Smoke Pfeiffer | US Forest Service (original) (raw)

Books by Smoke Pfeiffer

Clay tobacco pipes are a unique form of artifact that has been recovered from the earliest coloni... more Clay tobacco pipes are a unique form of artifact that has been recovered from the earliest colonial period sites to those of the early twentieth century. Archaeologists have found this artifact category useful for interpretive purposes due to their rapid technological and typological change, decoration, and maker's marks. Lack of adequate reporting in older site reports precludes a wide range of interpretive values intrinsic to this artifact category. A detailed study of tobacco pipe assemblages from the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains, in an 1800 to 1890s time frame, demonstrates the interpretive value of this category on an intrasite, regional, and interregional basis. The detailed analysis given the pipes and pipe assemblages provides a historical background that encompasses the artifacts, the manufacturers, the sites, the relationships of the sites, and their place in the development of these regions. These tobacco pipes reflect the marketing and trade histories of these regions as well as many of the cultural subgroups

2006 Published version of 1982 Master’s Thesis with added Index, and author’s bio. Available at http://www.claypipes.com/index.html

Papers by Smoke Pfeiffer

10 year old scan of 36 year old paper. Zoom in to read it better. Typed on old 20 lb., 1 foot hig... more 10 year old scan of 36 year old paper. Zoom in to read it better. Typed on old 20 lb., 1 foot high, black, all metal typewriter from the 1940s.

Spokane House was founded by the North West Company in 1810. The nearby Pacific Fur Company post ... more Spokane House was founded by the North West Company in 1810. The nearby Pacific Fur Company post was purchased by the North West Company in 1813 and their goods were assimilated into Spokane House. The Hudson's Bay Company abandoned Spokane House and moved to the newly constructed Fort Colvile. The clay tobacco pipes from Spokane House' and Fort Colvile provide a continuum in a single artifact category which spans the Pacific Northwest Fur Trade from 1810 to 1871. Although sample sizes are smaller than some fur trade posts, a clear difference is demonstrable between the pipes of the North West Company era and those of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Many institutions and research facilities contain donated collections of unusual artifacts which ... more Many institutions and research facilities contain donated collections of unusual artifacts which have not been described or researched. Analysis of these materials, along with the scanty knowledge of their provenience, can provide the archaeologist with a large body of comparative material culture. The collection of terra cotta tobacco pipes discussed herein provides information on such an assemblage.

Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies III

The Arrowtown Chinese Settlement was established at least as early as 1870 along the bank of Bush... more The Arrowtown Chinese Settlement was established at least as early as 1870 along the bank of Bush Creek. The small community declined after 1900 and was abandoned after the death of the last storekeeper in 1927. Archaeological excavations were conducted there in Nov.-Dec. 1983 under the direction of Neville Ritchie of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. The tobacco pipe assemblage consists of a variety of white ball clay fragments, wood pipe fragments Vulcanite or hard rubber stems, amber colored stems, and shank bands.
1986 Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies III:79-88.

In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at... more In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at the Shady Lake Campground on the Ouachita National Forest. In addition to the seven prehistoric sites and historic house site which received test excavations, a Manganese Mill, 3PL342, was recorded. The mill is located in the West-Central Arkansas Manganese District. Manganese was first recognized in the West-Central district about the middle of the 19th century. Manganese (Mn) is a metallic element with a specific gravity very near that of iron. All but a small quantity of the manganese consumed in the United States is in the form of an alloy known as ferromanganese which is used in the manufacture of steel. Relatively small amounts of oxide are used in the manufacture of glass, paint and dry cell batteries, and as coloring material in pottery, tile and brick. The mill and bunkhouse complex was constructed in 1943 . The mill was only operational for 4 to 5 months. Milling operations were shut down when it was determined that the manganese mining and processing were not economically viable. The ruins of the site consist of the foundations of the mill itself, the foundation and chimney for a two story bunkhouse, a large concrete cistern for the mill, a smaller cistern for the bunkhouse, a rock edged parking area, and several ore test pits. The large concrete foundations probably supported machinery for a gravity type of operation with trammel screens. A general site map was drawn and the foundations for the mill, bunkhouse, and mill cistern were mapped.

During the early twentieth century, Arkansas participated in the tick eradication effort of the U... more During the early twentieth century, Arkansas participated in the tick eradication effort of the United States Department of Agriculture. Initiated in response to "Texas fever", a tick born illness that jeopardized the state's cattle industry, the eradication program endorsed the widespread construction of concrete dipping vats and use of arsenical dipping solution to bring Arkansas above a mandated quarantine line. This paper explores the material culture of tick eradication and the impact of Federal bureaucracy on free range herding and traditional Arkansas lifeways. Lastly, issues of significance and eligibility for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places are addressed.

Etchieson, G. Meeks, Enid Erickson, Michael A. Pfeiffer, Roger E. Coleman, Larry D Haikey, Willia... more Etchieson, G. Meeks, Enid Erickson, Michael A. Pfeiffer, Roger E. Coleman, Larry D Haikey, William F. Pell, and Daniel J. Nolan
1999 Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment: social and economic conditions.
Chapter 1: Archeological and Historical Backround. Report 4 of 5. General Technical Report SRS-32. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 299 p.

The information Superhighway has become both blessing and bane to many archaeologists who use it ... more The information Superhighway has become both blessing and bane to many archaeologists who use it for information sharing and research. The restrictions of law, regulation, policy, politics and equipment available to archaeologists in the different federal agencies, even within an agency, can vary widely. Experience garnered over a five year period has helped to find and identify the pitfalls of the surfing experience and to learn just what type of information and services are available and which of these can be integrated into a Heritage Resources Program. The USDA Forest Service has formal position statements on the Forest Service Home Page and Internet Strategy, Internet Security, and Ethical Use of Electronic Communication Systems. There a myriad number of ways that looking for information can waste more time than the benefits that information will bring to the Heritage Program. This paper makes recommendations for more efficient use of the internet in the interests of Heritage Resource Program management.
1999 Association of Historical Archaeologists of the Pacific Northwest

In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at... more In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at the Shady Lake Campground on the Ouachita National Forest. In addition to the seven prehistoric sites and historic house site which received test excavations, a Manganese Mill, 3PL342, was recorded. The mill is located in the West-Central Arkansas Manganese District. Manganese was first recognized in the West-Central district about the middle of the 19th century.
Manganese (Mn) is a metallic element with a specific gravity very near that of iron. All but a small quantity of the manganese consumed in the United States is in the form of an alloy known as ferromanganese which is used in the
manufacture of steel. Relatively small amounts of oxide are used in the manufacture of glass, paint and dry cell batteries, and as coloring material in pottery, tile and brick. The mill and bunkhouse complex was constructed in 1943 . The mill was only operational for 4 to 5 months. Milling operations were shut down when it was determined that the manganese mining and processing were not economically viable. The ruins of the site consist of the foundations of the mill itself, the foundation and chimney for a two story bunkhouse, a large concrete cistern for the mill, a smaller cistern for the bunkhouse, a rock edged parking area, and several ore test pits. The large concrete foundations probably supported machinery for a gravity type of operation with trammel screens. A general site map was drawn and the foundations for the mill, bunkhouse, and mill cistern were mapped.

Finding archaeology sites on the Internet is easy - even finding sites that specialize in Histor... more Finding archaeology sites on the Internet is easy - even finding sites that
specialize in Historical Archaeology is not difficult. Government agencies,
"friends of the XYZ site", universities, archaeological societies, and
commercial/corporate operations publish archaeology on the web.
Archaeological information can also be found in discussion list archives and
on the web pages of museums, company histories, genealogical sites, and
state historical societies. Material on both "real" and "pseudo"
archaeological sites can range from descriptions of "dirt" archaeology, to
artifact analysis, to discussions of historical documents and new technical
methods, to information about CRM companies and projects, to serious
discussions about so-called "alternative" archaeologies. In this paper, I will
discuss different types of archaeological web sites in terms of finding useful
website information, and make some observations about how we, as
practicing historical archaeologists, can use this new communication
technology to enhance our work and present informative and useful
information to the public.

Fifteen years of intensive shovel probing and survey have inventoried approximately 26% of the 1.... more Fifteen years of intensive shovel probing and survey have inventoried approximately 26% of the 1.2 million acres of the Ozark-St. Francis National Forest. Results of this program indicate that over 99% of the shovel probes yielded negative results. Checks of five previously surveyed and probed project areas revealed that shovel probing failed to locate all sites. Shovel probing is a costly tool with poor discovery potential, and results in the clearance of project areas that still contain undiscovered sites. Geoarchaeological modeling and use of ArcView indicate that more sites can be discovered at less cost than by use of systematic grid shovel probing. It is imperative that a full inventory of the cultural resources of the Ozark National Forest near completion, so that labor can be focused on preserving sites and stabilizing years of looting in bluff shelters

Finding archaeology sites on the Internet is easy - even finding sites that specialize in Histori... more Finding archaeology sites on the Internet is easy - even finding sites that specialize in Historical Archaeology is not difficult. Government agencies, "friends of the XYZ site", universities, archaeological societies, and commercial/corporate operations publish archaeology on the web. Archaeological information can also be found in discussion list archives and on the web pages of museums, company histories, genealogical sites, and state historical societies. Material on both "real" and "pseudo" archaeological sites can range from descriptions of "dirt" archaeology, to artifact analysis, to discussions of historical documents and new technical methods, to information about CRM companies and projects, to serious discussions about so-called "alternative" archaeologies. In this paper, I will discuss different types of archaeological web sites in terms of finding useful website information, and make some observations about how we, as practicing historical archaeologists, can use this new communication technology to enhance our work and present informative and useful information to the public.

2006 Published version of 1982 Master’s Thesis with added Index, and author’s bio. Available at http://www.claypipes.com/index.html

Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies III

In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at... more In June, 1993, the Arkansas Archeological Society conducted its annual summer training program at the Shady Lake Campground on the Ouachita National Forest. In addition to the seven prehistoric sites and historic house site which received test excavations, a Manganese Mill, 3PL342, was recorded. The mill is located in the West-Central Arkansas Manganese District. Manganese was first recognized in the West-Central district about the middle of the 19th century.
Manganese (Mn) is a metallic element with a specific gravity very near that of iron. All but a small quantity of the manganese consumed in the United States is in the form of an alloy known as ferromanganese which is used in the
manufacture of steel. Relatively small amounts of oxide are used in the manufacture of glass, paint and dry cell batteries, and as coloring material in pottery, tile and brick. The mill and bunkhouse complex was constructed in 1943 . The mill was only operational for 4 to 5 months. Milling operations were shut down when it was determined that the manganese mining and processing were not economically viable. The ruins of the site consist of the foundations of the mill itself, the foundation and chimney for a two story bunkhouse, a large concrete cistern for the mill, a smaller cistern for the bunkhouse, a rock edged parking area, and several ore test pits. The large concrete foundations probably supported machinery for a gravity type of operation with trammel screens. A general site map was drawn and the foundations for the mill, bunkhouse, and mill cistern were mapped.

Fire Lookout Towers have been erected on forested land throughout the country since, at least, 19... more Fire Lookout Towers have been erected on forested land throughout the country since, at least, 1911. They have been in trees, at standing height on stumps, in small steel boxes at a variety of heights, and in not-so-spacious aerial “rooms with a view”. Some are still in use, some are abandoned, and well over half have been removed. Federal laws require agencies, such as the USDA Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs, to record and evaluate these and other sites. Many states have similar laws. Once they are recorded, how can a database be put together that will assist in the answering the questions of how many do we have, what types do we have, where are they, what role did they play in our history, can they be used for something other than their original purpose?

This is a work in progress Draft.

This is a work-in-progress draft.

Her research centers around three closely related Colonial sites dating from 1619 to 1645. The se... more Her research centers around three closely related Colonial sites dating from 1619 to 1645. The section on clay tobacco pipe dating and the Binford formula suitably demonstrates the fallibility of the formula and emphasizes the importance of traditional archaeological interpretation in the use of such data. The short portion of the article dedicated to the tobacco pipe's contribution to socio-economic historic studies does not offer much in the way of proof of that contribution. It does offer a number of observations concerning the pipe assemblage which, though agreeing with the known sociohistorical data, do not in themselves prove it. The observations also fail to adequately account for the many unmarked pipes. The historic era from which these pipes come also provides pitfalls in that it deals with a sparsely settled frontier site in which a single shipment of pipes from another manufacturing center could drastically skew any sociohistorical interpretation based on the pipes alone. The author does display an excellent grasp of the many and varied economic and socio-historical avenues of research which clay pipe studies may help illuminate. Most of this paper deals with a detailed discussion of the pipes by site and feature. The illustrations are unusually well done. Pipes are presented actual size while the marks are twice actual size. The descriptions of the pipes are rather sketchy but do include the stem bore diameter. Due to its content and clarity, this paper is an important contribution to the study of seventeenth century clay tobacco pipes. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 18 The second article concerns Clay Pipes from the Buck Site in Maryland, by L. T. Alexander. The

In the USDA Forest Service History publication - History Line.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

There are many important things that are missing from this volume. There should be a section devo... more There are many important things that are missing from this volume. There should be a section devoted to how to calculate overhead and a listing of the things that are normally included in overhead costs for compliance-based programs, whether in a private sector or university setting. Discussions of overhead and overhead calculations would greatly benefit students planning a career in cultural resource management, as well as archaeologists in academic programs who may not understand how compliance-based studies are priced.

Projectile points for spears, darts and arrows have been manufactured out of stone and many other... more Projectile points for spears, darts and arrows have been manufactured out of stone and many other materials by every race and on every continent for thousands of years. It is a heritage of all humankind. This bibliography began with an internet message from Hugh Jarvis to the Arch-L list in the summer of 1994 with about a dozen references, and I became compulsive. These references include some from the "grey market". (i.e. tend to have prices listed but also can be good for type coverage). The collector’s books with prices are also valuable aids for the archaeologist prosecuting an ARPA case in establishing commercial value. In order to provide some contextual framework, references are included which focus on: breakage, dating, descriptive systems, fluting, form, function, hafting, measurements, notching, and reshaping. This bibliography references at least 15 Ph.D. Dissertations and 24 Master's Thesis'. It also includes references on prehistoric and historic projectile points made from copper and iron. As a good cautionary reminder "Scholars...... should not be enslaved by static typology" (Wilke & Flenniken, 1991).

This bibliography began with an internet message from Hugh Jarvis to the Arch-L list in the summe... more This bibliography began with an internet message from Hugh Jarvis to the Arch-L list in the summer of 1994 with about a dozen references, and I became compulsive. These references include some from the "grey market"... (i.e. tend to have prices listed but also can be good for type coverage). The collectors books with prices are also valuable aids for the archaeologist prosecuting an ARPA case in establishing commercial value. In order to provide some contextual framework, references are included which focus on: breakage, dating, descriptive systems, fluting, form, function, hafting, measurements, notching, and reshaping. This bibliography references at least 12 Ph.D. Dissertations and 21 Master's Thesis'. It also includes references on prehistoric and historic projectile points made from copper and iron. As a good cautionary reminder "Scholars...... should not be enslaved by static typology" (Wilke & Flenniken, 1991).

Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Material Culture Studies, Bibliography, Firearms, Black Powd... more Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Material Culture Studies, Bibliography, Firearms, Black Powder Firearms, Muzzleloading Shoot, Flintlock Firearms, Gunflints Workshop, Gunflints History, Gunflint, Gunflints, STUDY OF FIREARMS, Antique Arms, Archeology, Black Powder, and English Flintlocks

This electronic bibliography began in 1994 to disseminate information on Cartridge Identification... more This electronic bibliography began in 1994 to disseminate information on Cartridge Identification to interested researchers on the World Wide Web. It is meant to be shared freely among anyone interested in the subject from Archaeologists to Historians to Hunters to Forensic Scientists. These references do not include the multitude of excellent cartridge reloading manuals and components catalogs put out by manufacturers of ammunition and reloading components (bullets. slugs, shot, powders, primers, caps, gunflints, bullet lubricants, paper patches, gas checks, sabots, wads, hulls, molds, melting pots, sizing dies, ect.). All of those present LOTs of information on cartridge dimensions and other useful information. There are also a multitude of articles on cartridge headstamp identification in such magazines as the Shotgun News, National Rifleman and Guns and Ammo. Amazingly enough, most of the books and articles referenced in this bibliography do not contain subject bibliographies or references cited sections. Replaces earlier editions.

2010 Book Review by Randall L. Guendling For the Journal Historical Archaeology.

Old Data General version from the days of the black screen and green letters

Includes Internet Archaeological Resources on Ethics by Smoke Pfeiffer

Includes Web Notes on Archaeological Societies by Smoke Pfeiffer

Includes Web Notes section on Fire Tower & Lookout Sites on the Internet by Smoke Pfeiffer

With Web Notes: An Overview of E-Mail Discussion Groups and Listservers by Smoke Pfeiffer

With Web Notes 1: Distribution Lists by Smoke Pfeiffer and Web Notes 2: Internet Resources for H... more With Web Notes 1: Distribution Lists by Smoke Pfeiffer and Web Notes 2: Internet Resources for Historic Preservation by Richa Wilson.

With Web Notes on Introduction to Section 106 Review by Smoke Pfeiffer. (Reproduction of an Advic... more With Web Notes on Introduction to Section 106 Review by Smoke Pfeiffer. (Reproduction of an Advicory Council on Historic Preservation flyer distributed for course in Oklahoma City, April 2001)

With Web Notes on Favorite Web Pages for Free Electronic Maps by Smoke Pfeiffer

With Web Notes on Laws, Regulations & Policy by Smoke Pfeiffer and Training sources by Jill Osborn

With Web Notes on Archaeological Dating Methods by Smoke Pfeiffer. This was the Heritage Times Fi... more With Web Notes on Archaeological Dating Methods by Smoke Pfeiffer. This was the Heritage Times Final Issue.