Eden Cole | Geneva Centre for Security Policy (original) (raw)

Books by Eden Cole

Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism: A Handbook of International Best Practices, 2021

Commissioned by the Georgian Centre for Strategy and Development (GCSD) as a component of a four-... more Commissioned by the Georgian Centre for Strategy and Development (GCSD) as a component of a four-year multi-tier programme on ‘Enhancing the Capacity of Georgia in Preventing Violent Extremism and Radicalization’ funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway, this Handbook was developed to facilitate Georgia’s ‘Permanent Interagency Commission on Elaboration of the National Counterterrorism Strategy (CNCS)’ Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) policy development and cooperative programming processes.

In a field crowded with documentation and narratives on diverse P/CVE approaches, this Handbook’s objective is to focus the audience’s attention on counter-terrorism and P/CVE best practice at international and European levels. At the same time, the Handbook enables practitioners from state institutions to sustain institutional P/CVE knowledge and to develop capacity to address P/CVE issues across Georgian society. The Handbook can also be used for training purposes, as well as by other stakeholders to develop their own capacity to implement projects aimed at understanding and limiting the threat of violent extremism.

Beginning with an introduction to the evolution of terrorism over the last fifty years, the Handbook outlines the challenges of terrorism to democratic states, and the legal and policy dimensions of effective counter-terrorism and extremism prevention. The Handbook then addresses specific thematic issues, including institutional frameworks for P/CVE, cooperation between state and society, radicalization prevention, the return of foreign terrorist fighters and their families, and broader counter-terrorism and P/CVE communication challenges. Placing an emphasis on developing original material and incorporating a variety of relevant and easily accessible best practice materials, the aim across all seven chapters is to ensure that a ‘Whole-of-Society’ approach to P/CVE issues is emphasised in a user-friendly format.

Against the background of fifty years of terrorism, democratic societies are still exposed to a variety of risks posed by local and strategic terrorism. Although waves of terrorism occur in peaks and troughs, as contested and ungoverned spaces continue to harbour often well-funded and supplied terrorist and insurgent groups, social and technological developments compound the significant risks posed by even small terrorist movements and cells. To counter these threats, the legal and policy framework for counter-terrorism and counter-extremism programming will continue to evolve, not least to disrupt online terrorist recruitment, communication, and radicalization activities, and also to limit the transit of terrorists across international travel networks. In this context, every democratic society faces the dual challenge of maintaining their preparedness to counter terrorist threats, and to adapt their P/CVE approaches to contain new or persistent terrorist threats.

In the interim, Georgia, as with other European democracies, will remain exposed to a variety of counter-terrorism and P/CVE challenges. Limiting Georgia’s exposure to international terrorist networks, creating effective counter-terrorism policy, ensuring effective P/CVE practice, and enhancing Georgia’s cooperative security efforts will require further development of existing P/CVE capacities, particularly in terms of maintaining substantive institutional and multi-stakeholder approaches to terrorist and radicalization threats. In so doing, Georgia will continue to contribute to European and international security.

This report, the first of its kind focusing on security sector governance needs in the Pacific re... more This report, the first of its kind focusing on security sector governance needs in the Pacific region, maps the key security sector reform challenges facing Pacific Island Countries (PICs).

Designed to serve as a resource tool for stakeholders working on building new transparency and oversight mechanisms in the region, the report also outlines the key concepts and good practices associated with effective democratic governance of the security sector. The book focuses on relevant policy frameworks and appropriate oversight mechanisms that security institutions can protect human rights, help prevent conflict and provide an enabling environment for human and economic development by increasing investor and public confidence. This is particularly important for PICs as their economic prospects are heavily dependent on an image that attracts tourists and external investment.

The joint publication by the UNDP Pacific Centre and Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, launched on 10th February 2010 by Sir Peter Kenilorea, Speaker of Solomon Islands National Parliament,was the result of research conducted in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu during late 2008 and early 2009 by a DCAF team working with UNDP and Pacific Forum colleagues. The research was validated through a Ministerial-led Regional Conference held in Tonga during April 2009 for government, security sector and civil society representatives, as well as the Forum Regional Security Committee, which endorsed the development of regional and national policies and programming assistance.

At the launch Sir Peter commended the two organisations for “planting the seeds of the new direction to security sector governance in the region and I am certain that it will grow in the years to come.” He added that “security sector governance is rapidly gaining momentum worldwide and the Pacific Islands nations must make full use of the opportunity.”

Books (Edited) by Eden Cole

Supporting Ukraine’s Security Sector Reform: Mapping Security Sector Assistance Programmes, 2018

This mapping study broadly identified international and national projects in the field of SSR and... more This mapping study broadly identified international and national projects in the field of SSR and democratic oversight of Ukraine's security sector from 2015 to early 2018. With a wide range of governance initiatives impacting the reform of Ukrainian security policies and practices, the mapping further developed Folke Bernadotte Academy’s (FBA) analytical framework – used to map SSR projects in Ukraine in 2015 – to capture an even broader range of international assistance programmes.

By covering international and regional organizations’ initiatives, as well as national projects, the study sought to comprehensively map contemporary security sector reform/governance (SSR/G) programmes across Ukraine’s democratic institutions, executive, government, independent oversight institutions, civil society, media and security sector institutions. The study was necessarily descriptive: normative questions pertaining to the impact and efficiency of particular projects were beyond its scope. Ultimately, the product was intended to support various nations and organizations in planning their future 2018-2022 SSR programming in Ukraine by highlighting the volume of projects in each thematic area.

The principle that armed forces and security services should be subordinate and accountable to de... more The principle that armed forces and security services should be subordinate and accountable to democratically elected political leadership has long been seen as a basic condition for the effective functioning and well-being of our societies. Yet for many years in NATO member countries the principle was taken for granted; assumed but largely unspoken and seldom explored. NATO enlargement changed this situation.

One of the conditions aspirants were asked to meet was to ensure that their armed forces and defence establishments conformed to the standards prevailing in alliance countries. However, having set the condition NATO members then had to reach agreement on what these standards were and what reforms would be needed to reach them. In the flurry of activity that followed officials and academics hastened to define the basic parameters of acceptable civil-military relations against which the aspirants could be assessed. Three basic problems inherited from the former regimes stood out: the dominant, privileged and insular position of the military, the lack of civilian defence expertise and the absence of the habit and the mechanisms for democratic accountability.

Via a collection of edited articles, this ‘Vademecum’ underlines the essential role that parliaments must play in ensuring democratic oversight of the security sector, and it puts that role into the political and military context. Security sector reform cannot proceed in isolation but depends upon a pervasive societal framework of democratic institutions and practices which must also be put in place. There is no universally applicable model because parliamentary practices are shaped by specific national traditions and cultures. One size certainly doesn’t fit all but there are enduring principles and values which provide guidelines and yardsticks: this book provides a guide to the overarching principles of security reform and key parliamentary oversight mechanisms and practices.

Afghanistan's Security Sector Governance Challenges, 2011

The need for improved public security remains a critical issue in Afghanistan. This 2011 edited v... more The need for improved public security remains a critical issue in Afghanistan. This 2011 edited volume maps the security governance needs of Afghanistan from the perspective of democratic institutions, human rights, media, and civil society, as well as addressing the regional dimension of Afghanistan's security challenges.

This Handbook provides structured guidance for civil society organisations (CSOs) on the role the... more This Handbook provides structured guidance for civil society organisations (CSOs) on the role they can play in democratic security sector oversight. Many CSOs have facilitated security sector reform processes in transition and post-conflict states, yet much of their potential remains untapped. Similarly, the longer term role CSOs play in maintaining a democratically-managed security sector is sometimes under-emphasised in the developed and developing worlds.

The Handbook is designed primarily for civil society and non-governmental organisations, but is also relevant to democratic institutions, democratic representatives, policymakers, SSR practitioners, researchers, security sector institutions, the media, and international organisations partnering with CSOs on democratic security governance issue.

Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States, 2007

This 2007 volume comprises the findings of studies focusing on the current security sector reform... more This 2007 volume comprises the findings of studies focusing on the current security sector reform status and needs of the five Central Asian Republics. The findings concerned are the result of a series of activities organized by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces on Partnership for Peace mandates from the Swiss Ministries of Defence and Foreign Affairs and are intended for the broader public interested in security governance issues in the region.

Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector, 2007

This book focuses on the role of ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the secur... more This book focuses on the role of ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Despite the fact that most ombudsman institutions have relatively broad mandates and corresponding powers, which also endow them with competency over human rights abuses in the security sector, they encounter many problems when they start investigations. Baseline research on the relationship between ombudsman institutions and the security sector presented in this publication shows that the security sector remains a closed domain, and that there is a significant need and potential to strengthen the work of ombudsman institutions on security sector oversight.

Ombudsman institutions can provide a viable forum for the investigation and resolution of human rights violations committed by security sector agencies; they can help to bring national legislation into conformity with international standards; they can monitor the security sector; and they can educate security sector officials about their obligations and the general public about their rights. So far, there is only little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they can best structure their work on human and public security. This publication intends to close this gap and presents action-oriented recommendations, which have benefited greatly from practical input presented by ombudsman institutions from Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Defence Institution Building: 2005 Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building Regional Conference, 2005

This volume comprises the papers presented at the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution ... more This volume comprises the papers presented at the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB) Regional Conference for the Caucasus and Republic of Moldova on held in Tbilisi, Georgia, 25 April 2005.

Featuring presentations by NATO International Staff, NATO members, and regional NATO partners, the conference focused on the status and needs of PAP-DIB programming in the South Caucasus and Moldova.

The Partnership Action Plan (PAP) on Defence Institution Building (DIB) was introduced with the aim of reinforcing Partners’ efforts to initiate and reform and restructuring of defence institutions in the context of national commitments undertaken in the context of the Partnership for Peace Framework Document and the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security.

Contributors address Georgia's security sector reform challenges after the Rose Revolution.

This third volume in the series analysed the security sector governance papers published in the t... more This third volume in the series analysed the security sector governance papers published in the two prior self-assessment studies with the three-fold of aim of enhancing the relevance of the original papers, analysing their findings for the benefit of local, national, regional and international decision-makers, and making recommendations to guide subsequent capacity development programming.

Contributors were asked to assess the quality of the papers, address any omissions, add contextual information they perceived to be relevant, and, on the basis of those findings, make constructive suggestions and recommendations for enhanced international institutional engagement in the region.

Three types of analysis were commissioned: analyses of the self-assessment papers by country; region-wide analyses of the topical papers; and a conclusive chapter surveying not only the self-assessment papers in the original volumes but also the thematic and national analyses in this volume, data from the Expert Formation study and the findings of the Transparency in Defence Programmes study.

Section Two contains the country analyses of Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova and Romania which collectively analyse the contribution of the national authors with recommendations for each country.

Section Three contains the thematic analyses, following as far as possible the same order used for the themes in the original Self-Assessment studies, of the topical issues by region-wide with notes on each country’s security sector reform progress. The analyses provide the basis for recommendations by each author for relevant international involvements in the region.

Books (Series Editor) by Eden Cole

Monitoring Security Services: A Guide for Ombuds Institutions, 2018

National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial r... more National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial role to play in monitoring the security sector and holding the security sector accountable for its practices. NHRIs are also well placed to interact with other stakeholders to help facilitate broader security sector oversight and can ensure the development and maintenance of human rights-observant security policies and practices.

This study focuses on best practice related to monitoring intelligence and security services. External intelligence oversight mechanisms are an indispensable part of any strong accountability system: in addition to combatting impunity more effectively, such mechanisms ultimately enhance public confidence in the intelligence services as the basis for their operations - and their impartiality - is clearer to the public.

This series of monitoring products was designed to facilitate the work of National Human Rights (Ombuds) Institutions on monitoring the security sector. The series provides guidance on relevant best practices and may also be used for relevant capacity development trainings.

Monitoring Law Enforcement: A Guide for Ombuds Institutions, 2018

National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial r... more National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial role to play in monitoring the security sector and holding the security sector accountable for its practices. NHRIs are also well placed to interact with other stakeholders to help facilitate broader security sector oversight and can ensure the
development and maintenance of human rights-observant security policies and practices.

This study focuses on best practice related to monitoring law enforcement services. External police oversight mechanisms are an indispensable part of any strong accountability system: in addition to combatting impunity more effectively, such mechanisms enhance public confidence in the police as they have greater impartiality in the eyes of the public.

Papers by Eden Cole

Small Wars Journal, 2022

With the adoption of the Comprehensive Assistance Package (CAP) at the Madrid Summit in June 2022... more With the adoption of the Comprehensive Assistance Package (CAP) at the Madrid Summit in June 2022, NATO has an important opportunity to consolidate its security sector reform and oversight programming in Ukraine.

Developed during 2021, NATO’s initiative to concentrate governance assistance through an Individually Tailored Partnership Programme (ITTP) offers a framework to maximise the impact of future security policy assistance programming, not only by NATO members, but also the EU and other NATO partners. The key task will be to build a multi-institutional approach which can rapidly address both current and legacy security policy challenges, and to complement – or incorporate – bilateral security assistance programming into a more comprehensive approach.

Achieving these goals will require NATO and its partners to judiciously address resource and coordination challenges that have afflicted international programming since 2014. To this end, best practice and lessons learned from earlier security governance programming remain relevant in the current context.

This paper outlines current security governance challenges, the policy assistance landscape, and outlines the value-added a re-animated Joint Working Group on Defence Reform (JWGDR) could have on defence and security sector reforms.

This study argues that the political space exists for OSCE to explore more options for additional... more This study argues that the political space exists for OSCE to explore more options for additional value-added programming in the Central Asia region on CVE issues. These options include an opportunity to integrate national stakeholders and other international organisations into an even more comprehensive approach to CVE in the region. These options are outlined in the Recommendations section of this Executive Summary. The options are premised both on the OSCE's regional presence and OSCE's primary focus on addressing the 'push-factors' for an individual turning to violent extremism, rather than the 'pull-factors'.

The main objectives of the study were 1) to map the OSCE's approach to countering and preventing Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism (VERLT) in Central Asia from the perspective of human security and democratic governance of the security sector; 2) to make recommendations for relevant future OSCE programming in the region.

The study then overviews the OSCE's multidimensional approach to countering and preventing VERLT and explores its application within Central Asia, and maps the approaches and activities of other regional and international organisations in the region. The study then outlines competing arguments about the causes of VERLT in Central Asia before contextualising the relationship of security governance, VERLT and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), in order to assess appropriate responses to both in Central Asia. Subsequently, five case studies covering each Central Asian state outline each nation's approach to addressing VERLT, with the aim of highlighting current gaps in CVE approaches from a democratic security sector governance perspective. These studies inform the final section providing Recommendations for the OSCE on refining, strengthening and diversifying approaches to CVE in Central Asia.

The full version of this Mapping Study was commissioned by the 2017 Austrian Chairmanship-in-Office of the OSCE to be shared with the Chairmanship’s OSCE Special Representative on Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Professor Peter R. Neumann, Director of the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR), to facilitate the development of his report on Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region published online in December 2017 (available at: http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Countering-Violent-Extremism-and-Radicalisation-that-Lead-to-Terrorism-2.pdf).

Democratic governance of the security sector is now an established global principle. Moreover, in... more Democratic governance of the security sector is now an established global principle. Moreover, in European democracies the policy and practice of national security - from community to strategic levels - is also determined by the European Convention on Human Rights which remains binding upon all signatories. The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe also regularly supplies opinions on the legislative requirements for aligning legal and institutional structures with democracy, human rights and the rule of law: the Commission has also specifically reflected on the norms and standards relevant to democratic governance of the security sector.

These developments have served to emphasise the critical need for transparent and accountable security policies and practices, and, at the same time, to ensure such policies and practices are determined and managed in the interest of public security provision.

In this chapter the author briefly overviews the key features of effective security sector governance for new practitioners.

The Integrated Technical Guidance Notes (ITGNs) on security sector reform (SSR) were developed th... more The Integrated Technical Guidance Notes (ITGNs) on security sector reform (SSR) were developed through a collaborative effort by a wide range of actors from within the United Nations, SSR experts, academics and policy-makers by the United Nations (UN) Inter-Agency SSR Task Force (IASSRTF).

The note on Democratic Governance of the Security Sector outlines the principles of democratic security governance and methods for supporting reform programming.

A new version of the note was requested from the author in Spring 2011 was supplied to the UNDP PoCs gratis and forms the basis for this final version of the note as validated and unilaterally edited prior to publication in 2012.

Seen, but not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda, 2009

This chapter argues that an informed civil society is vital to representing and addressing the se... more This chapter argues that an informed civil society is vital to representing and addressing the security concerns of children and youth in security policy and practice. The broader volume explores the linkages between children, youth and security, and highlights the central need for a security governance approach. Part One introduces the notion of security as a public good, Part Two develops the context of this discussion illustrating how insecurity impacts on children’s health and well-being, and Part Three focuses on institutions and actors that need to be engaged in ensuring youth and children’s security. Published in: David Nosworthy (ed.), Seen, but not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda, (LIT: Münster, 2009).

Public involvement in democratic oversight is crucial to ensure accountability and transparency a... more Public involvement in democratic oversight is crucial to ensure accountability and transparency across the security sector. The engagement of civil society organizations (CSOs) in the security policy domain strongly contributes to accountability and good governance: CSOs act not only as a government ‘watchdog’ but also as an index of public contentment with the performance of institutions and agencies responsible for public security and related services. Actions such as monitoring government performance, policy, compliance with laws and human rights observance all contribute to this process.

In addition, advocacy by civil society groups representing the interests of local communities and groups of like-minded individuals helps to give voice to often marginalized actors and opens up the policymaking process to a wider set of perspectives. In this way, CSOs have a vital role to play not only in established democracies but also in post-conflict, post-authoritarian and undemocratic states, where the
activities of CSOs can still affect the decision-making of elites that monopolize the political process.

Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism: A Handbook of International Best Practices, 2021

Supporting Ukraine’s Security Sector Reform: Mapping Security Sector Assistance Programmes, 2018

Afghanistan's Security Sector Governance Challenges, 2011

Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States, 2007

Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector, 2007

Defence Institution Building: 2005 Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building Regional Conference, 2005

Featuring presentations by NATO International Staff, NATO members, and regional NATO partners, the conference focused on the status and needs of PAP-DIB programming in the South Caucasus and Moldova.

Contributors address Georgia's security sector reform challenges after the Rose Revolution.

Monitoring Security Services: A Guide for Ombuds Institutions, 2018

Monitoring Law Enforcement: A Guide for Ombuds Institutions, 2018

National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial r... more National human rights institutions (NHRIs) — also known as ombuds institutions — have a crucial role to play in monitoring the security sector and holding the security sector accountable for its practices. NHRIs are also well placed to interact with other stakeholders to help facilitate broader security sector oversight and can ensure the
development and maintenance of human rights-observant security policies and practices.

Small Wars Journal, 2022

In this chapter the author briefly overviews the key features of effective security sector governance for new practitioners.

The note on Democratic Governance of the Security Sector outlines the principles of democratic security governance and methods for supporting reform programming.

Seen, but not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda, 2009

Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 2006

Brief overview of DCAF's 2006 defense reform and defense institution building (DIB) programming i... more Brief overview of DCAF's 2006 defense reform and defense institution building (DIB) programming in EAPC countries for the PfP-Consortium of Defense Academies' quarterly journal 'Connections'. Activities included: 1. Self-Assessment Studies; 2. Working Groups/Yearbooks on Defense and Security Sector Reform; 3. Collection and Analysis of Laws and Policy Documents; 4. Textbooks, Model Laws, Model Organizational Charts; 5. Capacity Building Programs; 6. Reform Implemention; 7. Reform Monitoring; 8. Legal-Political Assistance Group (LPAG) and “Expert Twinning” Programs; 9. Civil Society.

Private Security Companies (PSCs) are a rapidly expanding industry. This paper examines the vario... more Private Security Companies (PSCs) are a rapidly expanding industry. This paper examines the various aspects of private security taking into account the broad scope of their activities, and the necessity of examining the posivite contributions as well as questions of minimal standards and need for adequate oversight and public control over these services. This study, mandated and recieving support from the Council of Europe (CoE) focuses on the rapidly expanding field of private security in CoE member States

Council of Europe PC-PM (2006) 01 E Draft Report Regulating Private Security Companies: Status and Prospects, 2006

"Regulating Private Security Companies in Europe: Status & Prospects", Draft Report, PC-PM (2006)... more "Regulating Private Security Companies in Europe: Status & Prospects", Draft Report, PC-PM (2006) 01, for the Council for Police Matters (PC-PM), European Committee on Crime Problems (CPDC).

Draft paper presented to the Council of Europe CPDC PC-PM and originally published online in September 2006.

This draft paper for the Council of Europe examines the various aspects of private security taking into account the broad scope of their activities, and the necessity of examining the posivite contributions as well as questions of minimal standards and need for adequate oversight and public control over these services. The study, mandated and receiving support from the Council of Europe (CoE), focuses on the rapidly expanding field of private security in CoE member States.

Original URL: https://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/steering_committees/cdpc/Documents/pc-pm (2006) 01 - e (regulating private security companies).pdf

Polaris Quarterly, 2004

In this adapted article requested by NATO School Oberammergau (NSO), the authors contemplate whet... more In this adapted article requested by NATO School Oberammergau (NSO), the authors contemplate whether the various offers made by European and Transatlantic organizations and state bodies regarding codes of conduct are credible options for Southeastern European governments.

The authors consider whether the codes of conduct and approaches of NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the EU, and EU-inspired and funded institutions such as the Stability Pact have had a desired effect in terms of changing culture. Does the transfer of values and norms have the intended effect?

Originally published in the NATO School's Polaris Quarterly, Summer 2004, Volume 1, Issue 2.

Archive copy available at: https://css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/56280

This chapter examines the question of whether the security sector norms European and Transatlanti... more This chapter examines the question of whether the security sector norms European and Transatlantic organizations sought to extend across South East Europe in the post-Cold War era not only affected, as desired, a substantive change in culture, but also their utility in terms of the literature on norms transfer and the value may be attributed to the methods used to assist those countries’ transformation.

To achieve this end, the paper discusses the ‘norms’ and ‘norms transfer’ literature. The paper proceeds to locate the utility of norms transfer within the context of the contemporary international system. The ideal and reality of Security Sector Reform as a vehicle for norms transfer is put in a norm context. The views on whether security sector norms transfer to South East Europe has worked is then analysed.

The paper argues that the pursuit of an invitation to join a Euro-Atlantic discourse on Security Sector Governance and Reform has by itself now become a norm; and that a successful norms transfer to South East Europe has occurred in the security field.

Published in: Heiner Hänggi and Theodor H. Winkler (eds.), Challenges of Security Sector Governance, (LIT: Münster, 2003).

Nəzarət və Qaydalar: Parlamentlər və Təhlükəsizlik Sektoru İdarəçiliyi, 2015

Silahlı qüvvələr və təhlükəsizlik xidmətləri demokratik yolla seçilmiş siyasi rəhbərliyə tabe olm... more Silahlı qüvvələr və təhlükəsizlik xidmətləri demokratik yolla seçilmiş siyasi rəhbərliyə tabe olmalıdır və hesabatlı olmalıdır prinsipi uzun zaman bizim ölkələrin səmərəli işi və firavanlığı üçün əsas şərt kimi baxılmışdır. Lakin uzun illər ərzində NATO ölkələrində bu prinsip sual –cavab olmadan qəbul edilmiş, lakin geniş mənada bu haqda danışılmamış və az-az hallarda tədqiq edilmişdir. NATO-nun genişlənməsi bu vəziyyəti dəyişmişdir.

Üzvlüyə müraciət edən ölkənin yerinə yetirməli olduğu şərtlərdən biri, onların silahlı qüvvələrinin və hərbi elitasının NATO ölkələrində hakim olan standardlara uyğun hərəkət etmələri idi. Digər tərəfdən, bu şərtləri müəyyən edərək NATO ölkələri daha sonra bu standardların nədən ibarət olduğu haqda və bu standardlara nail olmaq üçün hansı islahatların zəruri olduğu haqda razılığa gəlməli idilər. Rəsmilərin və elmi dairələrin apardığı geniş fəaliyyət, qəbul edilə bilən mülki hərbi münasibətlərin parametrlərini müəyyən etməyi tezləşdirdi və bu parametrlər də müraciət edən ölkələri qiymətləndirməyə imkan verdi. Keçmiş rejimlərdən miras qalmış üç əsas problem ayrıca görünürdü: hərbi qüvvələrin hakim,
imtiyazlı və qorunan mövqeyi, mülki ekspertizin çatışmamazlığı və demokratik hesabatlılıq üçün ənənənin və mexanizmlərin olmaması.

Vademecum parlamentlərin təhlükəsizlik sektorunda demokratik nəzarəti təmin etməkdə oynamalı olduğu rolu vurğulayır və o bu rolu siyasi və hərbi kontekstə qoyur.Təhlükəsizlik sektoru islahatı izolyasiyada davam edə bilməz, o demokratik təsisatların və praktikaların dəyişməz ictimai çərçivəsindən asılıdır və hansı ki, onlar yerinə yetirilməlidir. Universal tətbiq edilən model yoxdur, çünki parlament praktikaları konkret milli ənənələr və mədəniyyətlər ilə formalaşır.Bir ölçü təbii ki, hamıya uyğun olmur, lakin möhkəm prinsiplər və dəyərlər yol göstərir və kriteriyalar müəyyən edir.

КОНТРОЛЬ І КЕРІВНИЦТВО: ПАРЛАМЕНТИ ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ У СЕКТОРІ БЕЗПЕКИ, 2015

Принцип, згідно з яким збройні сили і служби безпеки повинні підкорятися і бути підконтрольними д... more Принцип, згідно з яким збройні сили і служби безпеки повинні підкорятися і бути підконтрольними демократично обраному політичному керівництву, протягом тривалого часу розглядався як базова умова для ефективного функціонування і благополуччя наших суспільств. Більш того, протягом багатьох років країни-члени НАТО приймали цей принцип як належне – як передбачуваний, але частіше за все такий що не обговорюється і рідко досліджується. Розширення НАТО змінило цю ситуацію. Однією з умов, поставлених перед кандидатами на вступ, було забезпечення відповідності їхніх збройних сил та оборонних структур стандартам, прийнятим у країнах Альянсу.

При цьому, поставивши таку умову, членам НАТО довелося обговорювати, що це за стандарти і які реформи необхідні для їх досягнення. У наступних швидкоплинних умовах чиновники і вчені поспішно почали визначати основні параметри прийнятних цивільно-військових відносин, за якими можна було б оцінювати кандидатів. Виникли три основні проблеми, успадковані від попередніх режимів: домінантне, привілейоване й ізольоване становище армії, брак цивільних фахівців з питань оборони, а також відсутність норм і механізмів демократичної відповідальності.

З необхідності вирішити дані проблеми народилися дві ініціативи, що розглядаються в цьому виданні. Слабкі парламентські інститути, недостатній досвід і пов’язаний з цим дефіцит демократії створили передумови для ініціативи ПА НАТО з підтримки нових парламентів у розробці структур, процедур і досвіду, необхідних парламентаріям для ефективної реалізації їх ролі у формуванні й імплементації політики безпеки.

Разом з тим, Швейцарія, розуміючи масштабне значення і актуальність реформування збройних сил і сектора безпеки, а також пов’язаної з цим ролі парламентів, вирішила створити Центр, що займається даним питанням. В результаті з’явився Женевський центр демократичного контролю над збройними силами, метою якого стало надання аналітичного та дослідницького потенціалу, сфокусованого на ролі парламентів.

КОНТРОЛЬ И РУКОВОДСТВО: ПАРЛАМЕНТЫ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В СЕКТОРЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ, 2015

Принцип, согласно которому вооруженные силы и службы безопасности должны подчиняться и быть подко... more Принцип, согласно которому вооруженные силы и службы безопасности должны подчиняться и быть подконтрольными демократически избранно-му политическому руководству, в течение длительного времени рассматри-вался как базовое условие для эффективного функционирования и благополучия наших обществ. Более того, в течение многих лет страны-члены НАТО принимали этот принцип как должное – как предполагаемый, но чаще все-го не обсуждаемый и редко исследуемый. Расширение НАТО изменило эту ситуацию. Одним из условий, поставленных перед кандидатами на вступление, было обеспечение соответствия их вооруженных сил и оборонных структур стандартам, принятым в странах альянса.

При этом, поставив такое условие, членам НАТО пришлось обсуждать, что это за стандарты и какие реформы необходимы для их достижения. В последующих суматошных условиях чиновники и ученые поспешно принялись определять основные параметры приемлемых гражданско-военных отношений, по которым можно было бы оценивать кандидатов. Возникли три основные проблемы, унаследованные от предыдущих режимов: доминантное, привилегированное и изолированное положение армии, нехватка гражданских специалистов по вопросам обороны, а также отсутствие норм и механизмов демократической ответственности.

Из необходимости решить данные проблемы родились две инициативы, рассматриваемые в этом издании. Слабые парламентские институты, недостаточный опыт и связанный с этим дефицит демократии создали предпосылки для инициативы ПА НАТО по поддержке новых парламентов в разработке структур, процедур и опыта, необходимых парламентариям для эффективной реализации роли в развитии и имплементации политики безопасности.

Вместе с тем, Швейцария, понимая масштабное значение и актуальность реформирования вооруженных сил и сектора безопасности, а также связанной с этим роли парламентов, решила создать Центр, занимающийся данным вопросом. В результате появился Женевский центр демократического контроля над вооруженными силами, целью которого стало предоставление аналитического и исследовательского потенциала, сфокусированного на роли парламентов.

ГРАЖДАНСКИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ НАД СЕКТОРОМ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: Пособие для организаций гражданского общества, 2008

Данное пособие представляет собой структурированное руководство для организаций гражданского обще... more Данное пособие представляет собой структурированное руководство для организаций гражданского общества (ОГО), объясняющее сущность роли, которую они могут играть в процессе осуществления демократического надзора над органами сектора безопасности. В частности, в книге четко и ясно описывается, каким образом ОГО должны планировать и организовывать свою работу.

Участие общественности в работе сектора безопасности является жизненно необходимым условием для создания и существования сильных, независимых демократических институтов, а значит, и
привлечение организаций гражданского общества (ОГО), заслуживающих доверия, к формированию политики сектора безопасности влияет на подотчетность органов сектора безопасности и организацию их работы. Активная позиция в этом направлении организаций гражданского общества на местном уровне позволяет им противодействовать незаконной деятельности органов сектора безопасности, а также открывает широкие возможности для участия в формировании стратегии
органов сектора безопасности. ОГО должны играть важную роль не только в странах с установившейся демократией, но и в постконфликтных, поставторитарных и недемократических государствах, в которых деятельность ОГО все -таки может оказывать влияние на политические элиты, монополизировавшие власть.

Public Oversight of the Security Sector: A Handbook for Civil Society Organisations, 2008

Сектор безопасности: мониторинг и расследование жалоб, 2007

Защита и поощрение прав человека во взаимоотношениях с агентствами, обеспечивающими общественную ... more Защита и поощрение прав человека во взаимоотношениях с агентствами, обеспечивающими общественную безопасность: Рекоммендации для служб омбудсменов.

Несмотря на то, что большинство служб омбудсменов обладают относительно широкими мандатами и соответствующими полномочиями, которые распространяют их компетенцию на нарушения прав человека в секторе безопасности, они сталкиваются с рядом проблем, когда начинают разбирательства по жалобам. Представленные в настоящей публикации результаты базового исследования отношений между службами омбудсменов и агентствами сектора безопас-ности показывают, что сектор безопасности остается закрытой сферой, и что назрела насущная необходимость и имеется потенциал для укрепления работы служб омбудсменов по надзору над сектором безопасности.

Службы омбудсменов могут обеспечить ценный форум для разбирательств и решений о нарушениях прав человека, совершаемых агентствами сектора безопасности; они могут способствовать приведению национального законодательства в соответствие с международными нормами; они могут контролировать сектор безопасности; и они могут обучать представителей сектора безопасности их обязанностям, а широкую общественность – правам человека.

До настоящего времени было разработано лишь очень ограниченное число пособий для служб омбудсменов о том, как им следует структурировать свою работу по безопасности человека и общественной безопасности для достижения наилучших результатов. Данная публикация предназначена для заполнения этого пробела, в ней представлены рекомендации для практического применения. Рекомендации в значительной степени базировались на практическом опыте служб омбудсменов из стран Восточной Европы и СНГ.

СЕКТОР БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ПРОЦЕСС ДЕМОКРАТИЗАЦИИ, 2006

За последние 15 лет международное сообщество уделяло повышенное внимание развитию сектора безопас... more За последние 15 лет международное сообщество уделяло повышенное внимание развитию сектора безопасности с учетом взаимосвязи между развитием человеческого потенциала и безопасностью человека. Реформа сектора безопасности и, частности, управления сектором безопасности являются важнейшими для соблюдения и обеспечения прав человека, и этим обосновывается необходимость гражданского контроля над деятельностью агентств и ведомств, обеспечивающих безопасность. Для государств переходного периода очень часто безопасность остается хрупким общественным благом, которое должно быть защищено и обеспечено многосекторной стратегией, разрабатываемой и осуществляемой общенациональными и местными заинтересованными сторонами. В число этих заинтересованных сторон входят как исполнительные, так и законодательные и судебные ветви власти, а также гражданское общество. Активная роль парламента в осуществлении контроля и реформы сектора безопасности гарантирует, что такой контроль является не просто гражданским по своей природе, но и демократическим по своим целям и подходам.

Выводы, представленные в настоящей публикации, показывают, что в странах СНГ существует значительный потенциал усиления роли парламента в целом и, в частности, в демократическом контроле над сектором безопасности. Целый ряд мер, направленных на усиление парламентов, крайне важен для эффективного контроля над сектором безопасности и содействия развитию человеческого потенциала, как, например, учреждение специальных комитетов по контролю; профессионализация стандартных процедур; открытость бюджетного процесса; интеграция перспектив по вопросам прав человека в законодательную практику; поощрение плюрализма мнений; содействие публичному обсуждению ключевых вопросов политики; развитие сотрудничества между парламентом и гражданским обществом; и последнее по счету, но не по важности, - развитие потенциала и независимой экспертизы в вопросах безопасности человека, включая гендерный аспект проблемы.

Short notice presentation for GCSP Staff and Fellows on 2nd March 2022 outlining the background a... more Short notice presentation for GCSP Staff and Fellows on 2nd March 2022 outlining the background and status of international defence and security sector assistance to Ukraine. Included an overview of key political developments immediately prior to the 24th February 2022 invasion.

Q&A focused on status of incoming armament deliveries from 24th February onwards, battles of NW and W Kyiv region (Ivankiv-Irpin-Borodianka-Bucha-Hostomel-Vasylkiv), approach of 90th Guards Tank Division towards NE Kyiv, developments on Zhytomyr-Kherson-Mykolaiv-Kharkiv-Donbas fronts, and the pending assault on Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) by Russian forces.

Presentation at the Parliamentary Centre and the Agency for Legislative Initiatives seminar on de... more Presentation at the Parliamentary Centre and the Agency for Legislative Initiatives seminar on democratic accountability, good governance, and civilian oversight for officials from the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine participating in Kyiv-Mohyla Business School’s (KMBS) 'Strategic Programme for the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine'.

The event was a component of the ‘Parliamentary Accountability of Security Sector in Ukraine’ project (PASS Ukraine) supported by the Peace and Stabilization Operations Programme (PSOPs) of Global Affairs Canada (GAC).

https://parlcent.org/conversation-on-democratic-accountability-of-ukraines-defence-sector/

Presentation at the DCAF-Razumkov Centre-Kingdom of the Netherlands Fifth International Conferenc... more Presentation at the DCAF-Razumkov Centre-Kingdom of the Netherlands Fifth International Conference on “The Role of Ombuds Institutions in Security Sector Governance”, 29-30 November 2016, Kyiv, Ukraine.

ІНСТИТУТИ ОМБУДСМЕНА ТА БЕЗПЕКОВЕ УРЯДУВАННЯ: КРАЩІ МІЖНАРОДНІ ПРАКТИКИ - Іден КОУЛ Матеріали П’... more ІНСТИТУТИ ОМБУДСМЕНА ТА БЕЗПЕКОВЕ УРЯДУВАННЯ: КРАЩІ МІЖНАРОДНІ ПРАКТИКИ - Іден КОУЛ
Матеріали П’ятої міжнародної конференції “Урядування в секторі безпеки: роль інститутів Омбудсмена”, 29-30 листопада 2016р., м.Київ, Україна.

ДЕМОКРАТИЧНИЙ НАГЛЯД ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ БЕЗПЕКОВИМИ ТА ОБОРОННИМИ ІНСТИТУТАМИ - Іден КОУЛ Матеріали пе... more ДЕМОКРАТИЧНИЙ НАГЛЯД ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ БЕЗПЕКОВИМИ ТА ОБОРОННИМИ ІНСТИТУТАМИ - Іден КОУЛ
Матеріали першої міжнародної конференції “Моніторинг викликів урядуванню в секторі безпеки України: стан і потреби”, 21-22 січня 2016р., Київ, Україна.

Presentation at DCAF-Razumkov Centre-Kingdom of the Netherlands Conference on “Monitoring Ukraine... more Presentation at DCAF-Razumkov Centre-Kingdom of the Netherlands Conference on “Monitoring Ukraine’s Security Governance Challenges – Status and Needs”, 21-22 January 2016, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Overview of security sector oversight best practice and associated international norms and standa... more Overview of security sector oversight best practice and associated international norms and standards presented at the Round Table on: 'Parliamentary Oversight over Security and Defense Institutions in Georgia' at the Parliament of Georgia in November 2014.

Event organised by the Defence and Security Committee of the Parliament of Georgia and the NATO Liaison Office with forty participants from democratic institutions, government, security institutions, civil society, and the international community.

Presentation on UN approaches to security sector governance and UN security governance principles... more Presentation on UN approaches to security sector governance and UN security governance principles at the Pacific Island Forum & UNDP Pacific Regional Centre's Regional Conference on 'Securing a Safer Pacific' held in Suva, Fiji, 22-24 May 2013.

Media at: https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1305/S00720/securing-a-safer-pacific.htm