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Papers by Tanvir Kaur

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2020

Endophytic microbes, since their discovery are known to live asymptomatically inside their host t... more Endophytic microbes, since their discovery are known to live asymptomatically inside their host throughout different stages of their life cycle and play crucial role in growth, development, fitness, and diversification of plant. The plant-endophyte association ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. Endophytic microbes help the host to combat diverse arrays of both biotic and abiotic stressful conditions. Endophytic microbes play a major role in growth enhancement of their host, solubilization of macronutrients such as phosphorous, potassium, and zinc, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, synthesis of phytohormones, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and act as a biocontrol agent against wide array of phytopathogens etc. Endophytic microbes are beneficial to plant by directly promoting their growth or indirectly by inhibiting the growth of phytopathogens. Over a long period of co-evolution endophytic microbes have attained the mechanism of synthesis of various hydrolytic enzymes such as pectinase, xylanases, cellulase, proteinase etc. which promote the penetration of endophytic microbes into tissues of plants. The enzymes are very specific in their action on substrate and play different roles, such as convert macromolecule into small one as well as toxic substance into less toxic. The effective usages of endophytic microbes in the form of biofertilizers reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers. Endophytic microbes belong to different phyla such as Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-thermus, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The most predominant and studied endophytic bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes and then by Actinobacteria. The most dominant among reported genera in most of the leguminous and non-leguminous plants are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Fusarium, Burkholderia, Rhizobium, and Klebsiella. In future, for the sustainable agriculture, endophytic microbes have a wide range of potential for maintaining health of plant as well as environmental conditions. The present review is focused on the research being done on endophytic microbes including their diversity in leguminous as well as non-leguminous crops, biotechnological applications, and ability to promote the growth of plant

Elsevier, 2020

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term sec... more Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term secondary metabo-lites was first introduced by Albrecht Kossel in 1891 (Mothes, 1980; Hartmann, 2007). He was awarded with a Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1910. It is understood that these secondary metabolites play a significant role in the adaptation of plants to its environment; some of the functions of secondary metabolites are attraction of pol-linators, protection against pests and diseases, etc. (Wink, 1988). They also provide an important source of effective pharmaceutical products. At the end of the 1960s, plant cell culture technologies were introduced as possible tools for the study and production of secondary plant metabolites. Several strategies have been considerably studied using in vitro systems to improve the production of secondary plants compounds (Bourgaud et al., 2001). A target of both the agrochemical and the pharmaceutical industry is the development of new biologically active secondary metabo-lites (Höller et al., 2000). Over the last five decades, studies on plant secondary metabolites (SM) have increased. Some microbes are also known to develop secondary metabolites that may be involved in a host-endophyte relationship. Other microbes and fungal secondary metabolites, that is, SM from fungi are also promising compounds that play several roles in different industries. Secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes are identified as pharmaceutically useful crops (Aly et al., 2010). Numerous bioactive metabolites, known as new substances, have recently been identified with a broad range of biological activities including antibiotics, antioxidant, antitumor and inflammatory; the microbes like endophytes can be very useful as medicinally effective agents for biotechnological development of bioactive substances. In addition, examples of selected compounds of endophytic fungal secondary metabolites obtained from terrestrial and mangrove plants have been published in 2008-09. These compounds have been selected according to their properties such as antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, etc. The growing interest of public in secondary metabolites has led to the drug discovery research that includes biochemical , biosynthesis, metabolic, pharmacological, mycological, and molecular techniques from higher medicinal fungi. Several new secondary metabolites have been isolated from higher fungal communities and will most likely lead to the discovery of new drugs that include chemopreventive agents possessing the bioactivity of anticancer drug, immu-nomodulatory, etc. Besides the application of fungal secondary metabolites, numerous challenges are faced by secondary metabolites screened from higher fungi, such as biosynthetic metabolites, identification, bioseparation, and model screening (Yadav et al., 2016, 2017). Secondary metabolites screened from fungi have a limited number of commercial products as compared to plants because of less information about fungal secondary metabolites. Trichoderma spp., the commercially available plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF), is used for the enhancement of plant and is also used as a biocontrol agent. This popular genera of fungi is extensively used in the agricultural field and in industry (Keswani et al., 2014).

31, 2020

Genetically varying, wild, traditional or ancient food crops were nutritional rich compounds such... more Genetically varying, wild, traditional or ancient food crops were nutritional rich compounds such as micronutrients. But now a day’s level of micronutrients has been declined and even some has been vanished from the food crops because farmers chose to grow more productivity of the crops and make more profits. The reduced amount of micronutrients in food crops causing micronutrient deficiencies or hidden hunger in human, which is one of the serious global threats that affect more than two million people worldwide. Hidden hunger can cause dangerous health conditions and diseases such as birth defect, cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders and many more. To overcome these issue microbes mediated biofortification is a new and promising option for the bioavailibity of nutrient to plants. Biofortification is getting more attention to incraese phytoavialbility of micronutrients easpecially Fe, Zn, Mg, Se in the major food crops. Utilization of diverse types of microbes that promotes plant growth is becoming effective approach to substitute synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. Microbes mobilize the nutrients by various mechanisms such as acidification, chelation, exchange reactions, and release of organic acids.

Book Reviews by Tanvir Kaur

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2020

Endophytic microbes, since their discovery are known to live asymptomatically inside their host t... more Endophytic microbes, since their discovery are known to live asymptomatically inside their host throughout different stages of their life cycle and play crucial role in growth, development, fitness, and diversification of plant. The plant-endophyte association ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. Endophytic microbes help the host to combat diverse arrays of both biotic and abiotic stressful conditions. Endophytic microbes play a major role in growth enhancement of their host, solubilization of macronutrients such as phosphorous, potassium, and zinc, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, synthesis of phytohormones, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and act as a biocontrol agent against wide array of phytopathogens etc. Endophytic microbes are beneficial to plant by directly promoting their growth or indirectly by inhibiting the growth of phytopathogens. Over a long period of co-evolution endophytic microbes have attained the mechanism of synthesis of various hydrolytic enzymes such as pectinase, xylanases, cellulase, proteinase etc. which promote the penetration of endophytic microbes into tissues of plants. The enzymes are very specific in their action on substrate and play different roles, such as convert macromolecule into small one as well as toxic substance into less toxic. The effective usages of endophytic microbes in the form of biofertilizers reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers. Endophytic microbes belong to different phyla such as Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-thermus, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The most predominant and studied endophytic bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes and then by Actinobacteria. The most dominant among reported genera in most of the leguminous and non-leguminous plants are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Fusarium, Burkholderia, Rhizobium, and Klebsiella. In future, for the sustainable agriculture, endophytic microbes have a wide range of potential for maintaining health of plant as well as environmental conditions. The present review is focused on the research being done on endophytic microbes including their diversity in leguminous as well as non-leguminous crops, biotechnological applications, and ability to promote the growth of plant

Elsevier, 2020

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term sec... more Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term secondary metabo-lites was first introduced by Albrecht Kossel in 1891 (Mothes, 1980; Hartmann, 2007). He was awarded with a Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1910. It is understood that these secondary metabolites play a significant role in the adaptation of plants to its environment; some of the functions of secondary metabolites are attraction of pol-linators, protection against pests and diseases, etc. (Wink, 1988). They also provide an important source of effective pharmaceutical products. At the end of the 1960s, plant cell culture technologies were introduced as possible tools for the study and production of secondary plant metabolites. Several strategies have been considerably studied using in vitro systems to improve the production of secondary plants compounds (Bourgaud et al., 2001). A target of both the agrochemical and the pharmaceutical industry is the development of new biologically active secondary metabo-lites (Höller et al., 2000). Over the last five decades, studies on plant secondary metabolites (SM) have increased. Some microbes are also known to develop secondary metabolites that may be involved in a host-endophyte relationship. Other microbes and fungal secondary metabolites, that is, SM from fungi are also promising compounds that play several roles in different industries. Secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes are identified as pharmaceutically useful crops (Aly et al., 2010). Numerous bioactive metabolites, known as new substances, have recently been identified with a broad range of biological activities including antibiotics, antioxidant, antitumor and inflammatory; the microbes like endophytes can be very useful as medicinally effective agents for biotechnological development of bioactive substances. In addition, examples of selected compounds of endophytic fungal secondary metabolites obtained from terrestrial and mangrove plants have been published in 2008-09. These compounds have been selected according to their properties such as antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, etc. The growing interest of public in secondary metabolites has led to the drug discovery research that includes biochemical , biosynthesis, metabolic, pharmacological, mycological, and molecular techniques from higher medicinal fungi. Several new secondary metabolites have been isolated from higher fungal communities and will most likely lead to the discovery of new drugs that include chemopreventive agents possessing the bioactivity of anticancer drug, immu-nomodulatory, etc. Besides the application of fungal secondary metabolites, numerous challenges are faced by secondary metabolites screened from higher fungi, such as biosynthetic metabolites, identification, bioseparation, and model screening (Yadav et al., 2016, 2017). Secondary metabolites screened from fungi have a limited number of commercial products as compared to plants because of less information about fungal secondary metabolites. Trichoderma spp., the commercially available plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF), is used for the enhancement of plant and is also used as a biocontrol agent. This popular genera of fungi is extensively used in the agricultural field and in industry (Keswani et al., 2014).

31, 2020

Genetically varying, wild, traditional or ancient food crops were nutritional rich compounds such... more Genetically varying, wild, traditional or ancient food crops were nutritional rich compounds such as micronutrients. But now a day’s level of micronutrients has been declined and even some has been vanished from the food crops because farmers chose to grow more productivity of the crops and make more profits. The reduced amount of micronutrients in food crops causing micronutrient deficiencies or hidden hunger in human, which is one of the serious global threats that affect more than two million people worldwide. Hidden hunger can cause dangerous health conditions and diseases such as birth defect, cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders and many more. To overcome these issue microbes mediated biofortification is a new and promising option for the bioavailibity of nutrient to plants. Biofortification is getting more attention to incraese phytoavialbility of micronutrients easpecially Fe, Zn, Mg, Se in the major food crops. Utilization of diverse types of microbes that promotes plant growth is becoming effective approach to substitute synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. Microbes mobilize the nutrients by various mechanisms such as acidification, chelation, exchange reactions, and release of organic acids.