Ingo Schrakamp | Freie Universität Berlin (original) (raw)

Books by Ingo Schrakamp

The volume on "History and Philology" within the ARCANE project is an up-to-date presentation of ... more The volume on "History and Philology" within the ARCANE project is an up-to-date presentation of the data and problems connected to the chronology of the third millennium BC of Mesopotamia and adjacent regions. As an introduction, Walther Sallaberger and Ingo Schrakamp provide an overview of the pertinent cuneiform sources and discuss the reconstruction of a historical chronology. Furthermore the book includes articles on chronological problems and a regional history from the Fara period to the end of the millennium from leading experts: A. Archi and M.-G. Biga on Ebla, K. De Graef on Susa, G. Marchesi on early dynasties, F. Pomponio on Adab, I. Schrakamp on historical geography, W. Sommerfeld on the Akkadian period, H. Steible on Fara, P. Steinkeller on the Gutian period.

Edited Books by Ingo Schrakamp

Episteme. Beiträge zu einer transdisziplinären Wissensgeschichte 25, 2022

Open Access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

Articles and Review Articles by Ingo Schrakamp

E. Cancik-Kirschbaum / I. Schrakamp (eds.), Transfer, Adaption und Neukonfiguration von Schrift- und Sprachwissen im Alten OrientEpisteme. Beiträge zu einer transdisziplinären Wissensgeschichte 25, 2022, 1-79, 2022

Open access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

E. Cancik-Kirschbaum/I. Schrakamp (Hg.), Transfer, Adaption und Neukonfiguration von Schrift- und Sprachwissen im Alten Orient. Episteme in Bewegung. Beiträge zu einer transdisziplinären Wissensgeschichte 25, 2022, 81-113 , 2022

Open Access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

he Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Volume 1, 2020

Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of exce... more Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

The Competition of Fibres, 2020

The Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent and the origins of fibre technology 5 Ofer Bar-Y... more The Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent and the origins of fibre technology 5 Ofer Bar-Yosef 3. Early wool of Mesopotamia, c. 7000-3000 BC. Between prestige and economy Catherine Breniquet 4. Continuity and discontinuity in Neolithic and Chalcolithic linen textile production in the southern Levant Orit Shamir and Antoinette Rast-Eicher 5. Fibres, fabrics and looms: a link between animal fibres and warp-weighted looms in the Iron Age Levant Thaddeus Nelson 6. An archaic, male-exclusive loom from Oman Janet Levy 7. The Topoi Research Group Textile Revolution: archaeological background and a multi-proxy approach Wolfram Schier 8. Fibres to fibres, thread to thread. Comparing diachronic changes in large spindle whorl samples Ana Grabundžija and Chiara Schoch 9. Finding the woolly sheep: meta-analyses of archaeozoological data from southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe

M. Jung/A. Reymann/F. Sutterlüty (Hg.), Narrative der Gewalt. Interdisziplinäre Analysen, Frankfurt: Campus 2019, 79-86, 2019

NABU 2019, 2019

Passages cités par Archi 2012: 22. 2. En suivant AHw: 700, je considère l'akkadien nubbû, « se la... more Passages cités par Archi 2012: 22. 2. En suivant AHw: 700, je considère l'akkadien nubbû, « se lamenter », comme la forme D de nabû, « nommer » (du sém. *nbʾ, connu aussi en arabe et dans les dialectes sudarabiques ; voir Huehnergard 1999: 91), lorsque CAD, N/1: 32 et 39, répertorie les deux formes séparément. Pour le rapport sémantique entre la forme G et la forme D de la racine *nbʾ en akkadien, voir aussi Kouwenberg 1997: 178, selon lequel « the semantic relationship between nabû G and D, and qabû G and D suggests that they originally denoted the production of certains sounds, but their G-stem became neutral verbs of speaking or naming through weakening of their meaning ». Quant à la racine *nbʿ, « pleurer », connue en éthiopien (CDG: 382 b), il peut s'agir d'une variante de *nbʾ. 3. Pour une analyse de ces contextes Pasquali 2018, avec bibliographie. 4.

D. Knitter/W. Schier/B. Schütt (eds.), Spatial Environment and Conceptual Design. The Concept of Social-Ecology as a Means to Integrate Humanities and Science in (Landscape) Archaeological Research. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 74. Berlin: Edition Topoi 2021, 2021

C. Becker, N. Benecke, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, A. Grabundzuka, H. C. Küchelmann, M. Park, S. Polloc... more C. Becker, N. Benecke, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, A. Grabundzuka, H. C. Küchelmann, M. Park, S. Pollock, W. Schier, C. Schoch, I. Schrakamp, B. Schütt

Spatial Environment and Conceptual Design. The Concept of Social-Ecology as a Means to Integrate Humanities and Science in (Landscape) Archaeological Research. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 74. Berlin: Edition Topoi 2021, 2021

J. Berking, B. Beckers, S. Ißelhorst, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, C. Möller, J. Renn, M. Ronin, A. Scho... more J. Berking, B. Beckers, S. Ißelhorst, E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, C. Möller, J. Renn, M. Ronin, A. Schomberg, I. Schrakamp, B. Schütt, G. Sürmelihindi, M. Trümper, M. Valeriani: Material and Cultural Aspects of Water Management, in: D. Knitter/W. Schier/B. Schütt (eds.), Spatial Environment and Conceptual Design. The Concept of Social-Ecology as a Means to Integrate Humanities and Science in (Landscape) Archaeological Research. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 74. Berlin: Edition Topoi 2020, 107-129

Water Management in Ancient Civilizations. Proceedings of the Topoi Water Management Workshop 2016, Berlin Studies in the Ancient World , 2018

Southern Mesopotamia was essentially agrarian and depended on artificial irrigation. The earliest... more Southern Mesopotamia was essentially agrarian and depended on artificial irrigation. The earliest cuneiform evidence for fully-developed irrigation networks stems from royal in scriptions and archival records from a temple archive from the city-state ofLagas, ca. 2475-2 3 r 5 BC. These sources testify to a four-level irrigation network, probably established upon the unification of the state by Urnanse and Eanatum. From the river, water flowed to pri mary canals with regulators, and from there branched off to secondary canals. Distributors regulated the water flow to the fields. The construction of primary canals and regulators was conducted by the ruler who drew on the corvee troops of the temples. The temples maintained the lower-level irrigation structures, such as the distributors and dikes in their fields.

Becker, Cornelia / Benecke, Norbert / Grabundžija, Ana / Küchelmann, Hans Christian / Pollock, Su... more Becker, Cornelia / Benecke, Norbert / Grabundžija, Ana / Küchelmann, Hans Christian / Pollock, Susan / Schier, Wolfram / Schoch, Chiara / Schrakamp, Ingo / Schütt, Britta / Schumacher, Martin (in preparation): The textile revolution. Research into the origin and spread of wool production between the Near East and Central Europe. in: Topoi Research Group Reports

Abstract
Wool production is closely connected to the domesticated sheep and specifically to those animals that carry a woolly coat. With the keeping of woolly sheep, not only did the economy of a large number of prehistoric communities over a vast region change, but also the textile technology, the equipment for the production of garments and not least people’s appearance. Even the identity of persons and their social status were expressed through new kinds of textile products. The origin of woolly sheep and the paths and speed of their dispersal throughout the Old World are still open questions and form one of the major topics in this research project.

At the end of the 24th cent. Sargon of Akkade (2324–2285 BC) defeated Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, ... more At the end of the 24th cent. Sargon of Akkade (2324–2285 BC) defeated Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, and unified the whole of Babylonia proper for the first time into a single territorial state, thus laying the foundation of the Akkadian Empire. Sargon, his sons Rimuš and Maništušu (2284–2262 BC), and his grandson Naramsin (2261–2206 BC) led their armies as far as the Mediterranean in the west and reached the springs of the Euphrates and Tigris in the north. They campaigned as far as highland Iran in the east and reached the Arabian Gulf in the south, dominating the political landscape of Mesopotamia for more than a century (2300–2181 BC). Under Naramsin’s son Šarkališarri (2205–2181 BC), Amorites from the west and Guteans and Elamites from the east penetrated deep into the empire. Provinces defected and Akkade was reduced to a petty state. After a short period of confusion, when four members of the former Akkadian bureaucracy and army rivalled for the succession to the throne (2180–2178 BC), Dudu and Šudurul (2177–2142 BC) presided over an Akkadian resurgence. They established a late Akkadian territorial state, which encompassed parts of northern Babylonia, the Diyala valley, and Upper Mesopotamia. Eventually the Guteans and the Elamites under Puzurinšušinak would successively occupy central and northern Babylonia, conquer the capital, and eliminate Akkade from the political stage. Half a century later, the concept of the territorial state was revived under Urnamma, the founder of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (2110–2093 BC).
The Sargonic period brought about numerous political, socio-economic, and ideological transformations and is therefore regarded as a turning point in Mesopotamian history. Among these transformations, the unification of the whole of Babylonia proper into a single territorial state, the spread of ‘privately’ owned land, the integration of the former city-states into the royal palace economy, and the deification of the living ruler feature most prominently. The Akkadian empire’s geographical scale and reach, mode of administration, and conception of kingship had long-lasting influence. It became a paradigm for future dynasties, whose model-like character is also apparent in later literary texts. Nevertheless, repeated upheavals against Akkadian rule and the ambivalent tradition that evolved around Naramsin indicate that these transformations caused major political tensions especially in the Sumerian south of Babylonia.
The present paper describes Akkadian rule in terms of the concept of RESOURCECULTURES, i.e. the specific way in which resources are appropriated, used, and allocated. It argues that Akkadian rule meant the forcible implementation of a specific RESOURCECULTURE, which was politically, socio-economically, and ideologically incompatible with the RESOURCECULTURE prevalent in the Sumerian south. This ‘northern’ RESOURCECULTURE was borne by a secular and autocratic kingship with territorial claims to power, characterised by patrimonial dominion, a network of royal patronage, and a tributary or palace-economy based on royal land holdings.
The paper further demonstrates that royal land holdings were the base of the Akkadian economic power. They were appropriated through confiscation and purchase, and administered and exploited through a centralised administration, the inclusion of the provincial economies of the former city-states into the royal household, and the establishment of rural agricultural domains. Through allocations of crown land to affiliates of the royal court and members of the local elite the kings of Akkade established a far-flung network of royal patronage, which also included parts of the local populace.
Akkadian rule caused political, economic and ideological distress, which led to repeated rebellions of the south, and the downfall of the empire. Although this meant a return to political particularism, the concept of empire prevailed when the 3rd dynasty of Ur (2110–2004 BC) united Babylonia into a second territorial state and Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750 BC) finally brought about the end of particularism.

Landsberger first observed orthographic variations of sig7/si12-ga and SAR(-ga) in the inscriptio... more Landsberger first observed orthographic variations of sig7/si12-ga and SAR(-ga) in the inscriptions of Gudea and concluded that "green" could likewise be written sigx(SAR), sex(SAR)-ga. While this has either been rejected or viewed as an idiosyncratic orthography in the Gudea inscriptions, the present paper discusses possible attestations to sigx (SAR) outside the Gudea corpus.

Episteme. Beiträge zu einer transdisziplinären Wissensgeschichte 25, 2022

Open Access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

Open access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

Open Access: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title\_6890.ahtml

he Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Volume 1, 2020

The Competition of Fibres, 2020

M. Jung/A. Reymann/F. Sutterlüty (Hg.), Narrative der Gewalt. Interdisziplinäre Analysen, Frankfurt: Campus 2019, 79-86, 2019

NABU 2019, 2019

Water Management in Ancient Civilizations. Proceedings of the Topoi Water Management Workshop 2016, Berlin Studies in the Ancient World , 2018

eTopoi Journal for Ancient Studies, 2016

Becker, Cornelia / Benecke, Norbert / Grabundzija, Ana / Küchelmann, Hans Christian / Pollock, Su... more Becker, Cornelia / Benecke, Norbert / Grabundzija, Ana / Küchelmann, Hans Christian / Pollock, Susan / Schier, Wolfram / Schoch, Chiara / Schrakamp, Ingo / Schütt, Brigitta / Schumacher, Martin (2016): The Textile Revolution. Research into the Origin and Spread of Wool Production between the Near East and Central Europe. – eTopoi Journal for Ancient Studies Special Volume 6, 102-145

Abstract
The objective of the research group Textile Revolution is to contribute to research on the still largely unclear introduction of wool production in later Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies from Western Asia to Central Europe. Since direct evidence of wool depends on rare conditions of preservation,a multi-proxy approach based on different kinds of indirect evidence was chosen. The previous history of research on early wool production as well as the domestication history of sheep are reviewed briefly. Anthropogenic impacts on the landscape, possibly related to intensified grazing, are one kind of indirect evidence that we take into account. For the later part of the presumably long-lasting development of wool production, written sources are available, the earliest of which date to the Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods (end of the 4th to beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE) in Mesopotamia. Indirect archaeological evidence consists of the tools used in textile production, among which spindle whorls and loom weights occur most frequently. Since they are not a priori specific to the type of fibre, be it linen or wool, statistical evaluations of metric data are necessary. Zooarchaeological analysis of large samples of animal bones from a wide spectrum of sites and time slices is a further crucial element of our multiproxy approach. Both the demographic composition of herds and metric data indicating changes in animal size can yield indirect evidence for incipient or increasing importance of wool production. This article offers an overview of these different sources and methods, specific to the disciplines involved, and presents some preliminary results.

At the end of the 24th century, c.2300±30 bce, Sargon of Akkade (2324–2285±30 bce) defeated Lugal... more At the end of the 24th century, c.2300±30 bce, Sargon of Akkade (2324–2285±30 bce) defeated Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, unified the whole of Babylonia proper in a single territorial state, and laid the foundation of the Akkadian Empire. Sargon, his sons Rimush and Manishtushu, and his grandson Naramsuen led their armies as far as the Mediterranean in the west, reached the springs of Euphrates and Tigris in the north, and campaigned as far as highland Iran in the east and the Arabian Gulf in the south, dominating the political landscape of Mesopotamia for more than a century (2300–2181±30 bce). Under Sharkalisharri, westerners and Guteans penetrated the empire, provinces defected, and Akkade was reduced to a petty state. After a short period of confusion, Dudu and Shudurul (2177–2142±30 bce) presided over an Akkadian resurgence, but the Guteans successively conquered central and northern Babylonia and thus eliminated Akkade from the political stage.

Sources from the reign of Urukagina, the last ruler of the First Dynasty of Lagaš, provide little... more Sources from the reign of Urukagina, the last ruler of the First Dynasty of Lagaš, provide little genealogical information. The family background of Urukagina has thus been debated for more than a century. Some scholars identify Urukagina as the son of the Engilsa mentioned in the Maništušu Obelisk, assume that Engilsa ruled as steward of Lagaš prior to Enentarzi and conclude that Urukagina belonged to a side-branch of the dynasty. Others argue that Urukagina was the son of a certain Urutu who appears in lists of offerings for the deceased ancestors dating to Urukagina's reign. The present paper renders the theory that Urukagina was the son of an earlier ruler of Lagaš by the name of Engilsa impossible.

„Am Anfang war der Keil – Schrift und Schreiben im Alten Orient“