of infusion of ACTH. In these experiments, too, the steroid secreted under the influence of ACTH was prevented from entering the general circulation. The peripheral levels attained by the injection of corticosterone were within the range observed during surgical stress, i.e. about 40 \g=m\g./100 ml.blood. When the corticosterone levels were within this range the response to a continuous infusion of ACTH was reduced by approximately 22 % when compared with animals which had received no corticosterone and whose peripheral corticosterone levels were hardly measurable. These results suggest that corticosterone is probably involved in a direct feedback mechanism of adrenocortical secretion in the rat as its inhibitory effect on the response to ACTH can be demonstrated at peripheral levels of corticosterone which are within the range found during surgical stress. * Determined by weight. t P for 'ACTH' v. 'ACTH'+corticosterone, < 0-025 (corrected) and <0-05 (uncorrected).

Peptides, Sep 1, 2002

Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (␣MSH) has been demonstrated to have regulatory functions in... more Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (␣MSH) has been demonstrated to have regulatory functions in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). ␣MSH plays a central role in the regulation of metabolic balance such as decreasing food intake, increasing sympathetic outflow and hypothalamic/pituitary function. Our laboratory has investigated the actions of ␣MSH on sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics using anesthetized animals. In this study we determined both the acute and chronic effects of ␣MSH on cardiovascular and metabolic dynamics in conscious unrestrained rats. Animals were each implanted with a radio-telemetry transmitter for recording of cardiovascular parameters and subsequently instrumented with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas. The acute ICV administration of ␣MSH significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) when compared to artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) controls. On the other hand chronic ␣MSH infusion resulted in an initial increase in MAP and HR lasting for 2 days followed by a decrease in MAP. Chronic ␣MSH administration decreased physical activity and food intake but not weight gain. We conclude that in the conscious unrestrained animal the acute administration of ␣MSH increased MAP and HR, however, chronic infusion is associated with decreased MAP, physical activity and food intake.

Background: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a practical, economic and user-... more Background: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a practical, economic and user-friendly screening instrument of emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents. This study was aimed primarily at evaluating the factor structure of the Greek version of the SDQ. Methods: A representative nationwide sample of 1,194 adolescents (11 to 17 years old) completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of the SDQ. Results: CFA supported the original five-factor structure. The modification of the model provided some improvements. Internal consistency was acceptable for total difficulties, emotional symptoms and prosocial behaviour scale, moderate for hyperactivity/inattention scale and inadequate for peer and conduct problems scale. Older adolescents (aged 15 to 17 years) reported more hyperactivity/ inattention and conduct problems than younger ones (aged 11 to 14 years) and girls reported more emotional symptoms and less prosocial behaviour problems than boys. Adolescents of low socioeconomic status (SES) reported more difficulties than those of medium and high SES. Conclusion: The Greek SDQ could be potentially considered as a community-wide screening instrument for adolescents' emotional and behavioural problems.

Brain Research Bulletin, Oct 1, 2002

β-Endorphin (β-END) a product of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) has been demonstrated to play a r... more β-Endorphin (β-END) a product of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of metabolic and autonomic responses. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in cardiovascular control. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory using anesthetized animals investigated the actions of β-END and other POMC derived peptides on sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics. In this study, we determined both the acute and chronic effects of β-END on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious unrestrained rats using radio-telemetry. Animals were instrumented with a radio-telemetry transmitter in the abdominal cavity and the attached catheter inserted into the femoral artery for recording of cardiovascular dynamics and activity. They were subsequently implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas. The acute ICV administration of β-END significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) compared to controls. The cardiovascular responses returned toward control levels after 2 h. In contrast, the chronic infusion of β-END significantly decreased the MAP and HR during both the active and inactive phase. Chronic β-END administration also decreased physical activity. Food intake was increased initially and later declined and water consumption followed a similar pattern. We conclude that in the conscious unrestrained animal the acute administration of β-END increases MAP and HR while the chronic infusion of β-END decreases MAP, HR, physical activity, and stimulate a short-term increase in food and water intake.

Research in Developmental Disabilities, May 1, 2013

Families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often experience serious distress due t... more Families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often experience serious distress due to their child's atypical behaviors, such as dysregulated routines, stereotypies, and self-injurious behaviors (Dominick, Davis, Lainhart, Tager-Flusberg, & Folstein, 2007). A wealth of data has been collected to substantiate the effect of severe symptoms of autism on parents' self-reports of their well-being, including poorer physical health as well as higher reported rates of anxiety and depression (Ingersoll & Hambrick, 2011; Johnson, Frenn, Feetham, & Simpson, 2011; Phetrasuwan & Miles, 2009). However, less is known about how parenting stress in the context of highly atypical behaviors impacts essential elements of family development. The parenting alliance is a construct reflecting that certain aspects of the marital relationship foster the developmental needs of the child (Konold & Abidin, 2001). When couples give each other psychological support, the ability to parent competently is enhanced (Sanders, Nicholson, & Floyd, 1997). The parenting alliance becomes part of a husband and wife's identity, separate from the marital alliance, and includes such aspects as investment in the child, respect for the partner's importance in the child's development, valuing of the judgment of the other parent, and perception of the parental communication as effective (Weissman & Cohen, 1985). An important precursor of parenting stress, the parenting alliance captures the transactional nature of the parenting bond. Its core feature is the appraisal of the resources and weaknesses presented by the other parent. This assessment of the parenting partner has been proposed to act as a stress mediator, much as coping strategies diminish stress responses if they are sufficient to mitigate the effects of the stressor (Abidin, 1992). Thus, for the parents of a special-needs child, the parenting

Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks, Jan 18, 2006

Effect sizes will be routinely reported only once editors promulgate policies that make these pra... more Effect sizes will be routinely reported only once editors promulgate policies that make these practices normatively expected. As Sedlmeier and Gigerenzer (1989) argued, “there is only one force that can effect a change, and that is the same force that helped institutionalize null hypothesis testing as the sine qua non for publication, namely, the editors of the major journals” (p.

Journal of educational research and practice, Jul 1, 2019

A primary motivation for people to behave as they do is the need to belong socially to a group an... more A primary motivation for people to behave as they do is the need to belong socially to a group and to have relevance. A positive learning environment for young students is created when students are recognized and accepted by their peers and their teachers, and studies reveal that in such environments, students perform better academically and tend to have fewer behavioral issues. These environments may also act as a buffer against school dropout rates. This study examined whether teaching prosocial lessons to first-grade students in the southeastern United States would create positive learning environments for children who otherwise may not be recognized and accepted by their peers and also examined the relationship of teacher evaluations of observable classroom behaviors by their students with student recognition by peers. This study confirms the relevance of prosocial lessons in the creation of positive learning environments for young students.

Journal of educational and developmental psychology, Oct 14, 2015

The present study investigated relations among parenting styles and emotion regulation, trait emo... more The present study investigated relations among parenting styles and emotion regulation, trait emotion, and general well-being among 153 emerging adults. Two path models were tested, finding that parenting styles contributed to multiple pathways to emotional regulation. As expected, not only did participants who reported high levels of authoritative parenting endorse high levels of positive emotion, they also reported lower levels of emotional control and emotional self-awareness. These low levels were, in turn, associated with emotional well-being. Permissive parenting positively predicted negative emotion. Because authoritarian parenting did not directly predict trait emotion, a closer examination was conducted, showing that outcomes associated with this parenting style depended upon self-reported emotional control and trait emotion. The findings suggest that the effects of authoritarian parenting depend upon the emotional climate established in the family, a factor that may help to explain variability in outcomes for children of authoritarian parents depending upon socioeconomic status and ethnicity.

Journal of Endocrinology, Oct 1, 1968

The adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), as determined by the secretion of corticoste... more The adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), as determined by the secretion of corticosterone into adrenal vein blood,was measured in hypophysectomized rats in the presence of low and high levels of corticosterone in the peripheral circulation. To ensure that the level of corticosterone was low in the peripheral blood, the animals were hypophysectomized 24 hr. before the experiment, and one adrenal was removed before the start of infusion of ACTH. After the onset of the infusion the effluent from the remaining gland was collected in a receptacle, thus preventing any corticosterone produced under the influence of ACTH from reaching the general circulation. To study the effect of a high level of circulating corticosterone on the adrenal response to ACTH, corticosterone was injected subcutaneously, in beeswax and arachis oil, before the start of infusion of ACTH. In these experiments, too, the steroid secreted under the influence of ACTH was prevented from entering the general circulation. The peripheral levels attained by the injection of corticosterone were within the range observed during surgical stress, i.e. about 40 \g=m\g./100 ml.blood. When the corticosterone levels were within this range the response to a continuous infusion of ACTH was reduced by approximately 22 % when compared with animals which had received no corticosterone and whose peripheral corticosterone levels were hardly measurable. These results suggest that corticosterone is probably involved in a direct feedback mechanism of adrenocortical secretion in the rat as its inhibitory effect on the response to ACTH can be demonstrated at peripheral levels of corticosterone which are within the range found during surgical stress. * Determined by weight. t P for 'ACTH' v. 'ACTH'+corticosterone, < 0-025 (corrected) and <0-05 (uncorrected).

Peptides, Sep 1, 2002

Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (␣MSH) has been demonstrated to have regulatory functions in... more Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (␣MSH) has been demonstrated to have regulatory functions in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). ␣MSH plays a central role in the regulation of metabolic balance such as decreasing food intake, increasing sympathetic outflow and hypothalamic/pituitary function. Our laboratory has investigated the actions of ␣MSH on sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics using anesthetized animals. In this study we determined both the acute and chronic effects of ␣MSH on cardiovascular and metabolic dynamics in conscious unrestrained rats. Animals were each implanted with a radio-telemetry transmitter for recording of cardiovascular parameters and subsequently instrumented with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas. The acute ICV administration of ␣MSH significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) when compared to artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) controls. On the other hand chronic ␣MSH infusion resulted in an initial increase in MAP and HR lasting for 2 days followed by a decrease in MAP. Chronic ␣MSH administration decreased physical activity and food intake but not weight gain. We conclude that in the conscious unrestrained animal the acute administration of ␣MSH increased MAP and HR, however, chronic infusion is associated with decreased MAP, physical activity and food intake.